Scientific Concepts 30%
Androgenic alopecia
(androgenetic alopecia) hair loss characterized by miniaturization of terminal hair that is converted to vellus hair; in men, it is known as male pattern baldness
Peptide bond
(end bond) chemical bond that joins amino acids to each other, end to end, to form a polypeptide chain
Anagen phase
(growth phase) phase during which new hair is produced.
Vellus hair
(lanugo hair) short, fine, unpigmented downy hair that appears on the body, with the exception of the palms of the hands and the soles of the feet.
Sidewall
(lateral nail fold) fold of skin overlapping the side of the nail.
Atom
(physics and chemistry) the smallest component of an element having the chemical properties of the element
Telogen phase
(resting phase) the final phase in the hair cycle that lasts until the fully grown hair is shed.
Tinea favosa
(tinea favus) fungal infection characterized by dry, sulfur-yellow, cup-like crusts on the scalp called scutula.
A successful perm requires knowledge, time, and patience
1. Always rinse the hair with warm water, never hot water 2. Use a gentle streak or water, never a strong blast of water 3. Never apply pressure to the rods while rinsing our the solution
Two important functions of neutralization
1. And waving solution that remains in the hair is deactivated or neutralized 2. Disulfide bonds that were broken by the waving solution are rebuilt
Four types of potentially harmful organisms
1. Bacteria 2. Viruses 3. Fungi 4. Parasites
Steps in performing a hand, nail, and skin analysis
1. Clean the hands of both the cosmetologist & client 2. Observe the moisture level of the skin 3. Observe the temperature of the skin 4. Determine if the client has any pain
Proper infection control requires two steps
1. Cleaning 2. Disinfecting with an appropriate EPA-registered disinfectant
Information you obtain from preliminary test curls
1. Correct processing time for the best curl development 2. Results you can expect from the type of perm solution selected 3. Curl results for the rod size and wrapping technique you are planning to use
The cortex is made up of millions of polypeptide chains cross-linked by three types of side bonds
1. Disulfide 2. Salt 3. Hydrogen
All 16 category SDS include:
1. Product identification 2. Hazard identification 3. Composition/Information on ingredients 4. First-aid measures 5. Fire-fighting measures 6. Accidental release measures 7. Handling and storage 8. Exposure controls/personal protection 9. Physical and chemical properties 10. Stability and reactivity 11. Toxicology information 12. Ecological information 13. Disposal consideration 14. Transport information 15. Regulatory information 16. Revision date
there are three ways to clean your tools or implements
1. Washing with soap and warm water, and then scrubbing them with a clean and properly disinfected nail brush 2. using an ultrasonic unit 3. using a cleaning solvent... e.g., on metal bits for electric files
cosmetologist should study and understand chemical texture services because:
1. chemical texture services allow stylists the opportunity to offer clients options to change the texture of their hair and explore the fashionable world of hairstyling
The United States Department of Agriculture or USDA says that there are five basic food groups that are needed for the human body
1. grains 2. dairy 3. vegetables 4. protein foods 5. fruits
The average growth of healthy hair is about
1/2, or 0.5 inch, or 1.25 centimeters per month
In a virgin relaxer application, the application of product starts
1/4 inch to 1/2 inch away from the scalp to the ends
8. Adapting successfully to different situations 9. Sticking to a goal and seeing a job through to completion
10. Mastering techniques to become more organized 11. Developing sound decision-making skills
Scalp hair grows rapidly between ages of
15 and 30
Nitrogen
17%
Different strengths of hydroxide relaxers and what each is formulated for 1. Mild- strength relaxers are formulated for fine, color-treated or damaged hair
2. Regular- strength relaxers are intended for normal hair texture with a medium natural curl 3. Super- strength relaxers should be used for maximum straightening on very coarse, extremely curly, and resistant hair
you will need to recognize adverse conditions, including skin diseases, inflamed skin, and infectious skin disorders so that you can refer clients to medical professionals for treatment when necessary
21 century skin care has entered the realm of high technology, so you must learn about &understand the latest developments in ingredients &state-of-the-art delivery systems in order to help protect, nourish, & preserve the health & beauty of your clients' skin
Oxygen
21%
The telogen phase last from approximately
3 to 6 months
2. knowing how to perform these services accurately, safely, and professionally will help build a trusting and loyal clientele.
3. Knowing builds confidence to offer chemical texture services to all clients
the four steps in the chemical process of permanent waving 1. A disulfide bond joins the sulfur atoms in two adjacent polypeptide chains 2. Permanent wave solution breaks a disulfide bond by adding a hydrogen atom to each of its sulfur atoms
3. The sulfur atoms attach to the hydrogen atom from the permanent waving solution, breaking their attachment to each other. 4.Once the disulfide bond is broken, the polypeptide chains can form into their new curled shape. Reduction breaks disulfide bonds and oxidation reform them
On average and Tara go cycle repeats itself once every
4 to 5 years
Life skills ins actions. 1. Being helpful and caring to others 2. Making good friends 3. Feeling good about oneself
4. Having a sense of humor 5. Maintaining a cooperative attitude 6. Approaching work with a strong sense of responsibility 7. Being consistent in your work
Sulfur
5%
4. Chemical services are among the most lucrative and repetitive services in he salon, and many retail products are specific to hair's texture and condition
5. Without a thorough understanding of chemistry, cosmetologist could damage hair, cause hair loss, and harm their clients and themselves
Carbon
51%
Hydrogen
6%
4. Rinsing at the area where you first applied the perm solution; fragile area typically at the temple and hairline 5. Check the nape area to ensure that you are thoroughly rinsing the bottom rods 6. If is smells like perming solution continue to rinse
7. Always gently blot the hair with a dry towel 8. Adjust any rods that have become loose
4. How much color will be removed from the process of the client had color-treated hair 5. Will he integrity if the hair be compromised? 6. Did the hair break? Is it dry? Frizzy?
7. Is the client satisfied with the shape and hold of the curl?
most of the acid waves found in today's salons have a pH between
7.8 and 8.2
Dermal papilla
A Small, cone - shape of elevation located at the base of the hair follicle that fits into the hair bulb
Hepatitis
A blood borne virus that causes disease and can damaged the liver
Bruised nail beds
A condition in which a blood clot forms under the nail plate, causing a dark purplish spot.
Hangnail
A condition in which the living tissue surrounding the nail plate splits or tears. Proper care such as hot oil manicures will aid in correcting the condition.
Resistant hair requires a stronger solution
A higher pH, and a more thorough saturation
Scabies
A highly contagious skin disease caused by a parasite called in mind that burrows under the skin
The salon is a creative workplace where individuals are expected to exercise artistic talent
A highly social environment ehivh influences workers to develoo exceptional communication, decision-making, image-building, customer service, self actualization, goal-setting, and time management skills
Working on strong, healthy nails can be a pleasure
A licensed cosmetologist you are allowed to work only on healthy nails and skin with no visible signs of disease or infection
Double-rod wrap
A method of wrapping a permanent wave that is suitable for very long hair is the ________.
Anion
A negatively charged ion
Any nail disease that shows signs of infection or inflammation, redness, pain, swelling, or pus should not be diagnosed or treated in the salon
A person's occupation can cause a variety of nail infections develop more readily in people who regularly place their hands in harsh cleaning solutions
Chemical hair relaxing
A process or service that rearranged the structure of curly hair into a straighter or soother form
Element
A pure substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by physical or chemical means
Nevus also know as birth mark
A small or large malformation of the skin due to abnormal pigmentation or dilated capillaries
Methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)
A type of infectious bacteria that is highly resistant to conventional treatments due to incorrect doses or choice of antibiotic
Hydrogen bonds
A weak, physical, cross-link side bond that is easily broken by water or heat
Allergic contact dermatitis
Abbreviated ACD occurs when a person develops an allergy to an ingredient or a chemical usually caused by repeated skin contact with the chemical
irritant contact dermatitis
Abbreviated ICD; occurs when irritating substances temporarily damage the epidermis.
pH
Abbreviation for potential hydrogen. Symbol represents the quantity for hydrogen ions.
Stain
Abnormal brown-colored or wine-colored skin discoloration with a circular or irregular shape
The average head of hair contains
About 100,000 individual hairs
The average hair density is
About 2,200 hairs per on square inch
ammonium thioglycolate or ATG
Active ingredient or reducing agent in alkaline permanents
Permanent waving
Adding wave or curl to the hair
Lithium hydroxide and potassium hydroxide relaxers are often
Advertised and sold as "no mix no lye relaxers
Mildew
Affect planes or grows in in animate object's but does not cause him infections in the salon
Alkanolamines
Alkaline substances used to neutralize acids or raise the pH of many hair products.
There are 118 known elements today and of these 98 occur naturally and the rest produced by synthetic methods from nuclear reactions.
All matter in the universe is made up of these elements and they have their own district physical and chemical properties.
There are two type of contact dermatitis
Allergic contact dermatitis and irritant contact dermatitis
Sensitization
Allergic reaction created by repeated exposure to a chemical or a substance.
A normal healthy nail is firm but flexible. The surface is shiny, smooth, and I spotted with no wavy ridges, pits, or splits
Also is whitish & translucent in appearance, with the pinkish color of the nail bed showing through
When rinsing perm solution from hair you should rinse for 5 minutes
Always blot the hair with towels to remove as much moisture as possible
Proper Use of Disinfectants: Use only on pre-cleaned, hard, nonporous surfaces. Always wear gloves and safety glasses when handling disinfectant solutions.
Always dilute products according to the instructions on the product label. An item must remain submerged in the disinfectant for 10 minutes unless the product label specifies differently.
Hypertrophy
An abnormal growth of skin
Hydroxide neutralization
An acid-alkali neutralization that neutralizes or deactivates the alkaline residues left in the hair by a hydrogen relaxer and lowers the pH of the hair and scalp
Cysteine
An amino acid with a sulfur atom (S) that joins together two peptide strands.
