Science Chp 5

Positive

n can only have ___ whole number values

Aufbau principle

"Building up"; electron cloud is built up by the filling of the lowest energy level first

Sublevel

Energy states grouped closely together to form an energy level

Orbital

Exact point in space where electron cloud exists; each can hold 2 electrons

Electron configuration

Expressing the order in which the electrons fill the electron cloud

Lewis electron dot diagram

The form of notation that shows the outer electrons around the symbol of an element

Plank

Assumed that energy, instead of being given off continuously, is given off in photons or quanta

1 orbital=s^2

1st sublevel=

4 orbitals=s^2 p^6

2nd sublevel=

9 orbitals= s^2 p^6 d^10

3rd sublevel=

Quantum number

4 #s that are used in Schrodinger's description of electron behavior

Quantum #s

4 #s that gave the address of an electron

s, p, d, f, g

5 sublevels

Wave particle duality of nature

All particles have wave properties and all waves have particle properties

Bohr model

An EM wave of a certain frequency has 1 possible wavelength and 1 possible amt of energy; each line represents 1 frequency of light; bc the velocity of light is constant, each frequency = certain energy; this energy is determined by the movement of electrons b/w energy levels

Born

Applied schrodinger's equation to energy levels and predicted the address of the electron

Einstein's relationship b/w matter and energy and plank's quantum theory

Broglie used ___ and ___ to develop his equation for wavelength of a particle

Lambda= h/ mv

Broglie's equation for the wavelength of a particle

Newtonian mechanics

Classical mechanics, describes the behavior of visible objects at ordinary velocities

Quantum mechanics

Describes the behavior of extremely small particles at velocities near that of light

Sublevels

Divisions within an energy level

Pauli's exclusion principle

Each electron within an atom has it's own set of 4 quantum #s

2

Each orbital can hold ___ electrons

E=mc^2

Einstein's equation relating matter and energy

2n^2

Formula used to determine the # of electrons in an atom's atomic #

Broglie

French scientist whose hypothesis on the wave nature of particles helped lead to the present day theory of atomic structure

Opposite

If two electrons occupy the same orbital, they must have ___ spins

Hund's rule

In a multiorbital sublevel; electrons fill 1 into each orbital before filling 2 into any

Its present position and it's radius

In order to give a full description of an electron, you need to know what 2 things

Pauli

Invented the s quantum number

Heisenberg (uncertainty principle)

It is impossible to determine both the exact position and momentum of an object (electron)

Heisenberg uncertainty principle

It is impossible to know exactly both the position and momentum of an electron at the same instant

Broglie

The relationship b/w energy and matter and Plank's hypothesis makes it possible for particles to equal waves

Pauli exclusion principle

No 2 electrons in an atom can have the same set of quantum #s

Schrodinger's wave equation

One of the most important developments: the idea of quantum #s which describe the behavior of electrons

m

Orbital number; orientation or direction in space; -l or +l

Degenerate

Orbitals of the sublevel that are alike in size and shape and differ only in direction have the same energy

Double slit experiment

Particles pass through slits making bands on the target; waves pass through slits making interference patterns; electrons could do both

Bohr

Pictured the hydrogen atom as an electron circling a nucleus at a distance of about 53 pm; an electron cloud absorbs a quantum of energy and move to a larger orbit

E=hv (v=nu)

Plank's quantum equation

n

Principal quantum #; the distance the electron is from the nucleus; the size of the cloud; energy level; any whole # value 1-7

Electron cloud

The space in which an electron is likely to be found

Momentum

Product of mass and velocity of an object

Probability

Ratio b/w the # of times the electron is in that certain position and the total # of times it is at all possible positions; mathematical expression of "chance"

Electron cloud

Region in which an electron travels around the nucleus of an atom

Rosette

Shape of d

Complex

Shape of f

Dumbell

Shape of p

Spherical

Shape of s

Photoelectric effect

Shows that light can be both waves and particles

Orbital

Space occupied by 1 pair of electrons

s

Spin number; the exact location of the electron; clockwise/counterclockwise; +1/2 or -1/2

Mechanics

Study of interaction of matter and forces

l

Sublevel number; shape of electron cloud

Principal quantum number

The # of the energy level, n

One electron

The Schrödinger's wave equation is solvable for any ___ system

Spherical

The sum of all electron clouds in any sublevel (or energy level) is a ___ cloud

Schrodinger

Treat electrons like waves; wave equations give total energy

Light

When an electron in a hydrogen atom moves from a higher to a lower energy state, the energy difference is emitted as a quantum of __

4

___ quantum #s are required to describe completely an electron in an atom