Scientific Concepts 30%

Androgenic alopecia

(androgenetic alopecia) hair loss characterized by miniaturization of terminal hair that is converted to vellus hair; in men, it is known as male pattern baldness

Peptide bond

(end bond) chemical bond that joins amino acids to each other, end to end, to form a polypeptide chain

Anagen phase

(growth phase) phase during which new hair is produced.

Vellus hair

(lanugo hair) short, fine, unpigmented downy hair that appears on the body, with the exception of the palms of the hands and the soles of the feet.

Sidewall

(lateral nail fold) fold of skin overlapping the side of the nail.

Atom

(physics and chemistry) the smallest component of an element having the chemical properties of the element

Telogen phase

(resting phase) the final phase in the hair cycle that lasts until the fully grown hair is shed.

Tinea favosa

(tinea favus) fungal infection characterized by dry, sulfur-yellow, cup-like crusts on the scalp called scutula.

A successful perm requires knowledge, time, and patience

1. Always rinse the hair with warm water, never hot water 2. Use a gentle streak or water, never a strong blast of water 3. Never apply pressure to the rods while rinsing our the solution

Two important functions of neutralization

1. And waving solution that remains in the hair is deactivated or neutralized 2. Disulfide bonds that were broken by the waving solution are rebuilt

Four types of potentially harmful organisms

1. Bacteria 2. Viruses 3. Fungi 4. Parasites

Steps in performing a hand, nail, and skin analysis

1. Clean the hands of both the cosmetologist & client 2. Observe the moisture level of the skin 3. Observe the temperature of the skin 4. Determine if the client has any pain

Proper infection control requires two steps

1. Cleaning 2. Disinfecting with an appropriate EPA-registered disinfectant

Information you obtain from preliminary test curls

1. Correct processing time for the best curl development 2. Results you can expect from the type of perm solution selected 3. Curl results for the rod size and wrapping technique you are planning to use

The cortex is made up of millions of polypeptide chains cross-linked by three types of side bonds

1. Disulfide 2. Salt 3. Hydrogen

All 16 category SDS include:

1. Product identification 2. Hazard identification 3. Composition/Information on ingredients 4. First-aid measures 5. Fire-fighting measures 6. Accidental release measures 7. Handling and storage 8. Exposure controls/personal protection 9. Physical and chemical properties 10. Stability and reactivity 11. Toxicology information 12. Ecological information 13. Disposal consideration 14. Transport information 15. Regulatory information 16. Revision date

there are three ways to clean your tools or implements

1. Washing with soap and warm water, and then scrubbing them with a clean and properly disinfected nail brush 2. using an ultrasonic unit 3. using a cleaning solvent... e.g., on metal bits for electric files

cosmetologist should study and understand chemical texture services because:

1. chemical texture services allow stylists the opportunity to offer clients options to change the texture of their hair and explore the fashionable world of hairstyling

The United States Department of Agriculture or USDA says that there are five basic food groups that are needed for the human body

1. grains 2. dairy 3. vegetables 4. protein foods 5. fruits

The average growth of healthy hair is about

1/2, or 0.5 inch, or 1.25 centimeters per month

In a virgin relaxer application, the application of product starts

1/4 inch to 1/2 inch away from the scalp to the ends

8. Adapting successfully to different situations 9. Sticking to a goal and seeing a job through to completion

10. Mastering techniques to become more organized 11. Developing sound decision-making skills

Scalp hair grows rapidly between ages of

15 and 30

Nitrogen

17%

Different strengths of hydroxide relaxers and what each is formulated for 1. Mild- strength relaxers are formulated for fine, color-treated or damaged hair

2. Regular- strength relaxers are intended for normal hair texture with a medium natural curl 3. Super- strength relaxers should be used for maximum straightening on very coarse, extremely curly, and resistant hair

you will need to recognize adverse conditions, including skin diseases, inflamed skin, and infectious skin disorders so that you can refer clients to medical professionals for treatment when necessary

21 century skin care has entered the realm of high technology, so you must learn about &understand the latest developments in ingredients &state-of-the-art delivery systems in order to help protect, nourish, & preserve the health & beauty of your clients' skin

Oxygen

21%

The telogen phase last from approximately

3 to 6 months

2. knowing how to perform these services accurately, safely, and professionally will help build a trusting and loyal clientele.

3. Knowing builds confidence to offer chemical texture services to all clients

the four steps in the chemical process of permanent waving 1. A disulfide bond joins the sulfur atoms in two adjacent polypeptide chains 2. Permanent wave solution breaks a disulfide bond by adding a hydrogen atom to each of its sulfur atoms

3. The sulfur atoms attach to the hydrogen atom from the permanent waving solution, breaking their attachment to each other. 4.Once the disulfide bond is broken, the polypeptide chains can form into their new curled shape. Reduction breaks disulfide bonds and oxidation reform them

On average and Tara go cycle repeats itself once every

4 to 5 years

Life skills ins actions. 1. Being helpful and caring to others 2. Making good friends 3. Feeling good about oneself

4. Having a sense of humor 5. Maintaining a cooperative attitude 6. Approaching work with a strong sense of responsibility 7. Being consistent in your work

Sulfur

5%

4. Chemical services are among the most lucrative and repetitive services in he salon, and many retail products are specific to hair's texture and condition

5. Without a thorough understanding of chemistry, cosmetologist could damage hair, cause hair loss, and harm their clients and themselves

Carbon

51%

Hydrogen

6%

4. Rinsing at the area where you first applied the perm solution; fragile area typically at the temple and hairline 5. Check the nape area to ensure that you are thoroughly rinsing the bottom rods 6. If is smells like perming solution continue to rinse

7. Always gently blot the hair with a dry towel 8. Adjust any rods that have become loose

4. How much color will be removed from the process of the client had color-treated hair 5. Will he integrity if the hair be compromised? 6. Did the hair break? Is it dry? Frizzy?

7. Is the client satisfied with the shape and hold of the curl?

most of the acid waves found in today's salons have a pH between

7.8 and 8.2

Dermal papilla

A Small, cone - shape of elevation located at the base of the hair follicle that fits into the hair bulb

Hepatitis

A blood borne virus that causes disease and can damaged the liver

Bruised nail beds

A condition in which a blood clot forms under the nail plate, causing a dark purplish spot.

Hangnail

A condition in which the living tissue surrounding the nail plate splits or tears. Proper care such as hot oil manicures will aid in correcting the condition.

Resistant hair requires a stronger solution

A higher pH, and a more thorough saturation

Scabies

A highly contagious skin disease caused by a parasite called in mind that burrows under the skin

The salon is a creative workplace where individuals are expected to exercise artistic talent

A highly social environment ehivh influences workers to develoo exceptional communication, decision-making, image-building, customer service, self actualization, goal-setting, and time management skills

Working on strong, healthy nails can be a pleasure

A licensed cosmetologist you are allowed to work only on healthy nails and skin with no visible signs of disease or infection

Double-rod wrap

A method of wrapping a permanent wave that is suitable for very long hair is the ________.

Anion

A negatively charged ion

Any nail disease that shows signs of infection or inflammation, redness, pain, swelling, or pus should not be diagnosed or treated in the salon

A person's occupation can cause a variety of nail infections develop more readily in people who regularly place their hands in harsh cleaning solutions

Chemical hair relaxing

A process or service that rearranged the structure of curly hair into a straighter or soother form

Element

A pure substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by physical or chemical means

Nevus also know as birth mark

A small or large malformation of the skin due to abnormal pigmentation or dilated capillaries

Methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)

A type of infectious bacteria that is highly resistant to conventional treatments due to incorrect doses or choice of antibiotic

Hydrogen bonds

A weak, physical, cross-link side bond that is easily broken by water or heat

Allergic contact dermatitis

Abbreviated ACD occurs when a person develops an allergy to an ingredient or a chemical usually caused by repeated skin contact with the chemical

irritant contact dermatitis

Abbreviated ICD; occurs when irritating substances temporarily damage the epidermis.

pH

Abbreviation for potential hydrogen. Symbol represents the quantity for hydrogen ions.

Stain

Abnormal brown-colored or wine-colored skin discoloration with a circular or irregular shape

The average head of hair contains

About 100,000 individual hairs

The average hair density is

About 2,200 hairs per on square inch

ammonium thioglycolate or ATG

Active ingredient or reducing agent in alkaline permanents

Permanent waving

Adding wave or curl to the hair

Lithium hydroxide and potassium hydroxide relaxers are often

Advertised and sold as "no mix no lye relaxers

Mildew

Affect planes or grows in in animate object's but does not cause him infections in the salon

Alkanolamines

Alkaline substances used to neutralize acids or raise the pH of many hair products.

There are 118 known elements today and of these 98 occur naturally and the rest produced by synthetic methods from nuclear reactions.

All matter in the universe is made up of these elements and they have their own district physical and chemical properties.

There are two type of contact dermatitis

Allergic contact dermatitis and irritant contact dermatitis

Sensitization

Allergic reaction created by repeated exposure to a chemical or a substance.

A normal healthy nail is firm but flexible. The surface is shiny, smooth, and I spotted with no wavy ridges, pits, or splits

Also is whitish & translucent in appearance, with the pinkish color of the nail bed showing through

When rinsing perm solution from hair you should rinse for 5 minutes

Always blot the hair with towels to remove as much moisture as possible

Proper Use of Disinfectants: Use only on pre-cleaned, hard, nonporous surfaces. Always wear gloves and safety glasses when handling disinfectant solutions.

Always dilute products according to the instructions on the product label. An item must remain submerged in the disinfectant for 10 minutes unless the product label specifies differently.

Hypertrophy

An abnormal growth of skin

Hydroxide neutralization

An acid-alkali neutralization that neutralizes or deactivates the alkaline residues left in the hair by a hydrogen relaxer and lowers the pH of the hair and scalp

Cysteine

An amino acid with a sulfur atom (S) that joins together two peptide strands.