Systemic Infection
An infection throughout the body
Contact dermatitis
An inflammation of the skin caused by having contact with certain chemicals or substances.
Perfectionism
An unhealthy compulsion to do things perfectly.
Normal, daily hair loss is the natural result of
Anagen, catagen, telogen
Acne is both a skin disorder
And an esthetic problem
Local Infection
And infection such as pimples, that confined to a particular part of the body in a peer a lesion containing pus
Specialized ligament attach the nail bed
And matrix bed to the underlying bone
Finasteride
And oral prescription medication for men only. Women cannot take this because of the strong potential for birth defects
The three most common types of abnormal hair lost are
Androgenic alopecia, alopecia areata, and postpartum alopecia
Base direction
Angle at which the rod is positioned on the head horizontally, vertically, or diagonally also the directional pattern in which the hair is wrapped
Onychosis
Any deformity or disease of the natural nail
Matter
Anything that has mass and takes up space, weight
Deliberate sun expose. Avoid prolonged exposure to the sun during peak hours. Sunscreen should be applied at least 30 minutes before sun exposure to allow time for absorption
Apply sunscreen. Avoid exposing children younger than 6 months to the sun. People who are prone to burning frequently and easily should wear a hat and protective clothing when participating in outdoor activities, addition to using sunscreen
UVA rays also known as aging rays
Are deep-penetrating rays that can even go through a glass window. These rays weaken the collagen and elastin fibers, causing wrinkling and sagging of the tissue
Cosmetologists are not allowed to prohibited trim or cut living skin around
Are permitted to gently push back the eponychium
Intrinsic factors
Are skin aging- factors over which we have little control over genetics and ethnicity, gravitational pull, facial expressions are the repeated movements of the face
Matrix
Area where the nail plate cells are formed
Approximately 80 to 85 percent of the symptoms of aging skin are caused by the accumulation of damaging rays from the sun
As we age the collagen and elastin fibers of the skin naturally weaken
According to the American Cancer Society, professionals should use the ABCDE Cancer Checklist to spot signs of change in existing moles.
Asymmetry. Border irregularity. Color. Diameter. Evolution.
Anaerobic or propionibacterium acne
Bacteria can not survive in the presence of oxygen
Disinfectants used in salons must be
Bactericidal Virucidal Fungicidal
Build self-esteem
Based on inner strength and begins with trusting your ability to achieve set goals
eggshell nails are normally weaker and can curve over the free edge. The condition is usually caused by improper diet, hereditary factors, internal disease, or medication
Be careful when manicuring these nails because they are fragile & can break easily. Use the fine side of an abrasive board, 240 grit or higher, to file them gently but only if needed
Things to enhance your creativity keep these guidelines in mind
Be positive. Look around for creative inspiration. Improve your vocabulary. Surround yourself with others who share your passion
Stay true to yourself
Be yourself and be professional
Practice new behaviors
Because creating success is a skill, you can develop it by practicing positive new behaviors such as speaking with confidence, standing tall, and using proper grammar.
Splinter hemorrhages will always be positioned lengthwise in the direction of growth pointing toward the front and back of the nail plate
Because this is how the bed epithelium rails grow
diplomacy
Being assertive is good because it helps people understand your position. It is a sort step from assertive to aggressive or even bullying
Sensitivity
Being sensitive means being compassionate and responsive to other people
Average number of hair on the head by color
Blonde 140,000 Brown 110,000 Black 108,000 Red 80,000
Blue fingernails
Blue or purple nail bed, usually from poor circulation
nail plate mag appear to be one solid piece
But is actually constructed of about 100 layers of nail cells
Prioritize
By ordering task in your to do list from most important to least important
Phenolic Disinfectants
Can be harmful to environment. Do not pour down a drain.
tinea capitis
Cap
UVB rays, also known as burning rays
Cause sunburns, tanning if the skin, and the majority of skin cancers
Splinter hemorrhage
Caused my physical trauma or injury to the nail bed that damages the capillaries & allows small amounts of blood flow
Nails may be descended as small mirrors into an individuals general health
Certain health conditins may first be revealed by a change in the nails, a visible disorder, or pior nail growth. Some conditions are easily treated in the salon— hangnails
Tan
Change in pigmentation of the skin caused by exposure to the sun or ultraviolet light
antiseptics
Chemical agents that may kill, retard, or prevent the growth of bacteria; nos classified as disinfectants
Peptide bonds also known as end bonds
Chemical bonds that join amino acids together, end-to-end in long chains, to form a polypeptide chain
A healthy hair cuticle protects from the penetration and prevents damage to hair fibers. Oxidation haircolors, permanent waving solutions, and
Chemical hair relaxers must have an alkaline pH to penetrate the circle layer because a high pH swells the cuticle and causes it to lift and expose the cortex
The natural pH of hair is between 4.5 and 5.5
Chemical solutions raise the pH of hair and allows the solution to reach the cortex layer, where restructuring occurs
Discolored nail may be caused by several factors such as surface stain nail polish, foods, dyes, or smoking
Clients can not sign a waiver or verbally give a cosmetologist permission to disobey state or federal rules and regulations.
Average rate of hair loss is
Closer to 35 to 40 hair is per day
type of hair will need a more alkaline solution to achieve permanent waving
Coarse hair
Biofilms
Colonies of bacteria that adhere together and adhere to environmental substances
Carefully buff the nail plate to minimize the appearance of these ridges
Colored polish to give a smooth appearance while keeping the nail plate strong and healthy
Effective communication skills
Commit to practicing effective communication through active listening, non verbal and verbal skills.
sodium hypochlorite
Common household bleach; disinfectant used to sanitize implements
Average rate of nail plate growth in normal adult is about 1/10" to 1/8" 2.5mm to 3mm per month
Compared with the nails of grow faster in children than adults. Slower in elderly
amino acids
Compounds made up of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, and sulfur
Nail disorder
Condition caused by injury, heredity, or previous disease of the nail unit
Inflammation
Condition in which the body reacts to injury, irritation, or infection. An inflammation is characterized by redness, heat, pain, and swelling
Keratin-based straightening treatments
Contain silicone polymers and formalin or similar ingredients, which release formaldehyde gas when heated to high temperatures
90% of the total weight of here comes from the
Cortex
The best way to prevent both types of occupational contact dermatitis is to use gloves or utensils when working with irritating chemicals.
Cosmetologists should use gloves or utensils when applying chemicals such as haircolor, straighteners, or permanent wave solutions
Exothermic waves
Create an exothermic chemical reaction that heats up the waving solution and speeds up processing
Extremely curly hair grows in long twisted spirals
Crossed - sections appear flattened very in shape and thickness along their length
Which are expose to the sun. Smoking. Overuse is alcoholic beverages. Smoking and overuse of alcoholic beverages contribute to the aging process.
Damage done by these lifestyle habits can be impossible to repair or finish. Stress. Poor nutrition. Eating a well balanced diet allows for all body systems to function at maximum performance and nourish the fragile tissues of the skin
Overly porous hair is
Damage, dry, fragile, and brittle
Modern anti-dandruff shampoo's contain the antifungal agents pyrithione zinc, selenium sulfide, or ketoconazole that control
Dandruff by suppressing the growth of malassezia
Melanonychia
Darkening of the fingernails or toenails
The average person sheds about 9 pounds of
Dead skin each year
Cuticle
Dead, colorless tissue attached to the natural nail plate
Liquid
Definite volume but takes the shape of its container
motility
Different bacteria move in different ways; term used to describe self movement
Bloodborne pathogens
Disease causing microorganisms carried in the body by blood or body fluids.
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS)
Disease that breaks down the bodies immune system
Contagious disease
Disease that can be caught from another person
Quaternary Ammonium Compounds QUATS
Disinfectant that is considered nontoxic, odorless, and fast-acting
Extremely effective for controlling microorganisms on shears, nippers, and other multi-use tools and equipment
Disinfection
Not effective against bacterial spores.
Disinfection
single-use
Disposable, items used only once.
Side bonds
Disulfide, salt, and hydrogen bonds that cross-link polypeptide chains together
binary fission
Divides into two cells
No base relaxers
Do not require the application of a protective base cream
Energy
Does not occupy space or have mass
When larger aspirations are Divided into short term goals such as going to class on time, completing homework assignments, and mastering the skills,
Each step leads to the accomplishment of the larger goal. Remember to set flexible goals, to create a plan of action, and to revisit the plan often
Skin care specialists are in hugh demand in many salons and spas and
Earn excellent salaries
Find here has the smallest diameter and it's more fragile
Easier to process, and more susceptible to damage from chemical services then coarse or medium hair
efficacy
Effectiveness
Be kind to yourself
Eliminate self critical or negative thoughts that are counterproductive
Onychogryposis or ram's horn or claw nails
Enlargement of the fingernails or toenails accompanied by increased thickening and curvature
Straight rods
Equal in diameter along their entire length or curling area. Uniform curl
Nail technicians should use gloves or utensils when applying nail products such as monomer liquids and polymer powder
Estheticians should use gloves or utensils when applying exfoliants such as peeling products and drying agents. Hand washing is important to prevent spread if disease
Cosmetologists should study & have a thorough understanding of chemistry because: you would not be able to use professional products effectively & safely
Every product used in the salon & in cosemtology services contains some type of chemical. You will be able to troubleshoot & solve common problems you may encounter with chemical services
Light and electricity are forms of energy and energy is not matter
Everything known to exist in the universe is either made of energy or matter. There are no exceptions to this rule
Skin cancer has become one of the most common cancers because of the large number of people diagnosed every year
Excuse of general complacency about prevention and a lack of knowledge about the signs and real risks, particularly in young people
Silicones are less greasy than other oils and form a breathable
Film that does not cause comedies or blackheads
Nail folds
Folds of normal skin that surrounds the nail plate
Daily use of gentle cleansers formulated for a specific skin type.
