Science Chapter 4

A. Metalloid B. Metal C. Nonmetal

Using the periodic table classify the following elements as metal, nonmetal, or metalloid A. Antimony B. Strontium C. Bromine

Copper is farther to the left, so it should exhibit more metallic properties.

Using the periodic table, would you expect copper or gallium to exhibit more metallic properties? Explain

Earth, Water, Fire , air, and aether

What elements did the ancient Greeks believe that all matter consisted

Element in a particular family have similar atomic structure, especially their arrangement of electrons. They also have the same number of valence electrons.

What is similar about elements in a particular family?

Berzelius created a system of chemical symbols that were based on the name of the element and the number of atoms.

What was Berzelius's contributions to the study of elements?

They are paired in the actual atom

Why are electrons paired in electron dot notation?

Many chemists had created symbols to represent elements and compounds. Berzelius created his system of chemical symbols to standardize the symbols to make sharing information easier.

Why did Berzelius establish his system of chemical symbols?

Scientist recognized the need for a system to organize the information about chemical elements.

Why do we need a periodic table

They are the most reactive metals

what trait of alkaline metals result from the fact that they easily lose their one valence electron

All transition metals have at least four energy levels. They are part of rows 4-7

All of the transition metals have at least how many energy levels? Explain

Oxygen, Sulfur, selenium, Polonium

Arrange the following elements in order of increasing radius: oxygen, polonium, selenium, sulfur.

Valence electrons are electrons in the outermost energy level of an atom

Define Valence electrons

The repeated pattern of properties exhibited by elements when put in order of atomic mass or atomic number.

Define periodicity

A non metal is an element located to the right of and not touching the heavy stairstep line on the periodic table, it can be a gas liquid or solid

Describe a non metal and list its properties

As we move to the right across a period, we add a proton and an electron to each additional element. This increases the attractive force on all the electrons, pulling them closer to the nucleus.

Explain why atomic radius changes as we move to the right across a period.

As we move to the right across the period, the atomic radii decrease. This means the valence electrons are closer to the nucleus, and so there is a greater attraction on the valence electrons. The nucleus pulls more strongly on bonded electrons in this smaller atom.

Explain why electronegativity changes as it does across a period.

The shape reflects the atomic structure, the rows represent energy levels in the atom and groups represent similar properties.

How does the shape of the periodic table reflect the order that we see in atoms and in the universe?

One or two

How many valence electrons do the transition metals typically have?

A. 12 B. 1 C. 14

List the group numbers for each element A. Cadmium B. Cesium C. Carbon

Robert Boyle rejected the Greek concept of matter being mixtures of the five classical elements, he instead promoted the concept of matter consisting of an invisible particle of specific elements

Name a key contribution that Robert Boyle made to the study of chemistry

A. Mixed groups B. Alkaline Earth metals C. Inner transition metals

Name the family for each of the following elements. A. Lead B. Calcium C. Promethium

Mendeleev put the elements in columns according to its atomic mass

Name two changes made to Medeleev's original periodic table to produce the one that we use today

Periodic law states that the properties of elements change in a repeating way with their atomic numbers

State the periodic law

You want an element that is conductive, malleable, and ductile but not very reactive. Where on the periodic table would you look for your element? Explain

The properties that we are looking for are those of a metal. We need to look to the left of the stairstep. The metallic properties of metals decrease as we move to the right, so metals close to the stairstep would be best, such as aluminum, gallium or tin.

The oxygen group has elements that are metals, nonmetals and metalloids.

Why is the oxygen group considered one of the mixed groups?