Systemic Infection

An infection throughout the body

Contact dermatitis

An inflammation of the skin caused by having contact with certain chemicals or substances.

Perfectionism

An unhealthy compulsion to do things perfectly.

Normal, daily hair loss is the natural result of

Anagen, catagen, telogen

Acne is both a skin disorder

And an esthetic problem

Local Infection

And infection such as pimples, that confined to a particular part of the body in a peer a lesion containing pus

Specialized ligament attach the nail bed

And matrix bed to the underlying bone

Finasteride

And oral prescription medication for men only. Women cannot take this because of the strong potential for birth defects

The three most common types of abnormal hair lost are

Androgenic alopecia, alopecia areata, and postpartum alopecia

Base direction

Angle at which the rod is positioned on the head horizontally, vertically, or diagonally also the directional pattern in which the hair is wrapped

Onychosis

Any deformity or disease of the natural nail

Matter

Anything that has mass and takes up space, weight

Deliberate sun expose. Avoid prolonged exposure to the sun during peak hours. Sunscreen should be applied at least 30 minutes before sun exposure to allow time for absorption

Apply sunscreen. Avoid exposing children younger than 6 months to the sun. People who are prone to burning frequently and easily should wear a hat and protective clothing when participating in outdoor activities, addition to using sunscreen

UVA rays also known as aging rays

Are deep-penetrating rays that can even go through a glass window. These rays weaken the collagen and elastin fibers, causing wrinkling and sagging of the tissue

Cosmetologists are not allowed to prohibited trim or cut living skin around

Are permitted to gently push back the eponychium

Intrinsic factors

Are skin aging- factors over which we have little control over genetics and ethnicity, gravitational pull, facial expressions are the repeated movements of the face

Matrix

Area where the nail plate cells are formed

Approximately 80 to 85 percent of the symptoms of aging skin are caused by the accumulation of damaging rays from the sun

As we age the collagen and elastin fibers of the skin naturally weaken

According to the American Cancer Society, professionals should use the ABCDE Cancer Checklist to spot signs of change in existing moles.

Asymmetry. Border irregularity. Color. Diameter. Evolution.

Anaerobic or propionibacterium acne

Bacteria can not survive in the presence of oxygen

Disinfectants used in salons must be

Bactericidal Virucidal Fungicidal

Build self-esteem

Based on inner strength and begins with trusting your ability to achieve set goals

eggshell nails are normally weaker and can curve over the free edge. The condition is usually caused by improper diet, hereditary factors, internal disease, or medication

Be careful when manicuring these nails because they are fragile & can break easily. Use the fine side of an abrasive board, 240 grit or higher, to file them gently but only if needed

Things to enhance your creativity keep these guidelines in mind

Be positive. Look around for creative inspiration. Improve your vocabulary. Surround yourself with others who share your passion

Stay true to yourself

Be yourself and be professional

Practice new behaviors

Because creating success is a skill, you can develop it by practicing positive new behaviors such as speaking with confidence, standing tall, and using proper grammar.

Splinter hemorrhages will always be positioned lengthwise in the direction of growth pointing toward the front and back of the nail plate

Because this is how the bed epithelium rails grow

diplomacy

Being assertive is good because it helps people understand your position. It is a sort step from assertive to aggressive or even bullying

Sensitivity

Being sensitive means being compassionate and responsive to other people

Average number of hair on the head by color

Blonde 140,000 Brown 110,000 Black 108,000 Red 80,000

Blue fingernails

Blue or purple nail bed, usually from poor circulation

nail plate mag appear to be one solid piece

But is actually constructed of about 100 layers of nail cells

Prioritize

By ordering task in your to do list from most important to least important

Phenolic Disinfectants

Can be harmful to environment. Do not pour down a drain.

tinea capitis

Cap

UVB rays, also known as burning rays

Cause sunburns, tanning if the skin, and the majority of skin cancers

Splinter hemorrhage

Caused my physical trauma or injury to the nail bed that damages the capillaries & allows small amounts of blood flow

Nails may be descended as small mirrors into an individuals general health

Certain health conditins may first be revealed by a change in the nails, a visible disorder, or pior nail growth. Some conditions are easily treated in the salon— hangnails

Tan

Change in pigmentation of the skin caused by exposure to the sun or ultraviolet light

antiseptics

Chemical agents that may kill, retard, or prevent the growth of bacteria; nos classified as disinfectants

Peptide bonds also known as end bonds

Chemical bonds that join amino acids together, end-to-end in long chains, to form a polypeptide chain

A healthy hair cuticle protects from the penetration and prevents damage to hair fibers. Oxidation haircolors, permanent waving solutions, and

Chemical hair relaxers must have an alkaline pH to penetrate the circle layer because a high pH swells the cuticle and causes it to lift and expose the cortex

The natural pH of hair is between 4.5 and 5.5

Chemical solutions raise the pH of hair and allows the solution to reach the cortex layer, where restructuring occurs

Discolored nail may be caused by several factors such as surface stain nail polish, foods, dyes, or smoking

Clients can not sign a waiver or verbally give a cosmetologist permission to disobey state or federal rules and regulations.

Average rate of hair loss is

Closer to 35 to 40 hair is per day

type of hair will need a more alkaline solution to achieve permanent waving

Coarse hair

Biofilms

Colonies of bacteria that adhere together and adhere to environmental substances

Carefully buff the nail plate to minimize the appearance of these ridges

Colored polish to give a smooth appearance while keeping the nail plate strong and healthy

Effective communication skills

Commit to practicing effective communication through active listening, non verbal and verbal skills.

sodium hypochlorite

Common household bleach; disinfectant used to sanitize implements

Average rate of nail plate growth in normal adult is about 1/10" to 1/8" 2.5mm to 3mm per month

Compared with the nails of grow faster in children than adults. Slower in elderly

amino acids

Compounds made up of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, and sulfur

Nail disorder

Condition caused by injury, heredity, or previous disease of the nail unit

Inflammation

Condition in which the body reacts to injury, irritation, or infection. An inflammation is characterized by redness, heat, pain, and swelling

Keratin-based straightening treatments

Contain silicone polymers and formalin or similar ingredients, which release formaldehyde gas when heated to high temperatures

90% of the total weight of here comes from the

Cortex

The best way to prevent both types of occupational contact dermatitis is to use gloves or utensils when working with irritating chemicals.

Cosmetologists should use gloves or utensils when applying chemicals such as haircolor, straighteners, or permanent wave solutions

Exothermic waves

Create an exothermic chemical reaction that heats up the waving solution and speeds up processing

Extremely curly hair grows in long twisted spirals

Crossed - sections appear flattened very in shape and thickness along their length

Which are expose to the sun. Smoking. Overuse is alcoholic beverages. Smoking and overuse of alcoholic beverages contribute to the aging process.

Damage done by these lifestyle habits can be impossible to repair or finish. Stress. Poor nutrition. Eating a well balanced diet allows for all body systems to function at maximum performance and nourish the fragile tissues of the skin

Overly porous hair is

Damage, dry, fragile, and brittle

Modern anti-dandruff shampoo's contain the antifungal agents pyrithione zinc, selenium sulfide, or ketoconazole that control

Dandruff by suppressing the growth of malassezia

Melanonychia

Darkening of the fingernails or toenails

The average person sheds about 9 pounds of

Dead skin each year

Cuticle

Dead, colorless tissue attached to the natural nail plate

Liquid

Definite volume but takes the shape of its container

motility

Different bacteria move in different ways; term used to describe self movement

Bloodborne pathogens

Disease causing microorganisms carried in the body by blood or body fluids.

Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS)

Disease that breaks down the bodies immune system

Contagious disease

Disease that can be caught from another person

Quaternary Ammonium Compounds QUATS

Disinfectant that is considered nontoxic, odorless, and fast-acting

Extremely effective for controlling microorganisms on shears, nippers, and other multi-use tools and equipment

Disinfection

Not effective against bacterial spores.

Disinfection

single-use

Disposable, items used only once.

Side bonds

Disulfide, salt, and hydrogen bonds that cross-link polypeptide chains together

binary fission

Divides into two cells

No base relaxers

Do not require the application of a protective base cream

Energy

Does not occupy space or have mass

When larger aspirations are Divided into short term goals such as going to class on time, completing homework assignments, and mastering the skills,

Each step leads to the accomplishment of the larger goal. Remember to set flexible goals, to create a plan of action, and to revisit the plan often

Skin care specialists are in hugh demand in many salons and spas and

Earn excellent salaries

Find here has the smallest diameter and it's more fragile

Easier to process, and more susceptible to damage from chemical services then coarse or medium hair

efficacy

Effectiveness

Be kind to yourself

Eliminate self critical or negative thoughts that are counterproductive

Onychogryposis or ram's horn or claw nails

Enlargement of the fingernails or toenails accompanied by increased thickening and curvature

Straight rods

Equal in diameter along their entire length or curling area. Uniform curl

Nail technicians should use gloves or utensils when applying nail products such as monomer liquids and polymer powder

Estheticians should use gloves or utensils when applying exfoliants such as peeling products and drying agents. Hand washing is important to prevent spread if disease

Cosmetologists should study & have a thorough understanding of chemistry because: you would not be able to use professional products effectively & safely

Every product used in the salon & in cosemtology services contains some type of chemical. You will be able to troubleshoot & solve common problems you may encounter with chemical services

Light and electricity are forms of energy and energy is not matter

Everything known to exist in the universe is either made of energy or matter. There are no exceptions to this rule

Skin cancer has become one of the most common cancers because of the large number of people diagnosed every year

Excuse of general complacency about prevention and a lack of knowledge about the signs and real risks, particularly in young people

Silicones are less greasy than other oils and form a breathable

Film that does not cause comedies or blackheads

Nail folds

Folds of normal skin that surrounds the nail plate

Daily use of gentle cleansers formulated for a specific skin type.