Follicle exfoliants are leave-on products that helps to remove cell buildup from the follicles, allowing oxygen to penetrate the follicles, killing bacteria
tinea pedis
Foot
The hyponychium
Forms a pro five barrier that prevents microorganisms from invading and infecting the nail bed
onychomycosis
Fungal infection of the natural nail plate
Fungi are parasites that may cause infections of the feet and hands. Nail fungi are of concern to the salon because they are contagious and can be transmitted through contaminated implements
Fungal infections prefer to grow in conditions where the skin is warm moist and dark that is on the feet inside shoes. Extremely unlikely to infect cosmetologist but can other clients
Long term
Goals are measured in larger increments of time such as two years, five years, ten years, or even longer
Short term
Goals are usually those to be accomplished in a year or less
Every nail has a lunula but some lunula are short and remain hidden under the eponychium
Growth and appearance of the nails can be affected if an individual is in poor health, if a nail disorder or disease is present or if there has been an injury to the matrix
The three main layers of the hair shaft are
Hair cuticle, cortex, and medulla
The five main structures of the hair root include the
Hair follicle, horrible, dermal papilla, arrector pili muscle, and sebaceous (oil) glands
On-base placement
Hair is wrapped at 45 degree angle beyond perpendicular to its base section
Spiral perm wrap
Hair is wrapped at an angle other than perpendicular to the length of the rod
Chemical texture services
Hair services that cause a chemical change within the hairs natural wave and curl pattern
Natural nail, also known as onyx
Hard protective plate composed mainly of keratin, the fiber-shaped protein found in skin and hair
Nail plate
Hardened keratin plate covering the nail bed.
Pathogens
Harmful microorganisms that enter the body and can cause disease
True acid waves
Have a pH between 4.5 and 7.0 and require heat to process
Mild and moderate cases of acne are often treated by trained salon spa professionals who
Have received specialized education in acne treatment
Creativity
Having a talent such as painting, acting, cutting hair, applying makeup, or doing artificial nails
lipophilic
Having an affinity for or an attraction to fat and oils, oil-loving
The ability to deal with difficult circumstances comes from having well developed life skills
Having good life skills build self-esteem, which helps individuals achieve goals
porous
Having pores or openings that permit liquids or gases to pass through
Bed epithelium
Helps guide the nail plate along the nail bed as it grows
Vitiligo
Hereditary condition that causes hypopigmented spots and splotches on the skin that are often appear milky white
Plicatued nail or folded nail
Highly curved nail plate usually caused by injury to the matrix, but it may be inherited
Thio neutralization rebuilds the disulfide binds by removing the hydrogen that was added by the permanent waving solution
Hydrogen atoms are strongly attracted to the oxygen
Hydroxide relaxers can swell he hair up to twice it's normal diameter
Hydroxide relaxers are not compatible with thio relaxers, permanent waving, or soft curl perms due to the difference in chemistry
Verruca also known as wart
Hypertrophy of the papillae and epidermis
Acquired immunity
I need to do that the body develops after overwhelming a disease. Basically after fighting a disease
goal setting
Identification of long-term and short-term goals
Since the hair at he scalp is usually stronger than the ends, over processed hair is usually curlier at he scalp and straighter at the ends
If the hair is over processed, further processing will make it straighter and cause further damage, including breakage
Visualize success
Image yourself working in your dream salon
Emulsifier
In ingredient that brings two normally incompatible Materials together in binds them into a uniform in fairly stable blind. Slowly over a long period of time
physical properties
Include color, odor, density, melting point, boiling point, hardness, and glossiness
Pincer nail or trumpet nail
Increased crosswise curvature throughout the nail plate caused by an increased curvature of the matrix; the edges of the nail plate may curl around to form the shape of a trumpet or sharp cone at the free edge
As soon as the telogen phase and the hare returns to the
Indian face and begin to the entire cycle again
Onychia
Inflammation of the nail matrix followed by shedding if the nail plate
Periodic strand test during processing will help
Inform you when the hair is sufficiently relaxed
Folliculitis barbae
Informational of all kills caused by bacterial infection from ingrown hairs
Onychocrytosis
Ingrown nails can affect either the fingers or toes
Medulla also called pith or core of the hair
Innermost layer of the hair. The medulla does not play a role in chemical texture services and may be missing in fine hair
Receptivity
Involves taking the time to really listen to others. And also be open minded and willing to work with all personality types
Keratoma
Is an acquired, superficial, thickened patch of epidermis. Also known as callus
Base cream also known as protective base cream
Is an oily cream used to protect the skin and scalp during hair relaxing
Lye
Is sodium hydroxide
universal solvent
Is water
volatile alcohols
Isopropyl alcohol, rubbing alcohol, and ethyl alcohol, example hairspray and alcohol is beverages
Abnormal hair loss is not common in women as it is in men, but
It can be very traumatic and devastating for women who experience it because, as studies indicate, women have a greater emotional investment in their appearance
Never cut the living skin around the natural nail plate for a hang nail. Signs of infection are redness, pain, swelling, or pus
It is against state board regulations to intentionally cut or tear the client's skin and can be lead to serious infections for which you & the salon may be legally liable
In permanent waving most of the processing takes place as soon as the solution penetrates the hair, within the first 5 to 10 minutes. The additional processing time allows the polypeptide chains to shift into their new configuration
It probably happened within the first 5 to 10 minutes of the service
Tissue sticks tight to the nail plate and can be difficult to remove
It's job is to seal the space between the natural nail plate & living skin above (the eponychium) to prevent entry of foreign material µotganisms & to help avoid injury & infection
Wear protective gloves
Keep your hands clean and moisturized
emotional stability
Learning how to handle a confrontation and how to share your feelings in a professional manner are important indicators of emotional stability
Malignant melanoma
Least common but most dangerous form of skin cancer. Characterized by black or dark brown patches on he skin that may appear uneven in texture, jagged, or raised
Onycholysis
Lifting of the nail plate from the bed without shedding. Physical injury, trauma, or allergic reaction of the nail bed and less often related to a health disorder.
Eponychium
Living skin at the base of the natural nail plate covering the matrix area
Polypeptide chains
Long chains of amino acids joined together by peptide bonds
Keratin proteins
Long, coiled polypeptide chains
Curl re-forming or soft curl permanents
Loosening overly curly hair; changing tightly curly or coiled hair into loose curls or waves
Extremely curly hair often has
Low elasticity, breaks easily, and has a tendency to knot.
Hair bulb
Lowest part of the hair strand; the thickened, club-shaped structure that forms the lower part of the hair root
The visible part of the matrix that extends from underneath the living skin is called
Lunula
Sodium hydroxide NaOH relaxers are commonly called
Lye relaxers
information about the ingredients, strength, and pH of permanent wave solutions can be found on the
MSDS or Material Safety Data Sheet
Salon tools
MUST BE PROPERLY cleaned and disinfected so it is safe for you and your client. If not infections can be transmitted through the contaminated salon tools and equipment
Glyceryl monothioglycolate GMTG
Main active ingredient in true acid and acid-balances waving lotions
Respect others
Make a conscious effort to respect everyone
Current Regulations for Health and Safety
Many different state and federal agencies regulate the practice of cosmetology.
Medium hair texture is most common texture and is the Strand to which other hair is compared
Medium hair does not pose any special problems or concerns
Pheomelanin
Melanin that provides natural hair colors from red and ginger to yellow/blond tones.
Cortex
Middle layer of hair. It is a fibrous protein core formed by elongated cells containing model a pigment.
Cortex
Middle layer of the hair, located directly beneath the cuticle layer. The cortex is responsible for he incredible strength and elasticity of human hair. Breaking the side bonds of the cortex makes it possible to change the natural wave pattern of the hair
Of all treatments that are said to counter hair loss, there are only two products
Minoxidil and finasteride
Bacteria
Minute, one-celled microorganisms. Can exist almost anywhere. 1,500 rod-shaped bacteria will fit on the head of a pin.
Ethics
Moral principles by which we live and work
Squamous cell carcinoma
More serious than nasal cell carcinoma; characterized by scaly red papule it nodules. It can spread to other parts of the body and survival rates depend on the stage at diagnosis
Nasal cell carcinoma
Most common and least severe skin cancer. Characterized by light or pearly nodules and has a 90% survival rate with early diagnosis and treatment
Onychorrhexis is usually caused by injury to the matrix, excessive use of cuticle removers, harsh cleaning agents, aggressive filing techniques, or heredity
Nail enhancements product should never be applied if the nail bed is exposed
Nail growth rates will accelerate whether or not a woman takes these vitamins
Nail in middle finger-faster. Slowest in thumb. Toenails grow more slowly than finger nails
Nail unit
Nail plate. Nail bed. Matrix. Cuticle. Eponychium. Perionychium. Hyponychium. Specialized ligaments. Nail folds
Cuticle and pterygium do not designate the same thing and they should never be used interchangeably
Nail pterygium is abnormal and is caused by damage to the eponychium or hyponychium
Seasons also affect nail growth rate
Nails grow faster in the summer than they do in winter
Discolored nails
Nails turn a variety of colors. Which may indicate surface staining, a systemic disorder, or pier blood circulation.
Keratin in natural nails are harder than the keratin in skin or hair
Natural nail is located at the end of a finger or toe.
Matrix area contains
Nerves, lymph, and blood vessels to nourish the matrix cells.
The application of an acid-balanced shampoo or normalizing lotion is suppose to
Neutralizes any remaining hydroxide ions to lower the pH of the hair and scalp
Gas
No fixed volume or shape; takes the shape and volume of its container. Can never be liquid at normal temperatures or pressure
All metal hydroxide relaxers contain only one component and are used exactly as they are packaged in the container;
No mixing is necessary
Nail psoriasis
Noninfectious condition that affects the surface of the natural nail plate causing tiny pits or severe toughness on the surface of the nail plate
Germs
Nonscientific synonym for disease-producing organisms
Hair with average person he is considered to be
Normal hair
Term ORGANIC is often used to mean safe or natural
Not all organic substances are natural, healthy, or safe
Eggshell nails
Noticeably thin, white nail plate that is more flexible than normal.
blood delivers nutrients and oxygen to the skin and takes away cellular waste products and carbon dioxide.
Nutrients are molecules from food, such as protein, carbohydrates, and fats
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)
OSHA is a federal agency. Regulates and enforces standards for work place safety and health.
Safety Data Sheet (SDS)
Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970. MSDS created in response. Safety Data Sheet (SDS) replaces Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS).
Pregnancy dramatically affects nail growth because
Of hormonal changes in the body
Coarse hair texture has the largest diameter
Often more resistant. Usually requires more processing when you're applying products such as hair lighteners, hair colors, permanent waves versions, and hair relaxers
Sebaceous glands
Oil glands that are connected to the hair follicles
Nail groove or furrow
On each side of the nail
Fungi
Once organism that grows in a regular masses that create mold, mildew, and yeast
Asymmetry
One half of the mole does not match the other half
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
One of several common bacteria that can cause nail infection
Healthy nails are not shed automatically or periodically in the way that healthy hair is shed
Ordinarily replacement of natural fingernail takes about four to six months. Tone nails take about nine months to a year to be fully replaced
Parasites
Organisms that grow, feed, and shelter on or in another organism referred to as host
Sebum hardens due to
Oxidation
The most common neutralizer is hydrogen peroxide
Oxidative reactions can lighten hair color, especially at an alkaline pH
When hydrogen Peroxide is mixed with an oxidation haircolor,
Oxygen is subtracted from the hydrogen peroxide and the hydrogen peroxide is reduced
Free edge
Part of the nail plate that extends over the tip of the finger or toe
Verruca can spread from one location to another,
Particularly along a scratch in the skin
natural immunity
Partly in here did and probably develop through healthy living
A predisposition to acne is based on heredity and hormones
People with acne inherit the tendency to retain cells that gather on the walls of the follicle, eventually clumping and obstructing the follicle
Endothermic waves
Perm activated by an outside heat source, usually a conventional hood-type hair dryer
Double flat wrap
Perm wrap in which one end paper is placed under and another is placed over the strand of hair being wrapped
Curvature permanent wrap
Perm wrap in which partings and vases radiate throughout the panels to follow the curvature of the head
Single flat wrap
Perm wrap that is similar to double flat wrap but used only one end paper, placed over the top of the strand of hair being wrapped
Basic permanent wrap also known as straight set wrap
Perm wrapping pattern in which all the rods within a panel move in the same direction and are positioned in equal sized bases; all the base sections are horizontal and are the same length and width as the perm rod
Disulfide are not broken by water, they are broken by
Permanent waves and chemical hair relaxers that alter the shape of the hair
Acid-balanced waves
Permanent waves that have a 7.0 or neutral pH
Nail bed
Portion of the living skin that supports the nail plate as it grows toward the free edge.
Base control
Position of the tool in relation to its base section, determined by the angle at which the hair is wrapped
Build on your strength
Practice doing whatever helps you maintain a positive self image
Cosmetologist should study and have a thorough understanding of life skills because
Practicing good life skills will lead to a more satisfying and productive beauty career. Beauty professionals work with many different types of clients, and having good life skills can help those interactions positive in any situation
Extrinsic factors
Primarily environmental factors the contribute to aging and the appearance of aging
ianthionization
Process by which hydroxide relaxers permanently straighten hair; they remove a sulfur atom from a disulfide bind and convert it into a lanthionine bond
Sterilization
Process that destroys all microbial life. Third step that can be incorporated, but it is very rarely mandated.
Concave rods
Produce a tighter curl in the center, and a loose curl on either side of the strand
Eumelanin
Produces brown to black pigments in the hair
Noncomedogenic
Product that has been designed and proven not to clog the follicles.
State Regulatory Agencies
Protect salon professionals and their clients' health and safety while they receive salon services
Hair is approximately 90% of
Protein
Cosmetologist should have a thorough understanding of skin disorders and diseases for the following reasons
Providing even the most basic of skin care services requires an understanding of the underlying structure of the skin and common skin problems
Procrastination
Putting off until tomorrow what you can do today
allergy
Reaction due to extreme sensitivity to certain food, chemicals, or other normally harmless substances
the strength of any permanent wave is based on the concentration of its
Reducing agent. In turn, the amount of processing is determined by the strength of the permanent wave solution
Hair color, two words
Refers to the color of your creator by nature
Nail plate most visible and functional part of the nail unit
Relatively porous and will allow water to pass through it much more easily than through normal skin of equal thickness
Guanidine hydroxide
Relaxers are also advertised and sold as no-lye relaxers
Decontamination
Removal of blood and all other potentially infectious materials on an item's surface. Removal of visible debris or residue such as dust, hair, and skin.
Relaxing
Removing curl or waves; leaving the hair smooth and straight
Base relaxers
Require the application of a protective base cream to the entire scalp prior to the application of the relaxer
Onychophagy or bitten nails
Result of a habit of chewing the nail or the hardened, damaged skin surrounding the nail plate
multiuse
Reusable and can be cleaned.
Solid
Rigid; has a fixed shape and volume
Understand the Principles of Infection
Salon professionals' responsibility. Risk injury or infection. Know and use proper procedure. Prevention.
Pyogenic granuloma
Severe inflammation of the nail in which a lump of red tissue grows up from nail bed to nail plate
Client whose nail or skin is infected, inflamed, broken, or swollen
Should not receive services & should be referred to a physician to determine they type of treatment that is required
asymptomatic
Showing no symptoms or signs of infection
Bricklay permanent wrap
Similar to the actual technique of bricklaying; sections are offset from each other row by row to prevent noticeable splits and to blend the flow of the hair
leukoderma
Skin disorder characterized by light, abnormal patches or hypopigmentation; it is caused by a burn, scar, inflammation, or congenital disease that destroys the pigment-producing cells.
Skin tag
Small brown-colored or flesh-colored outgrowth of the skin
Normal mole
Small brownish spot on the skin ranging in color from pale tan to brown or bluish black. This is Not a type of skin cancer
Mole
Small brownish spot or blemish on the skin
Arrector pili muscle
Small involuntary muscle in the base of the hair follicle. Cause goose bumps
The properties of salt water are The property is contained in salt in in
So water is salty and Wood. Most of the products cosmetologist and yell technicians use our physical mixtures
Koilonychia
Soft spoon nails with a concave shape that appear scooped out.
All matter exists in one of three different physical forms
Solid. Gas. Liquid
By the age 35, almost 40% of both men and women show
Some degree of hair loss
Sulfates and bisulfites are
Sometimes used as low-pH hair relaxers
silicones
Special type of oil used in hair conditioners, water-resistant lubricants for the skin, and nail polish dryer's
Onychorrhexis
Split or brittle nails that have a series of lengthwise ridges giving a rough appearance to the surface of the nail plate
Proper Use of Disinfectants: Always wear gloves. Use on pre-cleaned, nonporous surfaces. Dilute according to directions. Use contact time per directions.
Spray on contact time per directions. Spray can't be used if immersion required. Use only as directed. Use only EPA-registered disinfectant in pedi-spa.
Thio neutralization
Stops the action of a permanent wave solution and rebuilds the hair in its new curly form
Disulfide bonds
Strong chemical side bonds that join together two polypeptide strands like rings on a ladder
Cosmetologists study and have a understanding of nail structure and growth because
Structure and growth of natural nails allows you to expertly groom, strengthen, and beautify nails
Trichology
Study of hair and its diseases. Comes from the Greek word trichos which is hair
Base sections
Subsections of panels into which the hair is divided for perm wrapping
Keep your energy up
Successful cosmetologist take car of themselves
Each element is identified by a letter symbol,
Such as O for Oxygen. C for carbon. H for hydrogen. N for nitrogen. S for sulfur
Normal healthy nail is firm but flexible
Surface is shiny, smooth, and I spotted with no wavy ridges, pits, or splits
Calamine lotion and nail polish are examples of
Suspensions
Glycerin
Sweet, colorless, oily substance
Taking the time to keep your implements, tools, equipment, and surfaces clean and disinfected
Take extreme care to keep brush handles, containers, and table tops clean and free from product, dust, and residue.
Bacterial Growth and Reproduction (Active)
Takes 20 to 60 minutes to reach full growth
Keep your personal life separate from your work
Taking about your personal life at work is counterproductive and can cause the whole salon to suffer
A little less than 10% of the scalp hair is in the
Telogen phase at any one time
Immunity
The ability of the body to destroy, resist, and recognize infection
Gray hair is caused by
The absence of melanin
About 90% of the scalp is growing in the anagen phase at any time
The anagen phase usually last from 3 to 5 years, but in some cases, it can last as long as 10.
Exposure to pollution produces free radicals, interferes with proper oxygen consumption, and affects the lungs and other internal organs as well as the skin.
The appearance of aging skin can be greatly improved by practicing a good skin care program.
Cosmetologist serve a unique role by being able to recognize the appearance of serious skin disorders and referring
The client to a dermatologist for diagnosis and treatment.
Color
The color of the mole is not the same all over. There may be shades of tan, brown, or black, and sometimes even patches of red, blue, or white
Game plan
The conscious act of planning your life, instead of just letting things happen.