Follicle exfoliants are leave-on products that helps to remove cell buildup from the follicles, allowing oxygen to penetrate the follicles, killing bacteria

tinea pedis

Foot

The hyponychium

Forms a pro five barrier that prevents microorganisms from invading and infecting the nail bed

onychomycosis

Fungal infection of the natural nail plate

Fungi are parasites that may cause infections of the feet and hands. Nail fungi are of concern to the salon because they are contagious and can be transmitted through contaminated implements

Fungal infections prefer to grow in conditions where the skin is warm moist and dark that is on the feet inside shoes. Extremely unlikely to infect cosmetologist but can other clients

Long term

Goals are measured in larger increments of time such as two years, five years, ten years, or even longer

Short term

Goals are usually those to be accomplished in a year or less

Every nail has a lunula but some lunula are short and remain hidden under the eponychium

Growth and appearance of the nails can be affected if an individual is in poor health, if a nail disorder or disease is present or if there has been an injury to the matrix

The three main layers of the hair shaft are

Hair cuticle, cortex, and medulla

The five main structures of the hair root include the

Hair follicle, horrible, dermal papilla, arrector pili muscle, and sebaceous (oil) glands

On-base placement

Hair is wrapped at 45 degree angle beyond perpendicular to its base section

Spiral perm wrap

Hair is wrapped at an angle other than perpendicular to the length of the rod

Chemical texture services

Hair services that cause a chemical change within the hairs natural wave and curl pattern

Natural nail, also known as onyx

Hard protective plate composed mainly of keratin, the fiber-shaped protein found in skin and hair

Nail plate

Hardened keratin plate covering the nail bed.

Pathogens

Harmful microorganisms that enter the body and can cause disease

True acid waves

Have a pH between 4.5 and 7.0 and require heat to process

Mild and moderate cases of acne are often treated by trained salon spa professionals who

Have received specialized education in acne treatment

Creativity

Having a talent such as painting, acting, cutting hair, applying makeup, or doing artificial nails

lipophilic

Having an affinity for or an attraction to fat and oils, oil-loving

The ability to deal with difficult circumstances comes from having well developed life skills

Having good life skills build self-esteem, which helps individuals achieve goals

porous

Having pores or openings that permit liquids or gases to pass through

Bed epithelium

Helps guide the nail plate along the nail bed as it grows

Vitiligo

Hereditary condition that causes hypopigmented spots and splotches on the skin that are often appear milky white

Plicatued nail or folded nail

Highly curved nail plate usually caused by injury to the matrix, but it may be inherited

Thio neutralization rebuilds the disulfide binds by removing the hydrogen that was added by the permanent waving solution

Hydrogen atoms are strongly attracted to the oxygen

Hydroxide relaxers can swell he hair up to twice it's normal diameter

Hydroxide relaxers are not compatible with thio relaxers, permanent waving, or soft curl perms due to the difference in chemistry

Verruca also known as wart

Hypertrophy of the papillae and epidermis

Acquired immunity

I need to do that the body develops after overwhelming a disease. Basically after fighting a disease

goal setting

Identification of long-term and short-term goals

Since the hair at he scalp is usually stronger than the ends, over processed hair is usually curlier at he scalp and straighter at the ends

If the hair is over processed, further processing will make it straighter and cause further damage, including breakage

Visualize success

Image yourself working in your dream salon

Emulsifier

In ingredient that brings two normally incompatible Materials together in binds them into a uniform in fairly stable blind. Slowly over a long period of time

physical properties

Include color, odor, density, melting point, boiling point, hardness, and glossiness

Pincer nail or trumpet nail

Increased crosswise curvature throughout the nail plate caused by an increased curvature of the matrix; the edges of the nail plate may curl around to form the shape of a trumpet or sharp cone at the free edge

As soon as the telogen phase and the hare returns to the

Indian face and begin to the entire cycle again

Onychia

Inflammation of the nail matrix followed by shedding if the nail plate

Periodic strand test during processing will help

Inform you when the hair is sufficiently relaxed

Folliculitis barbae

Informational of all kills caused by bacterial infection from ingrown hairs

Onychocrytosis

Ingrown nails can affect either the fingers or toes

Medulla also called pith or core of the hair

Innermost layer of the hair. The medulla does not play a role in chemical texture services and may be missing in fine hair

Receptivity

Involves taking the time to really listen to others. And also be open minded and willing to work with all personality types

Keratoma

Is an acquired, superficial, thickened patch of epidermis. Also known as callus

Base cream also known as protective base cream

Is an oily cream used to protect the skin and scalp during hair relaxing

Lye

Is sodium hydroxide

universal solvent

Is water

volatile alcohols

Isopropyl alcohol, rubbing alcohol, and ethyl alcohol, example hairspray and alcohol is beverages

Abnormal hair loss is not common in women as it is in men, but

It can be very traumatic and devastating for women who experience it because, as studies indicate, women have a greater emotional investment in their appearance

Never cut the living skin around the natural nail plate for a hang nail. Signs of infection are redness, pain, swelling, or pus

It is against state board regulations to intentionally cut or tear the client's skin and can be lead to serious infections for which you & the salon may be legally liable

In permanent waving most of the processing takes place as soon as the solution penetrates the hair, within the first 5 to 10 minutes. The additional processing time allows the polypeptide chains to shift into their new configuration

It probably happened within the first 5 to 10 minutes of the service

Tissue sticks tight to the nail plate and can be difficult to remove

It's job is to seal the space between the natural nail plate & living skin above (the eponychium) to prevent entry of foreign material &microotganisms & to help avoid injury & infection

Wear protective gloves

Keep your hands clean and moisturized

emotional stability

Learning how to handle a confrontation and how to share your feelings in a professional manner are important indicators of emotional stability

Malignant melanoma

Least common but most dangerous form of skin cancer. Characterized by black or dark brown patches on he skin that may appear uneven in texture, jagged, or raised

Onycholysis

Lifting of the nail plate from the bed without shedding. Physical injury, trauma, or allergic reaction of the nail bed and less often related to a health disorder.

Eponychium

Living skin at the base of the natural nail plate covering the matrix area

Polypeptide chains

Long chains of amino acids joined together by peptide bonds

Keratin proteins

Long, coiled polypeptide chains

Curl re-forming or soft curl permanents

Loosening overly curly hair; changing tightly curly or coiled hair into loose curls or waves

Extremely curly hair often has

Low elasticity, breaks easily, and has a tendency to knot.

Hair bulb

Lowest part of the hair strand; the thickened, club-shaped structure that forms the lower part of the hair root

The visible part of the matrix that extends from underneath the living skin is called

Lunula

Sodium hydroxide NaOH relaxers are commonly called

Lye relaxers

information about the ingredients, strength, and pH of permanent wave solutions can be found on the

MSDS or Material Safety Data Sheet

Salon tools

MUST BE PROPERLY cleaned and disinfected so it is safe for you and your client. If not infections can be transmitted through the contaminated salon tools and equipment

Glyceryl monothioglycolate GMTG

Main active ingredient in true acid and acid-balances waving lotions

Respect others

Make a conscious effort to respect everyone

Current Regulations for Health and Safety

Many different state and federal agencies regulate the practice of cosmetology.

Medium hair texture is most common texture and is the Strand to which other hair is compared

Medium hair does not pose any special problems or concerns

Pheomelanin

Melanin that provides natural hair colors from red and ginger to yellow/blond tones.

Cortex

Middle layer of hair. It is a fibrous protein core formed by elongated cells containing model a pigment.

Cortex

Middle layer of the hair, located directly beneath the cuticle layer. The cortex is responsible for he incredible strength and elasticity of human hair. Breaking the side bonds of the cortex makes it possible to change the natural wave pattern of the hair

Of all treatments that are said to counter hair loss, there are only two products

Minoxidil and finasteride

Bacteria

Minute, one-celled microorganisms. Can exist almost anywhere. 1,500 rod-shaped bacteria will fit on the head of a pin.

Ethics

Moral principles by which we live and work

Squamous cell carcinoma

More serious than nasal cell carcinoma; characterized by scaly red papule it nodules. It can spread to other parts of the body and survival rates depend on the stage at diagnosis

Nasal cell carcinoma

Most common and least severe skin cancer. Characterized by light or pearly nodules and has a 90% survival rate with early diagnosis and treatment

Onychorrhexis is usually caused by injury to the matrix, excessive use of cuticle removers, harsh cleaning agents, aggressive filing techniques, or heredity

Nail enhancements product should never be applied if the nail bed is exposed

Nail growth rates will accelerate whether or not a woman takes these vitamins

Nail in middle finger-faster. Slowest in thumb. Toenails grow more slowly than finger nails

Nail unit

Nail plate. Nail bed. Matrix. Cuticle. Eponychium. Perionychium. Hyponychium. Specialized ligaments. Nail folds

Cuticle and pterygium do not designate the same thing and they should never be used interchangeably

Nail pterygium is abnormal and is caused by damage to the eponychium or hyponychium

Seasons also affect nail growth rate

Nails grow faster in the summer than they do in winter

Discolored nails

Nails turn a variety of colors. Which may indicate surface staining, a systemic disorder, or pier blood circulation.

Keratin in natural nails are harder than the keratin in skin or hair

Natural nail is located at the end of a finger or toe.

Matrix area contains

Nerves, lymph, and blood vessels to nourish the matrix cells.