Border irregularity
The edges of the mole are ragged or notched
The cuticle is the dead tissue adhered to the nail plate
The eponychium is living tissue that grows up to the nail plate
COHNS elements
The five elements that are found in skin and nails. carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, sulfur
Hair analysis is performed by observation using the senses of sight, touch, sound, and smell
The four most important factors to consider and the hare else's architecture, density, porosity, and electricity
A mature strand of human hair is divided into two parts
The hair root and hair shaft
If hair is under processed
The hair will not be sufficiently softened and will not hold the desired curl
Perionychium
The living skin bordering the root and sides of fingernail or toenail
Viscosity
The measurement of the thickness or thinness of a liquid that affects how the fluid flows
Evolution
The mole evolves or changes; it may include darkening or variations in color, it may itch or hurt; it may change in shape or growth.
Diameter
The mole is wider than about 1/4" alrhough doctors are now finding melanomas that are smaller
thioglycolic acid
The most common reducing agent in permanent wave solutions
Hair cuticle
The outmost layer of the hair.
Hair root
The part of the hair located below the surface of the epidermis.
Hair shaft
The portion of hair that projects above the epidermis
Pus
The presence of pus can be a sign of infection. A fluid byproduct of the infectious process. It contains white blood cells, dead cells, and bacteria
Onychomadesis
The separation and falling off of a nail plate from the nail bed; affects fingernails and toenails.
Hyponychium
The slightly thickened layer of skin that lies beneath the free edge of the nail plate.
Organic chemistry
The study of all chemicals containing carbon
Solvent
The substance in which the solute dissolves
Half off base placement
The technique of rapping at a 90° angle or straight out from the center
Haircolor, one word
The term is used in the beauty industry to refer to artificial coloring products
Growth cycles of hair or A C T
The three phases are anagen, catagen, and telogen
Pleasing tone of voice
The tone of your voice is personality trait, but if your natural voice is harsh or if you fans to mumble you can consciously improve by speaking more softly or more clearly.
Hair follicle
The tube-like depression or pocket in the skin or scalp that contains the hair root
Stay productive
There are three bad habits that can keep you from maintaining peak performance: 1. Procrastination 2. Perfectionism 3. Lack of game plan
Nutrition, exercise, and a person's general health affects the health of the skin
These factors affect the growth and health of nail plate as well
Toenail plates grow more slowly than fingernails
They are thicker because the toenail matrix is longer than the matrix found on fingernails
Onychauxis
Thickening of nails
Bed epithelium
Thin layer of tissue that attaches the nail plate and the nail bed
Soft curl permanent
Thio based chemical service that re-formats curly and wavy hair into looser and larger curls and waves
Soft bender rods
Tool about 12-inch long with a uniform diameter along the entire length
Ligament
Tough band of fibrous tissue that connects bone or holds an organ in place
Cuticle layer
Tough exterior layer of the hair. It surrounds the inner layer and protects the hair from damage. Although he cuticle is not directly invoked in the texture or movement of the hair, texture chemicals must penetrate through the cuticle to their target in the cortex in order to be effective
Indirect Transmission
Transmission of blood or body fluids through contact with an intermediate contaminated object, such as a razor,extractor, nipper, or an environmental surface
Direct Transmission
Transmission of blood or body fluids through touching (including shaking hands), kissing, coughing, sneezing, and talking.
permanent waving
Two step process where by the hair undergoes a physical change caused by wrapping the hair on perm rods
Minoxidil
Typically applied to the surface of the body, medication that is put on the scalp twice today and has been proven to stimulate hair growth
Know the difference between the nail cuticle and the eponychium before performing nail services
Understanding nail growth and structure cycles of natural nail will prepare you for more advanced nail services
Free radicals
Unstable molecules that cause biochemical aging.
Once an allergy to product has been established all services being done with the product must be discontinued
Until the allergic symptoms clear
Avoidance of fatty skin care and cosmetic products is important because products that contain large amounts of fatty materials and oils can cause follicles to clog from the outside
Use of a light moisturizer to keep skin balanced and reduce the risk of excess sebum production can be helpful
Thio relaxers
Use the same ammonium thioglycolate ATG that is used in permanent waving, but at a higher concentration and a higher pH above 10
Bookend wrap
Uses one end paper folded in half over the hair ends like an envelope
Weave technique
Uses zigzag partings to divide base areas
The lower the water content, more rigid the nail becomes
Using an oil-based nail conditioner or nail polish to coat the plate can reduce water loss or prevent excessive absorption and improve flexibility
Loop rods also known as circle rod
Usually about 12 inches long with a uniform diameter along the entire length of the rod
Values and goals
Values and goals guide our behavior and given us direction
Toxin
Various poisonous substances produced by some microorganisms (bacteria and viruses)
Ridges
Vertical lines running the length of the natural nail plate that are caused by uneven growth of nails, usually related to normal aging.
Hydroxide relaxers
Very strong alkalis with a pH over 13; the hydroxide ionnis active ingredient in all hydroxide relaxers
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
Virus that causes Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS)
Beau's lines or furrows
Visible depressions running across the width of the natural nail plate. Usually result from major illness or injury that has traumatized the body
Examples of leukoderma are
Vitiligo and albinism
liquids are mutually soluble, meaning that they can be mixed together to from clear solutions.
Water and alcohol are examples of miscible liquids as in nail polish remover
Only products that contain
Water can have pH
Water can exist in all three states of matter, depending on its temperature
Water changes according to how the temperature changes, but it is still water
A healthy nail may look dry and hard, but it's water content is actually between 15 and 25 percent
Water context directly affects the nails flexibility.
You should always perform an elasticity test before perming the hair
When performing permanent waving service, the shape and type of curl are determined by the shape and type of rod and the wrapping method used
Nail malformation
When the nail is abnormal in shape or form. Can be temporary or permanent condition caused by disease, injury, or infection that has affected the matrix.
Solid ice undergoes a physical change when it melts into water and then converts into steam when heat is applied
When your porch is applied onto nails in the solvent evaporates, forming a layer or film of the nail
Lunula- Whitish half moon shape underneath the base of the nail
Whitish color is caused by the reflection of light off the surface of the visible part of the underlying matrix
Leukonychia spots or white spots
Whitish discolorations of the nails, usually caused by minor injury to the nail matrix
Croquignole perm wrap
Wrapped from the ends to the scalp in overlapping concentric layers
Off base placement
Wrapping the hair at 45 degrees below the center of the base section
To achieve success, you need more than a external push. You must feel a sense of personal excitement and a good reason for staying the course.
You are the one in charge of managing your own life and learning. To do this successfully, use creativity
All matter is made up of chemical.
You can see visible light and light that electrical sparks create, but these are not made of matter
Cosmetologist should recognize common or normal disorders as well as abnormal nail conditions, understand what to do, & be able to help a client with a nail disorder in one of two ways
You can tell clients that they may have a disorder & refer them to a physician if required. Or you can cosmetically improve certain nail plate conditions if the problem is cosmetic & not a medical condition
Cosmetologist should study and have a thorough understanding of nail disorders and diseases because
You must be able to identify those conditions on a client's nails & determine if they should or should not be treated in the salon
You must acknowledge infectious conditions that may be present so you can take the appropriate steps to protect yourself & your clients from the spread of disease
You need to be able to recognize conditions that may signal mild to serious health problems that warrant the attention of a doctor
Your body can naturally produce 11 of the 12 amino acids that make up the hair but,
Your daily diet must include a variety of foods that supply the remaining nine essential amino acids that the hair and scalp need
Physical change
a change in a substance that does not involve a change in the identity of the substance
Chemical change
a change in the chemical composition or make up of a substance
Ion
a charged atom
Pure substance
a chemical combination of matter in definite, fixed, proportions.
Disinfection
a chemical process that destroys most, but not necessarily all harmful organisms on environmental surfaces. The pathogens of concern in the cosmetology industry are effective destroyed by the disinfection process, which is required in all states
Oxidation
a chemical reaction in which an element combines with oxygen to form an oxide
Tuberculosis
a disease caused by bacteria that are transmitted through coughing or sneezing
sebum
a fatty or oily secretion that lubricates the skin and preserves the softness of the hair
Sebum
a fatty or oily substance secreted by the sebaceous glads that lubricates the skin
collagen
a fibrous protein that gives the skin form and strength
Keratin
a fibrous protein that grows from cells originating within the hair follicle
Coarse, resistant hair with a strong, compact cuticle layer requires
a highly alkaline chemical solution
Polypeptide chain
a long chain of amino acids liked by peptide bonds.
lesion
a mark on the skin that may indicate an injury or damage that changes the structure of tissues or organs
Clean
a mechanical process (scrubbing) using soap and water or detergent and water to remove all VISIBLE dirt, debris, and many disease causing germs from tools, equipment, and implements
Elemental molecule
a molecule containing two or more atoms of the same element, in this case oxygen, in definite, fixed, proportions
Viruses
a parasitic submicroscopic particle that infects and resides in cells of biological organisms
Physical mixture
a physical combination of matter in any proportions
dermatologist
a physician who specializes in diseases and disorders of the skin, hair, and nails
Cation
a positively charged ion
elastin
a protein base similar to collagen that forms elastic tissue
pH scale
a range of values that are used to express the acidity or alkalinity, basicity, of a system; each whole number on the scale indicates a tenfold change in acidity; a pH of 7 is neutral, a pH of less than 7 is acidic, and a pH of greater than 7 is basic
Mixing an oxidizer with the permanent waving solution causes
a rapid release of heat and an increase in the temperature of solution
redox
a reversible chemical reaction in which one reaction is an oxidation and the reverse is a reduction
papule
a small elevation on the skin that contains no fluid. Examples acne, warts, and elevated nevi
nodule
a solid bump larger than 0.4 inches or 1 cm that can be easily felt. Requires medical referral. Examples swollen lymph nodes, rheumatiod nodules
Alkaline solution
a solution that has a pH above 7.0 neutral
Acidic solution
a solution that has a pH below 7.0 neutral
esthetician
a specialist in the cleaning, beautification, and preservation of the health of skin on the entire body, including the face and neck
Reducing agent
a substance that adds hydrogen to a chemical compound or subtracts oxygen from the compound
No product or procedure can make the nail plate grown thicker because
a thicker nail plate would require a larger matrix
Protons. P
a thing that the nucleus consist of. subatomic particles with a positive charge
Salt bond
a weak, physical, cross-link side bond between adjacent polypeptide chains.
Hair porosity
ability of the hair to absorb moisture.
Hair elasticity
ability of the hair to stretch and return to its original length without breaking.
Nail pterygium
abnormal condition that occurs when the skin is stretched by the nail plate
tumor
abnormal mass varying in size, shape, and color. Requires medical referral. Example: cancer
albinism
absence of melanin pigment in the body, including the skin, hair, and eyes
end papers or end wraps
absorbent papers used to control the ends of the hair when wrapping and winding hair on perm tools
dyschromias also known as abnormal colorations
accompany skin disorders and are symptoms of many systemic disorders
Alpha hydroxy acids or A.H.A s
acids derived from plants, mostly fruit, that are often used to exfoliate the skin
Hazard identification
all hazards of using the chemical
Rules
also called regulations. More specific than laws. They determine how the law will be applied
Alkalis
also known as base Compounds that react with acids to form salts
chelating soap
also known as chelating detergents, they break down stubborn films and remove the residue of pedicure products such as scrubs, salts, and masks
miliaria rubra also known as prickly heat
an acute inflammatory disorder of the sweat glands
Glycolic acid
an alpha hydroxy acid used in exfoliation and to lower the pH of products
vitamin C
an important substance needed for proper repair of the skin and tissues; promotes the production of collagen in the skin's dermal tissues; aids in and promotes rapid healing of the skin
wheal
an itchy, swollen lesion that can be caused by a blow, scratch, bite of an insect, or urticaria. Skin allergy. Examples hives and mosquito bites
cosmetologist may be allowed to clean skin, preserve the health of skin,
and beautify the skin, depending on the laws and regulations of their state
collagen from the GREEK word kolla, meaning glue,
and gennan meaning to produce
All hair color products, chemical texturizers, shampoos, conditioners, styling aids, nail enhancements,
and skin care products are organic chemicals
Emulsion
any mixture of two or more immiscible liquids in which one liquid is dispersed in the other
microorganisms
any organism of microscopic or submicroscopic size
closed comedo also known as whitehead
appears as a small bump just under the skin surface
healthy skin should be free of any visible signs of disease, infection,or injury
appendages of the skin include hair, nails, and sudoriferous sweat and sebaceous oil glands
sebaceous glands also known as oil glands
are connected to the air follicles
thio-free waves
are perms that use an ingredient other than ammonium thioglycolate as the primary reducing agent
elastin can be weakened by the same factors that weaken collages
as we age, gravity causes thee fibers to weaken
Alopecia areata
autoimmune disorder (that causes the affected hair follicles to be mistakenly attacked by a person's own immune system; usually begins with one or more small, round, smoothe bald patches on the scalp.)
Bacterial spore
bacteria capable of producing a protective coating that allows them to withstand very harsh environments, and shed the coating when conditions become more favorable
Ability to recognize skin disorders and know when the client should be referred for medical treatment or when they can be treated by the cosmetologist is essential
being fully qualified to offer skin care treatments adds another dimension of service for your client
milia
benign, keratin-filled cysts
Furuncle
boil; acute, localized bacterial infection of the hair follicle that produces constant pain.
Side Bonds
bonds that cross-link the polypeptide chains together and are responsible for the extreme strength and elasticity of human hair.
the skin of the scalp is constructed similarly to the skin elsewhere on the human body
but the scalp has larger and deeper hair follicles to accommodate the longer hair of the head
sensation
by stimulating different sensory nerve endings, the skin responds to hear, cold, touch, pressure, and pain
Proper infection control
can prevent the spread of disease caused by exposure to potentially infectious materials on an item's surface.
Miscible
capable of being mixed.
Bactericidal
capable of destroying bacteria
Fungicidal
capable of destroying fungi
Virucidal
capable of destroying viruses
there are six classes of nutrients that the body needs
carbohydrates, vitamins, fats, minerals, proteins, and water
infectious
caused by or capable of being transmitted by infection
melancytes
cells that produce the dark skin pigment called melanin
physical properties
characteristics of a substance that can be observed or measured without changing the substance
chemical properties
characteristics that can only be determined by a chemical reaction and a chemical change in a substance
secondary skin lesions
characterized by piles of material on the skin surface, such as a crust or scab, or by depressions in the skin surface, such as ulcer
Compound molecule or compounds
chemical combination of two or more atoms of different elements, fixed, proportions
Disinfectants
chemical products that destroy most bacteria (excluding spores), fungi, and viruses on surface. Approved by EPA
oxidation-reduction or redox
chemical reaction in which the oxidizing agent is reduced by losing oxygen and the reducing agent is oxidizing by gaining oxygen
Exothermic reactions
chemical reaction that release a significant amount of heat
rosacea
chronic condition that appears primarily on the cheeks and nose
stratum lucidum
clear, transparent layer of the epidermis under the stratum corneum
cyst and tubercle
closed, abnormally developed sac that contains pus, semifluid, or morbid matter, above or below the skin. Requires medical referral. Examples of cyst severe acne. Examples of tubercle: lipoma, erythema nodosum
secretory coil
coiled based of the sudoriferous sweat gland
goose bumps often appear on your skin when you are
cold or scared
Biofilms
colonies of microorganisms that adhere to environmental surfaces, as well as the human body.
Ammonia
colorless gas with a pungent odor that is composed of hydrogen and nitrogen
Thioglycolic acid
colorless liquid or white crystals with a strong unpleasant odor that is used in permanent waving solutions
Japanese thermal straightening, sometimes call thermal reconditioning or TR,
combines use of a thio relaxer with flat ironing
Alopecia universalis
complete loss of body hair.
the papillary layer of the dermis houses the nerve endings that provide the body with the sense of touch, pain, and pressure
complex sensations, such as vibrations, seem to depend on the sensitivity of a contamination of these nerve endings
seborrheic dermatitis
condition caused by an inflammation of the sebaceous glands
chloasma also known as mask of pregnancy
condition characterized by hyperpogmentation on the skin in spots that are not elevated
normalizing lotions
conditioners that restore the hair's natural pH after a hyroxide relaxer prior to shampooing
exposure incident
contact with non-intact or broken skin, blood, body fluids, or other potentially infectious material that is the result of the performance of an employee's duties
impetigo
contagious bacterial skin infection characterized by weeping lesions
fissure
crack in the skin. Examples chapped lips, hands, or feet
crust
dead cells that form over a wound or blemish. Examples scab and sore
reticular layer
deeper layer of the dermis that supplies the skin with oxygen and nutrients; contains fat cells, blood vessels, sudoriferous sweat glands, hair follicle, lymph vessels, arrector pili muscles, sebaceous oil glands, and nerve endings
anhidrosis
deficiency in perspiration
Hospital disinfectants
designated by EPA as being effective enough to be used in a hospital setting. disinfectants that are effective for cleaning blood and body fluids.
Laws
determine the scope of practice and establish guidelines for regulatory agencies such as the EPA
Acquired immunity
developed after overcoming disease or through inoculation
Infectious disease
disease caused by pathogenic (harmful) microorganisms that enter the body. An infectious disease may be spread from one person to another person
Tuberculocidal disinfectants
disinfectants that kill the bacteria that causes tuberculosis
telangiectasis
distended or dilated surface blood vessels
eat a variety of foods. fresh fruits, vegetables, and grains products and low in fats, saturated fat, and cholesterol. eat moderate amounts of salt and sugar, the sodium and modified sugars that are in prepared food products
drink an appropriate amount of water. alcoholic beverages to a minimum. right amount of physical activity. maintain or improve your weight
scatula
dry, sulfur-yellow, cup-like crusts on the scalp in tinea favosa or tinea favus.
Hydrophilic
easily absorbs moisture; in chemistry terms, capable of combining with or attracting water (water-loving).
ecsema is not contagious
eczema should be referred to a physician for tretment
it is estimated in average person's day, four hours are spend checking
email, looking at websites, and watching videos
vitamin D
enables the body to absorb and use calcium, the element needed for proper bone development and maintenance. Vitamin D also promotes rapid healing of the skin
the skin is composed of two main divisions
epidermis and the dermis
mission statement
establishes the purpose and values for which an individual or institution lives and works by
hyperhidrosis
excessive sweating
sudoriferous glands also known as sweat glands
excrete perspiration and detoxify the body by excreting excess salt and unwanted chemicals
it contains the following structures within its network
fat cells, blood vessels, lymph vessels, sebaceous oil glands, sudoriferous, sweat glands, hair follicles, arrector pili muscles, nerve endings
subcutaneous tissue also known as adipose tissue or subcutis tissue
fatty tissue found below the dermis that gives smoothness and contour to the body, contains fat for use as energy, and also acts as a protective cushion for the outer skin
motor nerve fibers
fibers of the motor nerved that are distributed to the arrector pili muscles attached to hair follicles. Motor nerves carry impulses from the brain to the muscles
secretory nerve fibers
fibers of the secretory nerve that are distributed to the sudoriferous glands and sebaceous glans. Secretory nerves, which are part of the autonomic nervous system or ANS, regulate the excretion of perspiration from the sweat glands and control the flow of sebum to the surface of the skin
sensory nerve fibers
fibers of the sensory nerves that react to heat, cold, touch, pressure, and pain. These sensory receptor send messages to the brain
keratin
fibrous protein of cells that is also the principal component of hair and nails
macule
flat spot or dicoloration on the skin. Example freckle or liver spot
Disinfectants are not
for use on human skin, hair, or nails.
bromhidrosis
foul smelling perspiration
self actualization
fulfilling one's potential, requires lifelong commitment. Stay the course and fuel your passion by following proven success building steps
the color of the skin is a hereditary trait and varies among races and nationalities
genes determine the amount and type of pigment produced in an individual
standard precaution
guidelines published by the CDC that require the employer and employee to assume that all human blood and body fluids are potentially infectious
Hair stream
hair flowing in the same direction, resulting from follicles sloping in the same direction.