The application of an acid-balanced shampoo or normalizing lotion is suppose to

Neutralizes any remaining hydroxide ions to lower the pH of the hair and scalp

Gas

No fixed volume or shape; takes the shape and volume of its container. Can never be liquid at normal temperatures or pressure

All metal hydroxide relaxers contain only one component and are used exactly as they are packaged in the container;

No mixing is necessary

Nail psoriasis

Noninfectious condition that affects the surface of the natural nail plate causing tiny pits or severe toughness on the surface of the nail plate

Germs

Nonscientific synonym for disease-producing organisms

Hair with average person he is considered to be

Normal hair

Term ORGANIC is often used to mean safe or natural

Not all organic substances are natural, healthy, or safe

Eggshell nails

Noticeably thin, white nail plate that is more flexible than normal.

blood delivers nutrients and oxygen to the skin and takes away cellular waste products and carbon dioxide.

Nutrients are molecules from food, such as protein, carbohydrates, and fats

Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)

OSHA is a federal agency. Regulates and enforces standards for work place safety and health.

Safety Data Sheet (SDS)

Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970. MSDS created in response. Safety Data Sheet (SDS) replaces Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS).

Pregnancy dramatically affects nail growth because

Of hormonal changes in the body

Coarse hair texture has the largest diameter

Often more resistant. Usually requires more processing when you're applying products such as hair lighteners, hair colors, permanent waves versions, and hair relaxers

Sebaceous glands

Oil glands that are connected to the hair follicles

Nail groove or furrow

On each side of the nail

Fungi

Once organism that grows in a regular masses that create mold, mildew, and yeast

Asymmetry

One half of the mole does not match the other half

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

One of several common bacteria that can cause nail infection

Healthy nails are not shed automatically or periodically in the way that healthy hair is shed

Ordinarily replacement of natural fingernail takes about four to six months. Tone nails take about nine months to a year to be fully replaced

Parasites

Organisms that grow, feed, and shelter on or in another organism referred to as host

Sebum hardens due to

Oxidation

The most common neutralizer is hydrogen peroxide

Oxidative reactions can lighten hair color, especially at an alkaline pH

When hydrogen Peroxide is mixed with an oxidation haircolor,

Oxygen is subtracted from the hydrogen peroxide and the hydrogen peroxide is reduced

Free edge

Part of the nail plate that extends over the tip of the finger or toe

Verruca can spread from one location to another,

Particularly along a scratch in the skin

natural immunity

Partly in here did and probably develop through healthy living

A predisposition to acne is based on heredity and hormones

People with acne inherit the tendency to retain cells that gather on the walls of the follicle, eventually clumping and obstructing the follicle

Endothermic waves

Perm activated by an outside heat source, usually a conventional hood-type hair dryer

Double flat wrap

Perm wrap in which one end paper is placed under and another is placed over the strand of hair being wrapped

Curvature permanent wrap

Perm wrap in which partings and vases radiate throughout the panels to follow the curvature of the head

Single flat wrap

Perm wrap that is similar to double flat wrap but used only one end paper, placed over the top of the strand of hair being wrapped

Basic permanent wrap also known as straight set wrap

Perm wrapping pattern in which all the rods within a panel move in the same direction and are positioned in equal sized bases; all the base sections are horizontal and are the same length and width as the perm rod

Disulfide are not broken by water, they are broken by

Permanent waves and chemical hair relaxers that alter the shape of the hair

Acid-balanced waves

Permanent waves that have a 7.0 or neutral pH

Nail bed

Portion of the living skin that supports the nail plate as it grows toward the free edge.

Base control

Position of the tool in relation to its base section, determined by the angle at which the hair is wrapped

Build on your strength

Practice doing whatever helps you maintain a positive self image

Cosmetologist should study and have a thorough understanding of life skills because

Practicing good life skills will lead to a more satisfying and productive beauty career. Beauty professionals work with many different types of clients, and having good life skills can help those interactions positive in any situation

Extrinsic factors

Primarily environmental factors the contribute to aging and the appearance of aging

ianthionization

Process by which hydroxide relaxers permanently straighten hair; they remove a sulfur atom from a disulfide bind and convert it into a lanthionine bond

Sterilization

Process that destroys all microbial life. Third step that can be incorporated, but it is very rarely mandated.

Concave rods

Produce a tighter curl in the center, and a loose curl on either side of the strand

Eumelanin

Produces brown to black pigments in the hair

Noncomedogenic

Product that has been designed and proven not to clog the follicles.

State Regulatory Agencies

Protect salon professionals and their clients' health and safety while they receive salon services

Hair is approximately 90% of

Protein

Cosmetologist should have a thorough understanding of skin disorders and diseases for the following reasons

Providing even the most basic of skin care services requires an understanding of the underlying structure of the skin and common skin problems

Procrastination

Putting off until tomorrow what you can do today

allergy

Reaction due to extreme sensitivity to certain food, chemicals, or other normally harmless substances

the strength of any permanent wave is based on the concentration of its

Reducing agent. In turn, the amount of processing is determined by the strength of the permanent wave solution

Hair color, two words

Refers to the color of your creator by nature

Nail plate most visible and functional part of the nail unit

Relatively porous and will allow water to pass through it much more easily than through normal skin of equal thickness

Guanidine hydroxide

Relaxers are also advertised and sold as no-lye relaxers

Decontamination

Removal of blood and all other potentially infectious materials on an item's surface. Removal of visible debris or residue such as dust, hair, and skin.

Relaxing

Removing curl or waves; leaving the hair smooth and straight

Base relaxers

Require the application of a protective base cream to the entire scalp prior to the application of the relaxer

Onychophagy or bitten nails

Result of a habit of chewing the nail or the hardened, damaged skin surrounding the nail plate

multiuse

Reusable and can be cleaned.

Solid

Rigid; has a fixed shape and volume

Understand the Principles of Infection

Salon professionals' responsibility. Risk injury or infection. Know and use proper procedure. Prevention.

Pyogenic granuloma

Severe inflammation of the nail in which a lump of red tissue grows up from nail bed to nail plate

Client whose nail or skin is infected, inflamed, broken, or swollen

Should not receive services & should be referred to a physician to determine they type of treatment that is required

asymptomatic

Showing no symptoms or signs of infection

Bricklay permanent wrap

Similar to the actual technique of bricklaying; sections are offset from each other row by row to prevent noticeable splits and to blend the flow of the hair

leukoderma

Skin disorder characterized by light, abnormal patches or hypopigmentation; it is caused by a burn, scar, inflammation, or congenital disease that destroys the pigment-producing cells.

Skin tag

Small brown-colored or flesh-colored outgrowth of the skin

Normal mole

Small brownish spot on the skin ranging in color from pale tan to brown or bluish black. This is Not a type of skin cancer

Mole

Small brownish spot or blemish on the skin

Arrector pili muscle

Small involuntary muscle in the base of the hair follicle. Cause goose bumps

The properties of salt water are The property is contained in salt in in

So water is salty and Wood. Most of the products cosmetologist and yell technicians use our physical mixtures

Koilonychia

Soft spoon nails with a concave shape that appear scooped out.

All matter exists in one of three different physical forms

Solid. Gas. Liquid

By the age 35, almost 40% of both men and women show

Some degree of hair loss

Sulfates and bisulfites are

Sometimes used as low-pH hair relaxers

silicones

Special type of oil used in hair conditioners, water-resistant lubricants for the skin, and nail polish dryer's

Onychorrhexis

Split or brittle nails that have a series of lengthwise ridges giving a rough appearance to the surface of the nail plate

Proper Use of Disinfectants: Always wear gloves. Use on pre-cleaned, nonporous surfaces. Dilute according to directions. Use contact time per directions.

Spray on contact time per directions. Spray can't be used if immersion required. Use only as directed. Use only EPA-registered disinfectant in pedi-spa.

Thio neutralization

Stops the action of a permanent wave solution and rebuilds the hair in its new curly form

Disulfide bonds

Strong chemical side bonds that join together two polypeptide strands like rings on a ladder

Cosmetologists study and have a understanding of nail structure and growth because

Structure and growth of natural nails allows you to expertly groom, strengthen, and beautify nails

Trichology

Study of hair and its diseases. Comes from the Greek word trichos which is hair

Base sections

Subsections of panels into which the hair is divided for perm wrapping

Keep your energy up

Successful cosmetologist take car of themselves

Each element is identified by a letter symbol,

Such as O for Oxygen. C for carbon. H for hydrogen. N for nitrogen. S for sulfur

Normal healthy nail is firm but flexible

Surface is shiny, smooth, and I spotted with no wavy ridges, pits, or splits

Calamine lotion and nail polish are examples of

Suspensions

Glycerin

Sweet, colorless, oily substance

Taking the time to keep your implements, tools, equipment, and surfaces clean and disinfected

Take extreme care to keep brush handles, containers, and table tops clean and free from product, dust, and residue.

Bacterial Growth and Reproduction (Active)

Takes 20 to 60 minutes to reach full growth

Keep your personal life separate from your work

Taking about your personal life at work is counterproductive and can cause the whole salon to suffer

A little less than 10% of the scalp hair is in the

Telogen phase at any one time

Immunity

The ability of the body to destroy, resist, and recognize infection

Gray hair is caused by

The absence of melanin

About 90% of the scalp is growing in the anagen phase at any time

The anagen phase usually last from 3 to 5 years, but in some cases, it can last as long as 10.

Exposure to pollution produces free radicals, interferes with proper oxygen consumption, and affects the lungs and other internal organs as well as the skin.

The appearance of aging skin can be greatly improved by practicing a good skin care program.

Cosmetologist serve a unique role by being able to recognize the appearance of serious skin disorders and referring

The client to a dermatologist for diagnosis and treatment.

Color

The color of the mole is not the same all over. There may be shades of tan, brown, or black, and sometimes even patches of red, blue, or white

Game plan

The conscious act of planning your life, instead of just letting things happen.

Border irregularity

The edges of the mole are ragged or notched

The cuticle is the dead tissue adhered to the nail plate

The eponychium is living tissue that grows up to the nail plate

COHNS elements

The five elements that are found in skin and nails. carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, sulfur

Hair analysis is performed by observation using the senses of sight, touch, sound, and smell

The four most important factors to consider and the hare else's architecture, density, porosity, and electricity

A mature strand of human hair is divided into two parts

The hair root and hair shaft

If hair is under processed

The hair will not be sufficiently softened and will not hold the desired curl

Perionychium

The living skin bordering the root and sides of fingernail or toenail

Viscosity

The measurement of the thickness or thinness of a liquid that affects how the fluid flows

Evolution

The mole evolves or changes; it may include darkening or variations in color, it may itch or hurt; it may change in shape or growth.

Diameter

The mole is wider than about 1/4" alrhough doctors are now finding melanomas that are smaller

thioglycolic acid

The most common reducing agent in permanent wave solutions

Hair cuticle

The outmost layer of the hair.

Hair root

The part of the hair located below the surface of the epidermis.

Hair shaft

The portion of hair that projects above the epidermis

Pus

The presence of pus can be a sign of infection. A fluid byproduct of the infectious process. It contains white blood cells, dead cells, and bacteria

Onychomadesis

The separation and falling off of a nail plate from the nail bed; affects fingernails and toenails.

Hyponychium

The slightly thickened layer of skin that lies beneath the free edge of the nail plate.

Organic chemistry

The study of all chemicals containing carbon

Solvent

The substance in which the solute dissolves

Half off base placement

The technique of rapping at a 90° angle or straight out from the center

Haircolor, one word

The term is used in the beauty industry to refer to artificial coloring products

Growth cycles of hair or A C T

The three phases are anagen, catagen, and telogen

Pleasing tone of voice

The tone of your voice is personality trait, but if your natural voice is harsh or if you fans to mumble you can consciously improve by speaking more softly or more clearly.

Hair follicle

The tube-like depression or pocket in the skin or scalp that contains the hair root

Stay productive

There are three bad habits that can keep you from maintaining peak performance: 1. Procrastination 2. Perfectionism 3. Lack of game plan

Nutrition, exercise, and a person's general health affects the health of the skin

These factors affect the growth and health of nail plate as well

Toenail plates grow more slowly than fingernails

They are thicker because the toenail matrix is longer than the matrix found on fingernails

Onychauxis

Thickening of nails

Bed epithelium

Thin layer of tissue that attaches the nail plate and the nail bed

Soft curl permanent

Thio based chemical service that re-formats curly and wavy hair into looser and larger curls and waves

Soft bender rods

Tool about 12-inch long with a uniform diameter along the entire length

Ligament

Tough band of fibrous tissue that connects bone or holds an organ in place

Cuticle layer

Tough exterior layer of the hair. It surrounds the inner layer and protects the hair from damage. Although he cuticle is not directly invoked in the texture or movement of the hair, texture chemicals must penetrate through the cuticle to their target in the cortex in order to be effective

Indirect Transmission

Transmission of blood or body fluids through contact with an intermediate contaminated object, such as a razor,extractor, nipper, or an environmental surface

Direct Transmission

Transmission of blood or body fluids through touching (including shaking hands), kissing, coughing, sneezing, and talking.

permanent waving

Two step process where by the hair undergoes a physical change caused by wrapping the hair on perm rods

Minoxidil

Typically applied to the surface of the body, medication that is put on the scalp twice today and has been proven to stimulate hair growth

Know the difference between the nail cuticle and the eponychium before performing nail services

Understanding nail growth and structure cycles of natural nail will prepare you for more advanced nail services

Free radicals

Unstable molecules that cause biochemical aging.

Once an allergy to product has been established all services being done with the product must be discontinued

Until the allergic symptoms clear

Avoidance of fatty skin care and cosmetic products is important because products that contain large amounts of fatty materials and oils can cause follicles to clog from the outside

Use of a light moisturizer to keep skin balanced and reduce the risk of excess sebum production can be helpful

Thio relaxers

Use the same ammonium thioglycolate ATG that is used in permanent waving, but at a higher concentration and a higher pH above 10

Bookend wrap

Uses one end paper folded in half over the hair ends like an envelope

Weave technique

Uses zigzag partings to divide base areas

The lower the water content, more rigid the nail becomes

Using an oil-based nail conditioner or nail polish to coat the plate can reduce water loss or prevent excessive absorption and improve flexibility

Loop rods also known as circle rod

Usually about 12 inches long with a uniform diameter along the entire length of the rod

Values and goals

Values and goals guide our behavior and given us direction

Toxin

Various poisonous substances produced by some microorganisms (bacteria and viruses)

Ridges

Vertical lines running the length of the natural nail plate that are caused by uneven growth of nails, usually related to normal aging.

Hydroxide relaxers

Very strong alkalis with a pH over 13; the hydroxide ionnis active ingredient in all hydroxide relaxers

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)

Virus that causes Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS)

Beau's lines or furrows

Visible depressions running across the width of the natural nail plate. Usually result from major illness or injury that has traumatized the body

Examples of leukoderma are

Vitiligo and albinism

liquids are mutually soluble, meaning that they can be mixed together to from clear solutions.

Water and alcohol are examples of miscible liquids as in nail polish remover

Only products that contain

Water can have pH

Water can exist in all three states of matter, depending on its temperature

Water changes according to how the temperature changes, but it is still water

A healthy nail may look dry and hard, but it's water content is actually between 15 and 25 percent

Water context directly affects the nails flexibility.

You should always perform an elasticity test before perming the hair

When performing permanent waving service, the shape and type of curl are determined by the shape and type of rod and the wrapping method used

Nail malformation

When the nail is abnormal in shape or form. Can be temporary or permanent condition caused by disease, injury, or infection that has affected the matrix.

Solid ice undergoes a physical change when it melts into water and then converts into steam when heat is applied

When your porch is applied onto nails in the solvent evaporates, forming a layer or film of the nail

Lunula- Whitish half moon shape underneath the base of the nail

Whitish color is caused by the reflection of light off the surface of the visible part of the underlying matrix

Leukonychia spots or white spots

Whitish discolorations of the nails, usually caused by minor injury to the nail matrix

Croquignole perm wrap

Wrapped from the ends to the scalp in overlapping concentric layers

Off base placement

Wrapping the hair at 45 degrees below the center of the base section

To achieve success, you need more than a external push. You must feel a sense of personal excitement and a good reason for staying the course.

You are the one in charge of managing your own life and learning. To do this successfully, use creativity

All matter is made up of chemical.

You can see visible light and light that electrical sparks create, but these are not made of matter

Cosmetologist should recognize common or normal disorders as well as abnormal nail conditions, understand what to do, & be able to help a client with a nail disorder in one of two ways

You can tell clients that they may have a disorder & refer them to a physician if required. Or you can cosmetically improve certain nail plate conditions if the problem is cosmetic & not a medical condition

Cosmetologist should study and have a thorough understanding of nail disorders and diseases because

You must be able to identify those conditions on a client's nails & determine if they should or should not be treated in the salon

You must acknowledge infectious conditions that may be present so you can take the appropriate steps to protect yourself & your clients from the spread of disease

You need to be able to recognize conditions that may signal mild to serious health problems that warrant the attention of a doctor

Your body can naturally produce 11 of the 12 amino acids that make up the hair but,

Your daily diet must include a variety of foods that supply the remaining nine essential amino acids that the hair and scalp need

Physical change

a change in a substance that does not involve a change in the identity of the substance

Chemical change

a change in the chemical composition or make up of a substance

Ion

a charged atom

Pure substance

a chemical combination of matter in definite, fixed, proportions.

Disinfection

a chemical process that destroys most, but not necessarily all harmful organisms on environmental surfaces. The pathogens of concern in the cosmetology industry are effective destroyed by the disinfection process, which is required in all states

Oxidation

a chemical reaction in which an element combines with oxygen to form an oxide

Tuberculosis

a disease caused by bacteria that are transmitted through coughing or sneezing

sebum

a fatty or oily secretion that lubricates the skin and preserves the softness of the hair

Sebum

a fatty or oily substance secreted by the sebaceous glads that lubricates the skin

collagen

a fibrous protein that gives the skin form and strength

Keratin

a fibrous protein that grows from cells originating within the hair follicle

Coarse, resistant hair with a strong, compact cuticle layer requires

a highly alkaline chemical solution

Polypeptide chain

a long chain of amino acids liked by peptide bonds.

lesion

a mark on the skin that may indicate an injury or damage that changes the structure of tissues or organs

Clean

a mechanical process (scrubbing) using soap and water or detergent and water to remove all VISIBLE dirt, debris, and many disease causing germs from tools, equipment, and implements

Elemental molecule

a molecule containing two or more atoms of the same element, in this case oxygen, in definite, fixed, proportions

Viruses

a parasitic submicroscopic particle that infects and resides in cells of biological organisms

Physical mixture

a physical combination of matter in any proportions

dermatologist

a physician who specializes in diseases and disorders of the skin, hair, and nails

Cation

a positively charged ion

elastin

a protein base similar to collagen that forms elastic tissue

pH scale

a range of values that are used to express the acidity or alkalinity, basicity, of a system; each whole number on the scale indicates a tenfold change in acidity; a pH of 7 is neutral, a pH of less than 7 is acidic, and a pH of greater than 7 is basic

Mixing an oxidizer with the permanent waving solution causes

a rapid release of heat and an increase in the temperature of solution

redox

a reversible chemical reaction in which one reaction is an oxidation and the reverse is a reduction

papule

a small elevation on the skin that contains no fluid. Examples acne, warts, and elevated nevi

nodule

a solid bump larger than 0.4 inches or 1 cm that can be easily felt. Requires medical referral. Examples swollen lymph nodes, rheumatiod nodules

Alkaline solution

a solution that has a pH above 7.0 neutral

Acidic solution

a solution that has a pH below 7.0 neutral

esthetician

a specialist in the cleaning, beautification, and preservation of the health of skin on the entire body, including the face and neck

Reducing agent

a substance that adds hydrogen to a chemical compound or subtracts oxygen from the compound

No product or procedure can make the nail plate grown thicker because

a thicker nail plate would require a larger matrix

Protons. P

a thing that the nucleus consist of. subatomic particles with a positive charge

Salt bond

a weak, physical, cross-link side bond between adjacent polypeptide chains.