Open comedo also known blackhead
hair follicle filled with keratin and sebum
Whorl
hair that forms in a circular pattern on the crown of the head.
Pathogenic
harmful and disease-producing
Nonpathogenic (nothing but help)
helpful or harmless
vitamin E
helps protect the skin from the harmful effects of the sun's UV light
drinking pure water is essential to the health of the skin and body because it sustains the health of the cells, assists with the elimination of toxins and waste,
helps regulate the body's temperature, and aids in proper digestion
retention hyperkeratosis
hereditary tendency for acne-prone skin to retain dead cells in the follicle, forming an obstruction that clogs follicles and exacerbated inflammatory acne lesions such as papule and pustules
Hypertrichosis
hirsuties) condition of abnormal growth of hair, characterized by the growth of terminal hair in areas of the body that normally grow only vellus hair.
proteins
important for building muscle blood tissues, and for cell repair and replacement
Natural immunity
inborn ability
Immiscible
incapable of mixing
Ecological information
includes effects on wastewater and environment
First-aid measures
includes important symptoms/ effects- acute and delayed; required treatment
Composition/Information on ingredients
includes information on chemical ingredients
Disposal consideration
includes proper disposal and disposal restrictions
Transport information
includes restrictions on transport
Toxicology information
includes routes of exposure, related symptoms, acute and chronic effects
Tinea barbae
infection of the bearded parts of the face by ringworm
conjunctivities also known as pinkeye
infection of the eyes by a bacteria or virus
pediculosis capitis
infestation of the hair and scalp with head lice.
Carbuncle
inflammation of the subcutaneous tissue caused by staphylococci; similar to a furuncle but larger.
paronychia
inflammation of the tissue surrounding the nail. Get from dishwashers and bartenders
dermatitis
inflammatory condition of the skin
eczema
inflammatory, uncomfortable, and often chronic disease of the skin
metal hydroxide relaxers
ionic compounds formed by a metal such as sodium, potassium, or lithium combined with oxygen and hydrogen
recommended daily allowance
is also known as RDA
eumelanin
is dark brown to black
pheomelanin
is red to yellow in color
hypopigmentation
is the absence of pigment
UV light a "UV ray" that is just a shorter way of saying that it is a form of radiation, and such as
it can be damaging!
all permanent wave solutions contain a reducing agent. the reducing agent, commonly referred to as thio, is used in permanent waving solutions.
it contains a thiol, which is particular group of compouds, along with carboxylic acid
the skin cannot be nourished properly from the outside in with cosmetic products
it must have nourishment from foods that we eat
When setting goals, categorize them based on the amount of time
it takes to accomplish the goal
the skin is the largest organ of the human body
it would cover over 3000 square inches or 2 yards and weigh about six to nine pounds. Our skin protects the network of muscles, bones, nerves, blood vessels, and everything else inside our bodies
it is slightly moist, soft, and flexible. healthy skin is slightly acidic, and
its immune responses react quickly to organisms that touch or try to enter it
cosmetologist should have a thorough understanding of skin structure, growth, and nutrition because
knowing the skin's underlying structure and basic needs is crucial in order to provide excellent skin car for clients
bulla
large blister containing a watery fluid. requires medical referral. Examples large second degree burns, contact dermatitis, bulbous impetigo, perriphigus
sebaceous cyst
large, protruding pocket-like lesion filled with sebum
stratum granulosm also known as granular layer
layer of the epidermis composed of cells that look like granules and are filled with keratin; replaces cells shed from the stratum cornrum
primary lesions
lesions that are a different color than the color of the skin and/or lesions that are raised above the surface of the skin
Physical and chemical properties
list the chemical's characteristics
Exposure controls/personal protection
lists OSHA's Permissible Exposure Limits (PEL); Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
Regulatory information
lists agencies responsible for regulation of product
Stability and reactivity
lists chemical stability and possibility of hazardous reactions
Accidental release measures
lists emergency procedures, protective equipment; proper methods of containment and clean-up
Revision date
lists original date of document and any revision
Handling and storage
lists precautions for safe handling and storage, including incompatibilities
Fire-fighting measures
lists suitable extinguishing techniques, equipment; chemical hazards from fire
Proteins
long, coiled complex polypeptides made of amino acids.
Terminal hair
long,coarse, pigmented hair found on the scalp, legs, arms, and bodies of males and females.
water
make up 50 to 70 percent of the body's weight and is necessary for virtually every function of the cells and body
because some skin symptoms may be a sign of internal disease
many dermatologist have additional training in internal medicine
hyperpigmentation
means darker than normal pigmentation, appearing as dark splotches
broad spectrum sunscreen
means that the sunscreen product has been shown to protect against both UV-A and UV-B radiation of the sun
dermatology
medical branch of science that deals with the study of skin- its nature, structure, diseases, and treatment
Solution
mixture of two or more substances in which the molecules of the substances are evenly distributed
Suspensions
mixture of water and non dissolved materials
stratum germinativum
more commonly called the basal cell layer; deepest live layer of the epidermis that produces new epidermal skin cells and is responsible for growth
Rules (regulations)
more specific laws. written by regulatory agency or the state board, and they determine how the law must be applied. Rules establish specific standards of conduct and can be changed or updated frequently. Cosmetologist must be aware of any changes or updates to the rules and regulations, and they must comply with them.
Electrons E
move around the nucleus in orbits
Logarithm
multiples of 10
Malassezia
naturally occurring fungus that is present on all human skin, but is responsible for dandruff when it grows out of control.
Hydrophobic
naturally resistant to being penetrated by moisture.
carbohydrates
needed for energy to run every function within the body
fats
needed for many body functions including hormones, sebum production, and absorption of fat soluble vitamins A, D, E, and, K
Bacterial Infections
occur when body tissues are invaded by disease-causing, or pathogenic, bacteria
Oil-water emulsion or O/W
oil droplets emulsified in water
reduction
once in the cortex, the waving solution breaks the disulfide bonds through a chemical reaction. Involves either the addition of hydrogen or the removal of oxygen. The reduction reaction in permanent waving is due to the addition of hydrogen
Resistant hair may not become completely saturated with just
one application of waving solution due to the density of the hair's structure
the excretion of sweat is controlled by the nervous system
one to two pints of salt-containing liquids are eliminated daily through sweat pores in the skin
Bacteria
one-celled microorganisms that have both plant and animal characteristics. Some are harmful; some are harmless
ulcer
open lesion. Requires medical referral. Examples chicken pox and herpes
Parasites
organisms that row, feed, and shelter on or in another organism(referred to as the host), while contributing nothing to the survival of that organism. Parasites must have a host!!
pepillary layer
outer layer of the dermis, directly beneath the epidermis
stratum corneum also known as horny layer
outer layer of the epidermis
epidermis
outermost and thinnest layer of the skin; it is made up of five layers: stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, and stratum germinativum
pH scale measures the acidity and alkalinity of a substance by measuring the quantity of hydrogen ions it contains
pH scale ranges from 0 to 14 7 is neutral Below 7 is acidic Above 7 is alkaline
Viruses
parasitic submicroscopic particles that infect cells of biological organisms and are capable of taking over the host cell's reproductive function.
All acid waves have three separate components
permanent waving solution, activator, and neutralizer
All exothermic waves have three components
permanent waving solution, activator, and neutralizer
ammonia-free waves
perms that use an ingredient that does not evaporate as readily as ammonia, so there is very little odor associated with their use. Ammonia-free does not necessarily mean damage-free
excretion
perspiration from the sudoriferous glands is excreted through the skin
the body has two types of melanin
pheomelanin and eumelanin
dermatologist
physician who specializes in diseases and disorders of the skin, hair, and nails
closed comedo also known as whitehead
plural: comedones. a follicle impacted with dead cells and solidified sebum, appearing as a small white bump just under the skin surface. Closed comedones have an extremely small surface opening
open comedo also known as blackhead
plural: comedones. hair follicle filled with keratin and sebum
Vitamins such as A, C, D, and E have been shown to have
positive effects on the skin's health when taken by mouth
Keratinization
process by which newly formed cells in the hair bulb mature, fill with keratin, move upward, lose their nucleus, and die.
sterilization
process that destroys all microbial life, can be incorporated but it very rarely mandated.
Alkaline waves Also known as cold waves
processed without heat; the main ingredient is thioglycolic acid pH between 9.0 and 9.6
Product identification
product identifier; manufacturer or distributor with contact information (including emergency phone number); recommended use of product and restriction on use
comedones can be removed by trained beauty professionals as long as
proper procedures are employed and the procedure is performed in a clean environment
the six principal functions of the skin are
protection, sensation, heat regulation, excretion, secretion, and absorption
Staphylococci
pus-forming bacteria that grow in clusters like bunches of grapes.They can cause abscesses, boils, and pustules. Some types of staphylococci (or staph, ass many call it) may not cause infections in healthy human, and others may be deadly
pustule
raised, inflamed papule or pimple with a white oe yellow center containing pus in the top of the lesion referred to as the "head" of the pimple
pustule
raised, inflamed, papule with a white or yellow center containing pus. Examples acne, impetigo, and folliculitis
Combustion
rapid oxidation of substance, accompanied by the production of heat and light
Cocci
rarely show motility (self-movement)
heroes simplex 1
recurring viral infection that often presents as a fever blister or cold sore. Requires medical referral. Drugs are now available to control the symptoms, but the virus always remains in the body of infected persons
psoriasis
red patches covered with silver-white scales. Psoriasis is not contagious, but it requires medical referral.