Hair porosity

ability of the hair to absorb moisture.

Hair elasticity

ability of the hair to stretch and return to its original length without breaking.

Nail pterygium

abnormal condition that occurs when the skin is stretched by the nail plate

tumor

abnormal mass varying in size, shape, and color. Requires medical referral. Example: cancer

albinism

absence of melanin pigment in the body, including the skin, hair, and eyes

end papers or end wraps

absorbent papers used to control the ends of the hair when wrapping and winding hair on perm tools

dyschromias also known as abnormal colorations

accompany skin disorders and are symptoms of many systemic disorders

Alpha hydroxy acids or A.H.A s

acids derived from plants, mostly fruit, that are often used to exfoliate the skin

Hazard identification

all hazards of using the chemical

Rules

also called regulations. More specific than laws. They determine how the law will be applied

Alkalis

also known as base Compounds that react with acids to form salts

chelating soap

also known as chelating detergents, they break down stubborn films and remove the residue of pedicure products such as scrubs, salts, and masks

miliaria rubra also known as prickly heat

an acute inflammatory disorder of the sweat glands

Glycolic acid

an alpha hydroxy acid used in exfoliation and to lower the pH of products

vitamin C

an important substance needed for proper repair of the skin and tissues; promotes the production of collagen in the skin's dermal tissues; aids in and promotes rapid healing of the skin

wheal

an itchy, swollen lesion that can be caused by a blow, scratch, bite of an insect, or urticaria. Skin allergy. Examples hives and mosquito bites

cosmetologist may be allowed to clean skin, preserve the health of skin,

and beautify the skin, depending on the laws and regulations of their state

collagen from the GREEK word kolla, meaning glue,

and gennan meaning to produce

All hair color products, chemical texturizers, shampoos, conditioners, styling aids, nail enhancements,

and skin care products are organic chemicals

Emulsion

any mixture of two or more immiscible liquids in which one liquid is dispersed in the other

microorganisms

any organism of microscopic or submicroscopic size

closed comedo also known as whitehead

appears as a small bump just under the skin surface

healthy skin should be free of any visible signs of disease, infection,or injury

appendages of the skin include hair, nails, and sudoriferous sweat and sebaceous oil glands

sebaceous glands also known as oil glands

are connected to the air follicles

thio-free waves

are perms that use an ingredient other than ammonium thioglycolate as the primary reducing agent

elastin can be weakened by the same factors that weaken collages

as we age, gravity causes thee fibers to weaken

Alopecia areata

autoimmune disorder (that causes the affected hair follicles to be mistakenly attacked by a person's own immune system; usually begins with one or more small, round, smoothe bald patches on the scalp.)

Bacterial spore

bacteria capable of producing a protective coating that allows them to withstand very harsh environments, and shed the coating when conditions become more favorable

Ability to recognize skin disorders and know when the client should be referred for medical treatment or when they can be treated by the cosmetologist is essential

being fully qualified to offer skin care treatments adds another dimension of service for your client

milia

benign, keratin-filled cysts

Furuncle

boil; acute, localized bacterial infection of the hair follicle that produces constant pain.

Side Bonds

bonds that cross-link the polypeptide chains together and are responsible for the extreme strength and elasticity of human hair.

the skin of the scalp is constructed similarly to the skin elsewhere on the human body

but the scalp has larger and deeper hair follicles to accommodate the longer hair of the head

sensation

by stimulating different sensory nerve endings, the skin responds to hear, cold, touch, pressure, and pain

Proper infection control

can prevent the spread of disease caused by exposure to potentially infectious materials on an item's surface.

Miscible

capable of being mixed.

Bactericidal

capable of destroying bacteria

Fungicidal

capable of destroying fungi

Virucidal

capable of destroying viruses

there are six classes of nutrients that the body needs

carbohydrates, vitamins, fats, minerals, proteins, and water

infectious

caused by or capable of being transmitted by infection

melancytes

cells that produce the dark skin pigment called melanin

physical properties

characteristics of a substance that can be observed or measured without changing the substance

chemical properties

characteristics that can only be determined by a chemical reaction and a chemical change in a substance

secondary skin lesions

characterized by piles of material on the skin surface, such as a crust or scab, or by depressions in the skin surface, such as ulcer

Compound molecule or compounds

chemical combination of two or more atoms of different elements, fixed, proportions

Disinfectants

chemical products that destroy most bacteria (excluding spores), fungi, and viruses on surface. Approved by EPA

oxidation-reduction or redox

chemical reaction in which the oxidizing agent is reduced by losing oxygen and the reducing agent is oxidizing by gaining oxygen

Exothermic reactions

chemical reaction that release a significant amount of heat

rosacea

chronic condition that appears primarily on the cheeks and nose

stratum lucidum

clear, transparent layer of the epidermis under the stratum corneum

cyst and tubercle

closed, abnormally developed sac that contains pus, semifluid, or morbid matter, above or below the skin. Requires medical referral. Examples of cyst severe acne. Examples of tubercle: lipoma, erythema nodosum

secretory coil

coiled based of the sudoriferous sweat gland

goose bumps often appear on your skin when you are

cold or scared

Biofilms

colonies of microorganisms that adhere to environmental surfaces, as well as the human body.

Ammonia

colorless gas with a pungent odor that is composed of hydrogen and nitrogen

Thioglycolic acid

colorless liquid or white crystals with a strong unpleasant odor that is used in permanent waving solutions

Japanese thermal straightening, sometimes call thermal reconditioning or TR,

combines use of a thio relaxer with flat ironing

Alopecia universalis

complete loss of body hair.

the papillary layer of the dermis houses the nerve endings that provide the body with the sense of touch, pain, and pressure

complex sensations, such as vibrations, seem to depend on the sensitivity of a contamination of these nerve endings

seborrheic dermatitis

condition caused by an inflammation of the sebaceous glands

chloasma also known as mask of pregnancy

condition characterized by hyperpogmentation on the skin in spots that are not elevated

normalizing lotions

conditioners that restore the hair's natural pH after a hyroxide relaxer prior to shampooing

exposure incident

contact with non-intact or broken skin, blood, body fluids, or other potentially infectious material that is the result of the performance of an employee's duties

impetigo

contagious bacterial skin infection characterized by weeping lesions

fissure

crack in the skin. Examples chapped lips, hands, or feet

crust

dead cells that form over a wound or blemish. Examples scab and sore

reticular layer

deeper layer of the dermis that supplies the skin with oxygen and nutrients; contains fat cells, blood vessels, sudoriferous sweat glands, hair follicle, lymph vessels, arrector pili muscles, sebaceous oil glands, and nerve endings

anhidrosis

deficiency in perspiration

Hospital disinfectants

designated by EPA as being effective enough to be used in a hospital setting. disinfectants that are effective for cleaning blood and body fluids.

Laws

determine the scope of practice and establish guidelines for regulatory agencies such as the EPA

Acquired immunity

developed after overcoming disease or through inoculation

Infectious disease

disease caused by pathogenic (harmful) microorganisms that enter the body. An infectious disease may be spread from one person to another person

Tuberculocidal disinfectants

disinfectants that kill the bacteria that causes tuberculosis

telangiectasis

distended or dilated surface blood vessels

eat a variety of foods. fresh fruits, vegetables, and grains products and low in fats, saturated fat, and cholesterol. eat moderate amounts of salt and sugar, the sodium and modified sugars that are in prepared food products

drink an appropriate amount of water. alcoholic beverages to a minimum. right amount of physical activity. maintain or improve your weight

scatula

dry, sulfur-yellow, cup-like crusts on the scalp in tinea favosa or tinea favus.

Hydrophilic

easily absorbs moisture; in chemistry terms, capable of combining with or attracting water (water-loving).

ecsema is not contagious

eczema should be referred to a physician for tretment

it is estimated in average person's day, four hours are spend checking

email, looking at websites, and watching videos

vitamin D

enables the body to absorb and use calcium, the element needed for proper bone development and maintenance. Vitamin D also promotes rapid healing of the skin

the skin is composed of two main divisions

epidermis and the dermis

mission statement

establishes the purpose and values for which an individual or institution lives and works by

hyperhidrosis

excessive sweating

sudoriferous glands also known as sweat glands

excrete perspiration and detoxify the body by excreting excess salt and unwanted chemicals

it contains the following structures within its network

fat cells, blood vessels, lymph vessels, sebaceous oil glands, sudoriferous, sweat glands, hair follicles, arrector pili muscles, nerve endings

subcutaneous tissue also known as adipose tissue or subcutis tissue

fatty tissue found below the dermis that gives smoothness and contour to the body, contains fat for use as energy, and also acts as a protective cushion for the outer skin

motor nerve fibers

fibers of the motor nerved that are distributed to the arrector pili muscles attached to hair follicles. Motor nerves carry impulses from the brain to the muscles

secretory nerve fibers

fibers of the secretory nerve that are distributed to the sudoriferous glands and sebaceous glans. Secretory nerves, which are part of the autonomic nervous system or ANS, regulate the excretion of perspiration from the sweat glands and control the flow of sebum to the surface of the skin

sensory nerve fibers

fibers of the sensory nerves that react to heat, cold, touch, pressure, and pain. These sensory receptor send messages to the brain

keratin

fibrous protein of cells that is also the principal component of hair and nails

macule

flat spot or dicoloration on the skin. Example freckle or liver spot

Disinfectants are not

for use on human skin, hair, or nails.

bromhidrosis

foul smelling perspiration

self actualization

fulfilling one's potential, requires lifelong commitment. Stay the course and fuel your passion by following proven success building steps

the color of the skin is a hereditary trait and varies among races and nationalities

genes determine the amount and type of pigment produced in an individual

standard precaution

guidelines published by the CDC that require the employer and employee to assume that all human blood and body fluids are potentially infectious

Hair stream

hair flowing in the same direction, resulting from follicles sloping in the same direction.