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
registers all types of disinfectants sold and used in the United States
salt bonds
relatively weak physical side bonds that are the result of an attraction between negative and positive electrical charges ionic bonds; easily broken by changes in pH, and they re-form when the pH returns to normal levels
vitamins
required for many body functions to occur
Cocci
round-shaped bacteria that appear singly (alone) or in groups
secretion
sebum is secreted by the sebaceous glands
Pityriasis steatoides
severe case of dandruff characterized by an accumulation of greasy or waxy scales mixed wth sebum, that stick to the scalp in crusts.
Bacilli
short, rod-shaped bacteria. They are the most common bacteria and produce diseases such as tetanus (lockjaw), typhoid fever, tuberculosis, and diphtheria
Atoms cannot be divided into
simpler substances by ordinary chemical means
Fungi
single-cell organisms that grow in irregular masses that include molds, mildews, and yeasts; can produce contagious diseases such as ringworm
dermal papillae
singular known as dermal papilla. Small, cone- shaped elevations at the base of the hair follicles that fit into the hair bulb
acne also know as acne vulgaris
skin disorder characterized by chronic inflammation of the sebaceous glands from retrained secretions and bacteria known as propionibacterium acnes or P acnes
acne also known as acne vulgaris
skin disorder characterized by chronic inflammation of the sebaceous glans from retained secretions and Propionibacterium acnes or P. acnes bacteria
acne vulgaris also known as acne
skin disorder characterized by chronic inflammation of the sebaceous glans from retained secretions and Propionibacterium acnes or P. acnes bacteria
excoriation
skin sore or abrasion. Examples nail cuticle damage from nail biting
scar or cicatrix
slightly raised or depressed area of the skin that forms as a result of the healing process related to an injury or lesion. Examples post-operative repair
vesicle
small blister or sac containing clear fluid lying just beneath the epidermis. Requires medical referral. Examples poison ivy and poison oak.
papule also known as pimple
small elevation on the skin that contains no fluid but may develop pus
pimple also known as papule
small elevation on the skin that contains no fluid but may develop pus
tactile corpuscles
small epidermal structures with nerve endings that are sensitive to touch and pressure
arrector pili muscles
small involuntary muscles in the base of the hair follicle that cause goose flesh, sometimes called goose bumps, and papillae
example of Compound molecule
sodium chloride NaCl common table salt
absorption
some ingredients can be absorbed by the outer layers of the skin, but very few ingredients can penetrate the epiderms
Diplococci
spherical bacteria that grows in pairs and cause diseases such as pneumonia
Spirilla
spiral or corkscrew-shaped bacteria. they are subdivided into subgroups, such as syphilis, a sexually transmitted disease (STD), and Lyme disease.
Helix
spiral shape of a coiled protein created by polypeptide chains that intertwine with each other.
Bacterial Growth and Reproduction (Inactive)
spore-forming, the stage where a bacteria that is capable of forming a spore to protect itself does so to withstand an environment incompatible with its existence
sulfide bonds
strong chemical side bonds formed when the sulfur atoms in two adjacent protein chains are joined together
Neutrons. N
subatomic particles with no charge. the number of protons determines the element
it smoothness and contour to the body, contains fats for use as energy, and also acts as a protective cushion for the skin.
subcutaneous tissue varies in thickness according to age, gender, and general health of the individual
Oxidizing agent
substance that releases oxygen
volatile organic compounds or V.O.C.s
substances containing carbon that evaporate quickly and easily
Surfactants
substances that act as a bridge to allow oil and water to mix, or emulsify
Remember that vitamins are nutritional
supplements, not cosmetic ingredients.
vitamin A
supports the overall health of the skin and aids the health, function, and repair of skin cells. Has been shown to improve the skin's elasticity and thickiness
propionibacterium acnes abbreviated P. acnes
technical term for acne bacteria
Monilethrix
technical term for beaded hair.
Fragilitas crinium
technical term for brittle hair.
Pityriasis capitis simplex
technical term for classic dandruff; characterized by excessive production and accumulation of skin cells.
Pityriasis
technical term for dandruff
lentigines
technical term for freckles
Canities
technical term for gray hair; results from the loss of the hair's natural melanin pigment.
Trichorrhexis Nodosa
technical term for knotted hair; it is characterized by brittleness and the formation of nodular swellings along the hair shaft.
Tinea
technical term for ringworm, a contagious condition caused by fungal infection and not a parasite; characterized by itiching, scales, and sometimes, painful lesions.
Trichoptilosis
technical term for split ends
Postpartum alopecia
temporary hair loss experienced at the conclusion of a pregnancy.
pH
the abbreviation used for potential hydrogen. pH represent the quantity of hydrogen ions
Immunity
the ability of the body to fight off or resist infections and disease and to destroy bacteria that have entered the body
contact time
the amount of visibly moist time required to be effective against pathogens listed on product label
Medulla
the animus layer of the hair and is composed of round cells
lanthionine bonds
the bonds created when disulfide bonds are broken by hydroxide chemical hair relaxers after the relaxer is rinsed from the hair.
Catagen Phase
the brief transition period between the growth and resting phases of a hair follicle. It signals the end of the growth phase.
lymph
the clear fluids of the body that bathe the skin cells, remove toxins and cellular waste and have immune function that help protect the skin and body against disease
melanin
the color of skin is depended on this. the tiny grains coloring matter that are produced by melanocytes & then deposited into cells in the basal layer of epidermis & the papillary layers of the dermis
barrier function
the complex of lipids between the cells that keep the skin moist by preventing water evaporation, and to guard against irritants penetrating the skin surface
Infection control
the methods used to eliminate or reduce the transmission of infectious organisms
Hair density
the number of individual hair strands on 1 square inch (2.5 square centimeters) of scalp
base placement
the position of a permanent wave rod in relation to its base section is the
Chemistry
the scientific study of the composition, structure, and properties of matter and the changes that matter undergoes
Lonization
the separation of an atom or molecule into positive and negative ions
Wave pattern
the shape of the hair strands; described as straight, wavy, curly, and extremely curly.
protection
the skin protects the body from injury & bacterial invasion.
heat regulation
the skin protects the body from the enviroment
stratum spinosum
the spiny layer just above the stratum germinativum layer
Inorganic chemistry
the study of substances that, in general, do not contain carbon
Solute
the substance that is dissolved
practically all parts of the body are supplied with sudoriferous glands, which are more numerous on the palms of the hands, the soles of the feet, the forehead, and the underarm or armpit
the sudorierous glands regulate body temperature and help eliminate waste products from the body. The evaporation of sweat cools the skin's surface
States of matter
the three different physical forms of matter; solid, liquid, and gas
Melanin
the tiny grains of pigment in the cortex that give natural color to the hair. (Albino people have no melanin)
epidermal dermal junction
the top of the papillary layer where it joins the epidermis
Low-pH waves
the use of sulfates, and bisulfites present an alternative at ATG. Sulfite permanents are usually marketed as body waves or alternative waves
the skin contains two types of duct glands that extract materials from the blood to form new substances
these are sudoriferous glands and sebaceous glands
with the exceptions of the palms of the hands and the soles of the feet,
these glands are found in all parts of the body, particularly in the face and scalp where they are larger
the skin gets its strength, form, and flexibility from two specific structures found within the dermis; collagen and elastin
these two structures are composed of flexible protein fibers and they make up 70 percent of the dermis
Alkaline permanent waving solutions soften and swell the hair, and
they open the cuticle, permitting the solution to penetrate into the cortex
keloid
thick scar resulting from excessive growth of fibrous tissue
Hair texture
thickness or diameter of the individual hair strand.
scale
thin, dry, or oily plate of epidermal flakes. Examples dandruff and psoriasis
Alopecia totalis
total loss of scalp hair.
Cowlick
tuff of hair that stands straight up.
Molecule
two or more atoms bonded together. a chemical combination of two or more atoms in definite, fixed, proportions
cosmetologist are not allowed to diagnose, prescribe, or provide any
type of treatment for abnormal conditions, illness, or diseases
dermis also known as derma or corium or cutis or true skin
underlying or inner layer of the skin
Amino acids
units that are joined together (end to end like pop beads by strong, chemical peptide bonds to form the polypeptide chains that comprise proteins.)
minerals
used by cells to produce important biochemicals that have many body function
a majority of scientists now believe that most signs of skin aging are caused by sun exposure over a lifetime
using a daily broad spectrum sunscreen with an SPF of 15 or higher, maintaining a moisturizing skincare regimen, and keeping skin free of disease will slow weakening of collagen and elastin and help skin look young longer
Ringed hair
variety of canities characterized by alternating bands of gray and pigmented hair throughout the length of the hair strand.
there is one element that no person can live without water
water composes 50 to 70 percent of body weight. The amount of water needed by an individual varies depending on body weight and the level of daily physical activity
Water-in-oil emulsion or W/O
water droplets emulsified in oil
example of molecule
water is made from hydrogen atoms and oxygen atoms
hydrogen bonds
weak physical side bonds that are also the result of an attraction between opposite electrical charges; they are easily broken by water or wet setting or heat or thermal styling, and they re-form as the hair dries or cools
if collagen fibers become weakend due to age, lack weight, the skin will begin to lose its tone and suppleness
wrinkles and sagging are often the result of collagen fibers losing their strength.
Laws (statutes)
written by both state and federal legislatures that determine the scope of practice ( what each license allows the holder to do) and that establish guidelines for regulatory agencies to make rules.