Open comedo also known blackhead

hair follicle filled with keratin and sebum

Whorl

hair that forms in a circular pattern on the crown of the head.

Pathogenic

harmful and disease-producing

Nonpathogenic (nothing but help)

helpful or harmless

vitamin E

helps protect the skin from the harmful effects of the sun's UV light

drinking pure water is essential to the health of the skin and body because it sustains the health of the cells, assists with the elimination of toxins and waste,

helps regulate the body's temperature, and aids in proper digestion

retention hyperkeratosis

hereditary tendency for acne-prone skin to retain dead cells in the follicle, forming an obstruction that clogs follicles and exacerbated inflammatory acne lesions such as papule and pustules

Hypertrichosis

hirsuties) condition of abnormal growth of hair, characterized by the growth of terminal hair in areas of the body that normally grow only vellus hair.

proteins

important for building muscle blood tissues, and for cell repair and replacement

Natural immunity

inborn ability

Immiscible

incapable of mixing

Ecological information

includes effects on wastewater and environment

First-aid measures

includes important symptoms/ effects- acute and delayed; required treatment

Composition/Information on ingredients

includes information on chemical ingredients

Disposal consideration

includes proper disposal and disposal restrictions

Transport information

includes restrictions on transport

Toxicology information

includes routes of exposure, related symptoms, acute and chronic effects

Tinea barbae

infection of the bearded parts of the face by ringworm

conjunctivities also known as pinkeye

infection of the eyes by a bacteria or virus

pediculosis capitis

infestation of the hair and scalp with head lice.

Carbuncle

inflammation of the subcutaneous tissue caused by staphylococci; similar to a furuncle but larger.

paronychia

inflammation of the tissue surrounding the nail. Get from dishwashers and bartenders

dermatitis

inflammatory condition of the skin

eczema

inflammatory, uncomfortable, and often chronic disease of the skin

metal hydroxide relaxers

ionic compounds formed by a metal such as sodium, potassium, or lithium combined with oxygen and hydrogen

recommended daily allowance

is also known as RDA

eumelanin

is dark brown to black

pheomelanin

is red to yellow in color

hypopigmentation

is the absence of pigment

UV light a "UV ray" that is just a shorter way of saying that it is a form of radiation, and such as

it can be damaging!

all permanent wave solutions contain a reducing agent. the reducing agent, commonly referred to as thio, is used in permanent waving solutions.

it contains a thiol, which is particular group of compouds, along with carboxylic acid

the skin cannot be nourished properly from the outside in with cosmetic products

it must have nourishment from foods that we eat

When setting goals, categorize them based on the amount of time

it takes to accomplish the goal

the skin is the largest organ of the human body

it would cover over 3000 square inches or 2 yards and weigh about six to nine pounds. Our skin protects the network of muscles, bones, nerves, blood vessels, and everything else inside our bodies

it is slightly moist, soft, and flexible. healthy skin is slightly acidic, and

its immune responses react quickly to organisms that touch or try to enter it

cosmetologist should have a thorough understanding of skin structure, growth, and nutrition because

knowing the skin's underlying structure and basic needs is crucial in order to provide excellent skin car for clients

bulla

large blister containing a watery fluid. requires medical referral. Examples large second degree burns, contact dermatitis, bulbous impetigo, perriphigus

sebaceous cyst

large, protruding pocket-like lesion filled with sebum

stratum granulosm also known as granular layer

layer of the epidermis composed of cells that look like granules and are filled with keratin; replaces cells shed from the stratum cornrum

primary lesions

lesions that are a different color than the color of the skin and/or lesions that are raised above the surface of the skin

Physical and chemical properties

list the chemical's characteristics

Exposure controls/personal protection

lists OSHA's Permissible Exposure Limits (PEL); Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

Regulatory information

lists agencies responsible for regulation of product

Stability and reactivity

lists chemical stability and possibility of hazardous reactions

Accidental release measures

lists emergency procedures, protective equipment; proper methods of containment and clean-up

Revision date

lists original date of document and any revision

Handling and storage

lists precautions for safe handling and storage, including incompatibilities

Fire-fighting measures

lists suitable extinguishing techniques, equipment; chemical hazards from fire

Proteins

long, coiled complex polypeptides made of amino acids.

Terminal hair

long,coarse, pigmented hair found on the scalp, legs, arms, and bodies of males and females.

water

make up 50 to 70 percent of the body's weight and is necessary for virtually every function of the cells and body

because some skin symptoms may be a sign of internal disease

many dermatologist have additional training in internal medicine

hyperpigmentation

means darker than normal pigmentation, appearing as dark splotches

broad spectrum sunscreen

means that the sunscreen product has been shown to protect against both UV-A and UV-B radiation of the sun

dermatology

medical branch of science that deals with the study of skin- its nature, structure, diseases, and treatment

Solution

mixture of two or more substances in which the molecules of the substances are evenly distributed

Suspensions

mixture of water and non dissolved materials

stratum germinativum

more commonly called the basal cell layer; deepest live layer of the epidermis that produces new epidermal skin cells and is responsible for growth

Rules (regulations)

more specific laws. written by regulatory agency or the state board, and they determine how the law must be applied. Rules establish specific standards of conduct and can be changed or updated frequently. Cosmetologist must be aware of any changes or updates to the rules and regulations, and they must comply with them.

Electrons E

move around the nucleus in orbits

Logarithm

multiples of 10

Malassezia

naturally occurring fungus that is present on all human skin, but is responsible for dandruff when it grows out of control.

Hydrophobic

naturally resistant to being penetrated by moisture.

carbohydrates

needed for energy to run every function within the body

fats

needed for many body functions including hormones, sebum production, and absorption of fat soluble vitamins A, D, E, and, K

Bacterial Infections

occur when body tissues are invaded by disease-causing, or pathogenic, bacteria

Oil-water emulsion or O/W

oil droplets emulsified in water

reduction

once in the cortex, the waving solution breaks the disulfide bonds through a chemical reaction. Involves either the addition of hydrogen or the removal of oxygen. The reduction reaction in permanent waving is due to the addition of hydrogen

Resistant hair may not become completely saturated with just

one application of waving solution due to the density of the hair's structure

the excretion of sweat is controlled by the nervous system

one to two pints of salt-containing liquids are eliminated daily through sweat pores in the skin

Bacteria

one-celled microorganisms that have both plant and animal characteristics. Some are harmful; some are harmless

ulcer

open lesion. Requires medical referral. Examples chicken pox and herpes

Parasites

organisms that row, feed, and shelter on or in another organism(referred to as the host), while contributing nothing to the survival of that organism. Parasites must have a host!!

pepillary layer

outer layer of the dermis, directly beneath the epidermis

stratum corneum also known as horny layer

outer layer of the epidermis

epidermis

outermost and thinnest layer of the skin; it is made up of five layers: stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, and stratum germinativum

pH scale measures the acidity and alkalinity of a substance by measuring the quantity of hydrogen ions it contains

pH scale ranges from 0 to 14 7 is neutral Below 7 is acidic Above 7 is alkaline

Viruses

parasitic submicroscopic particles that infect cells of biological organisms and are capable of taking over the host cell's reproductive function.

All acid waves have three separate components

permanent waving solution, activator, and neutralizer

All exothermic waves have three components

permanent waving solution, activator, and neutralizer

ammonia-free waves

perms that use an ingredient that does not evaporate as readily as ammonia, so there is very little odor associated with their use. Ammonia-free does not necessarily mean damage-free

excretion

perspiration from the sudoriferous glands is excreted through the skin

the body has two types of melanin

pheomelanin and eumelanin

dermatologist

physician who specializes in diseases and disorders of the skin, hair, and nails

closed comedo also known as whitehead

plural: comedones. a follicle impacted with dead cells and solidified sebum, appearing as a small white bump just under the skin surface. Closed comedones have an extremely small surface opening

open comedo also known as blackhead

plural: comedones. hair follicle filled with keratin and sebum

Vitamins such as A, C, D, and E have been shown to have

positive effects on the skin's health when taken by mouth

Keratinization

process by which newly formed cells in the hair bulb mature, fill with keratin, move upward, lose their nucleus, and die.

sterilization

process that destroys all microbial life, can be incorporated but it very rarely mandated.

Alkaline waves Also known as cold waves

processed without heat; the main ingredient is thioglycolic acid pH between 9.0 and 9.6

Product identification

product identifier; manufacturer or distributor with contact information (including emergency phone number); recommended use of product and restriction on use

comedones can be removed by trained beauty professionals as long as

proper procedures are employed and the procedure is performed in a clean environment

the six principal functions of the skin are

protection, sensation, heat regulation, excretion, secretion, and absorption

Staphylococci

pus-forming bacteria that grow in clusters like bunches of grapes.They can cause abscesses, boils, and pustules. Some types of staphylococci (or staph, ass many call it) may not cause infections in healthy human, and others may be deadly

pustule

raised, inflamed papule or pimple with a white oe yellow center containing pus in the top of the lesion referred to as the "head" of the pimple

pustule

raised, inflamed, papule with a white or yellow center containing pus. Examples acne, impetigo, and folliculitis

Combustion

rapid oxidation of substance, accompanied by the production of heat and light

Cocci

rarely show motility (self-movement)

heroes simplex 1

recurring viral infection that often presents as a fever blister or cold sore. Requires medical referral. Drugs are now available to control the symptoms, but the virus always remains in the body of infected persons

psoriasis

red patches covered with silver-white scales. Psoriasis is not contagious, but it requires medical referral.

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)

registers all types of disinfectants sold and used in the United States

salt bonds

relatively weak physical side bonds that are the result of an attraction between negative and positive electrical charges ionic bonds; easily broken by changes in pH, and they re-form when the pH returns to normal levels

vitamins

required for many body functions to occur

Cocci

round-shaped bacteria that appear singly (alone) or in groups

secretion

sebum is secreted by the sebaceous glands

Pityriasis steatoides

severe case of dandruff characterized by an accumulation of greasy or waxy scales mixed wth sebum, that stick to the scalp in crusts.

Bacilli

short, rod-shaped bacteria. They are the most common bacteria and produce diseases such as tetanus (lockjaw), typhoid fever, tuberculosis, and diphtheria

Atoms cannot be divided into

simpler substances by ordinary chemical means

Fungi

single-cell organisms that grow in irregular masses that include molds, mildews, and yeasts; can produce contagious diseases such as ringworm

dermal papillae

singular known as dermal papilla. Small, cone- shaped elevations at the base of the hair follicles that fit into the hair bulb

acne also know as acne vulgaris

skin disorder characterized by chronic inflammation of the sebaceous glands from retrained secretions and bacteria known as propionibacterium acnes or P acnes

acne also known as acne vulgaris

skin disorder characterized by chronic inflammation of the sebaceous glans from retained secretions and Propionibacterium acnes or P. acnes bacteria

acne vulgaris also known as acne

skin disorder characterized by chronic inflammation of the sebaceous glans from retained secretions and Propionibacterium acnes or P. acnes bacteria

excoriation

skin sore or abrasion. Examples nail cuticle damage from nail biting

scar or cicatrix

slightly raised or depressed area of the skin that forms as a result of the healing process related to an injury or lesion. Examples post-operative repair

vesicle

small blister or sac containing clear fluid lying just beneath the epidermis. Requires medical referral. Examples poison ivy and poison oak.

papule also known as pimple

small elevation on the skin that contains no fluid but may develop pus

pimple also known as papule

small elevation on the skin that contains no fluid but may develop pus

tactile corpuscles

small epidermal structures with nerve endings that are sensitive to touch and pressure

arrector pili muscles

small involuntary muscles in the base of the hair follicle that cause goose flesh, sometimes called goose bumps, and papillae

example of Compound molecule

sodium chloride NaCl common table salt

absorption

some ingredients can be absorbed by the outer layers of the skin, but very few ingredients can penetrate the epiderms

Diplococci

spherical bacteria that grows in pairs and cause diseases such as pneumonia

Spirilla

spiral or corkscrew-shaped bacteria. they are subdivided into subgroups, such as syphilis, a sexually transmitted disease (STD), and Lyme disease.

Helix

spiral shape of a coiled protein created by polypeptide chains that intertwine with each other.

Bacterial Growth and Reproduction (Inactive)

spore-forming, the stage where a bacteria that is capable of forming a spore to protect itself does so to withstand an environment incompatible with its existence

sulfide bonds

strong chemical side bonds formed when the sulfur atoms in two adjacent protein chains are joined together

Neutrons. N

subatomic particles with no charge. the number of protons determines the element

it smoothness and contour to the body, contains fats for use as energy, and also acts as a protective cushion for the skin.

subcutaneous tissue varies in thickness according to age, gender, and general health of the individual

Oxidizing agent

substance that releases oxygen

volatile organic compounds or V.O.C.s

substances containing carbon that evaporate quickly and easily

Surfactants

substances that act as a bridge to allow oil and water to mix, or emulsify

Remember that vitamins are nutritional

supplements, not cosmetic ingredients.

vitamin A

supports the overall health of the skin and aids the health, function, and repair of skin cells. Has been shown to improve the skin's elasticity and thickiness

propionibacterium acnes abbreviated P. acnes

technical term for acne bacteria

Monilethrix

technical term for beaded hair.

Fragilitas crinium

technical term for brittle hair.

Pityriasis capitis simplex

technical term for classic dandruff; characterized by excessive production and accumulation of skin cells.

Pityriasis

technical term for dandruff

lentigines

technical term for freckles

Canities

technical term for gray hair; results from the loss of the hair's natural melanin pigment.

Trichorrhexis Nodosa

technical term for knotted hair; it is characterized by brittleness and the formation of nodular swellings along the hair shaft.

Tinea

technical term for ringworm, a contagious condition caused by fungal infection and not a parasite; characterized by itiching, scales, and sometimes, painful lesions.

Trichoptilosis

technical term for split ends

Postpartum alopecia

temporary hair loss experienced at the conclusion of a pregnancy.

pH

the abbreviation used for potential hydrogen. pH represent the quantity of hydrogen ions

Immunity

the ability of the body to fight off or resist infections and disease and to destroy bacteria that have entered the body

contact time

the amount of visibly moist time required to be effective against pathogens listed on product label

Medulla

the animus layer of the hair and is composed of round cells

lanthionine bonds

the bonds created when disulfide bonds are broken by hydroxide chemical hair relaxers after the relaxer is rinsed from the hair.

Catagen Phase

the brief transition period between the growth and resting phases of a hair follicle. It signals the end of the growth phase.

lymph

the clear fluids of the body that bathe the skin cells, remove toxins and cellular waste and have immune function that help protect the skin and body against disease

melanin

the color of skin is depended on this. the tiny grains coloring matter that are produced by melanocytes & then deposited into cells in the basal layer of epidermis & the papillary layers of the dermis

barrier function

the complex of lipids between the cells that keep the skin moist by preventing water evaporation, and to guard against irritants penetrating the skin surface

Infection control

the methods used to eliminate or reduce the transmission of infectious organisms

Hair density

the number of individual hair strands on 1 square inch (2.5 square centimeters) of scalp

base placement

the position of a permanent wave rod in relation to its base section is the

Chemistry

the scientific study of the composition, structure, and properties of matter and the changes that matter undergoes

Lonization

the separation of an atom or molecule into positive and negative ions

Wave pattern

the shape of the hair strands; described as straight, wavy, curly, and extremely curly.

protection

the skin protects the body from injury & bacterial invasion.

heat regulation

the skin protects the body from the enviroment

stratum spinosum

the spiny layer just above the stratum germinativum layer

Inorganic chemistry

the study of substances that, in general, do not contain carbon

Solute

the substance that is dissolved

practically all parts of the body are supplied with sudoriferous glands, which are more numerous on the palms of the hands, the soles of the feet, the forehead, and the underarm or armpit

the sudorierous glands regulate body temperature and help eliminate waste products from the body. The evaporation of sweat cools the skin's surface

States of matter

the three different physical forms of matter; solid, liquid, and gas

Melanin

the tiny grains of pigment in the cortex that give natural color to the hair. (Albino people have no melanin)

epidermal dermal junction

the top of the papillary layer where it joins the epidermis

Low-pH waves

the use of sulfates, and bisulfites present an alternative at ATG. Sulfite permanents are usually marketed as body waves or alternative waves

the skin contains two types of duct glands that extract materials from the blood to form new substances

these are sudoriferous glands and sebaceous glands

with the exceptions of the palms of the hands and the soles of the feet,

these glands are found in all parts of the body, particularly in the face and scalp where they are larger

the skin gets its strength, form, and flexibility from two specific structures found within the dermis; collagen and elastin

these two structures are composed of flexible protein fibers and they make up 70 percent of the dermis

Alkaline permanent waving solutions soften and swell the hair, and

they open the cuticle, permitting the solution to penetrate into the cortex

keloid

thick scar resulting from excessive growth of fibrous tissue

Hair texture

thickness or diameter of the individual hair strand.

scale

thin, dry, or oily plate of epidermal flakes. Examples dandruff and psoriasis

Alopecia totalis

total loss of scalp hair.

Cowlick

tuff of hair that stands straight up.

Molecule

two or more atoms bonded together. a chemical combination of two or more atoms in definite, fixed, proportions

cosmetologist are not allowed to diagnose, prescribe, or provide any

type of treatment for abnormal conditions, illness, or diseases

dermis also known as derma or corium or cutis or true skin

underlying or inner layer of the skin

Amino acids

units that are joined together (end to end like pop beads by strong, chemical peptide bonds to form the polypeptide chains that comprise proteins.)

minerals

used by cells to produce important biochemicals that have many body function

a majority of scientists now believe that most signs of skin aging are caused by sun exposure over a lifetime

using a daily broad spectrum sunscreen with an SPF of 15 or higher, maintaining a moisturizing skincare regimen, and keeping skin free of disease will slow weakening of collagen and elastin and help skin look young longer

Ringed hair

variety of canities characterized by alternating bands of gray and pigmented hair throughout the length of the hair strand.

there is one element that no person can live without water

water composes 50 to 70 percent of body weight. The amount of water needed by an individual varies depending on body weight and the level of daily physical activity

Water-in-oil emulsion or W/O

water droplets emulsified in oil

example of molecule

water is made from hydrogen atoms and oxygen atoms

hydrogen bonds

weak physical side bonds that are also the result of an attraction between opposite electrical charges; they are easily broken by water or wet setting or heat or thermal styling, and they re-form as the hair dries or cools

if collagen fibers become weakend due to age, lack weight, the skin will begin to lose its tone and suppleness

wrinkles and sagging are often the result of collagen fibers losing their strength.

Laws (statutes)

written by both state and federal legislatures that determine the scope of practice ( what each license allows the holder to do) and that establish guidelines for regulatory agencies to make rules.