Scrotum: Review for Final (WB)
The head of the epididymis measures
10 to 12mm in AP diameter
Between what ages is testicular torsion most common?
12 to 18 years of age
Primary age varicocele most common?
15 to 25 years
What is the approximate normal thickness of the scrotal wall?
2 to 8 mm
Normal measurement of the scrotal wall is
2 to 8 mm in thickness
What kind of tumor is seminoma?
Germ cell tumor
Where is the spermatocele located?
Head of the epididymis
Likely diagnosis id the testicles are normal and separates from a scrotal mass with peristalsis?
Hernia
Most common cause of painless scrotal swelling is:
Hydrocele
What is a collection of serous fluid located between the layers of the tunica vaginalis called?
Hydrocele
What is the most common sonographic appearance of a malignant testicular mass?
Hypoechoic mass
What is the normal measurement of the veins in the pampiniform plexus?
Less than 2mm
Testosterone is produced by what cells?
Leydig
Benign intratesticular tumors are rate, but do occur and include:
Leydig and Sertoli cell tumors
What divides the scrotum into two compartments?
Median raphe
What is the anatomical name of a bright echogenic fibrofatty tissue often seen in the longitudinal plane within the testicles?
Mediastinum testis
Which of the following is NOT part of the anatomical divison of the epididymis?
Neck
Inflammation of the testis is called:
Orchitis
Where are the testes located int eh fetus?
Peritoneal cavity
Dilatation of the seminiferous tubules is associated with epididymal cysts and spermatoceles and is referred to as tubular ectasia of the:
Rete testis
The head of the epididymis is beast visualized:
Sagittal plane
Most common cause of an infarcted testicle?
Testicle torsion
Which of the following statement regarding the testicular veins is FALSE?
The left testicular vien drains directly into the IVC
What is the fibrous connective tissue covering the testicles and dividing them into lobules?
Tunica albuginea
Which of the following is the fibrous sheath that covers and protects the testis and also makes up the mediastinum testis?
Tunica albuginea
What aids diagnosis by demonstrating an increase of blood flow:
Valsalva maneuver
Patient with history of infertility, testes appears normal bilaterally, multiples cystic structures measure 4mm. What is likely diagnosis?
Varicocele
What is the most common correctable cause of male infertility?
Varicocele
Inflammation of the epididymis is called:
epididymitis
Accumulation of blood located between the layers of the tunica vaginalis is called?
hematocele
On color doppler or inflamed areas will demonstrate
hypervascularity/ hyperemia
Echogneic inflammatory deposits that are located on the tunica vaginalis is called:
scrotal pearl/ scrotoliths
Where does the production of sperm occur?
seminiferous tubules
Most common testicular malignancy is:
seminoma
The most common testicular malignancy is the:
seminoma
Echogenic inflammatory deposits that are located on the tunica vaginalis are called?
serotal pearl/ scrotoliths
Primary function of the testes is the production of
sperm
Embryonal cell carcinoma is associated with:
AFP and beta-HCG levels
What side does majority of varicoceles occur?
left side
Most intratesticular masses are considered
malignant
The body and tail of the epididymis are usually
posterior and inferior to the testis
An acute hydrocele will typically displace the testis in what direction?
posteromedial
Hydroceles are associated with
posteromedial, torsion, neoplasm or trauma
Veins greater than__ are dilated.
2mm
Normal adults testis measures:
3 to 5 cm in length and 2 to 3 cm in transverse and AP diameters
How many hours must corrective treatment for testicular torsion begin?
6 hours
What pressure does the abdomen get?
80mmHg
Which of the following lab values may be elevated with a testicular malignancy?
AFP
Most common cause of epididymitis?
Bacterial infection
What describes the sonographic echo characteristic of the scrotal wall?
Echopenic
Most common location for spermatocele?
Epididymal head
What anatomy is included within the scrotum?
Epididymis
Where does sperm mature?
Epididymis
Patient with fever, scrotal pain, and swelling. Sonogram shows an enlarged hypoechoic epididysm with hyperemia and small hydrocele. What is the diagnosis?
Epididymitis
What is the most common cause of acute scrotal pain?
Epididymitis and epididymo-orchitis
Which of the following is not located within the scrotum?
Seminal vesicles
Where does spermatogenesis occur?
Seminiferous tubules
Patient with a painless right scrotal mass, 2.5-cm irregular, hypoechoic mass is seen in the mid-right testis. Color Doppler demonstrates hyperemia. What is most likely diagnosis?
Seminoma
What tumor is greater int he patient with an undescended testis than in the general population?
Seminoma
Which of the following scrotal pathologies is NOT more common in patients who have had a vasectomy?
Seminoma
A patient with a history of undescended testis is at an increased risk for which of the following?
Seminoma, testicular torsion, and infertility
Most common pure germ cell tumor accounting for 40 to 50% of primary testicular neoplasms?
Seminomas
In young men, what is epididymitis most often caused by?
Sexually transmitted disease
Where is the pampiniform plexus located?
Spermatic cord
Most extratesticular masses are considered:
benign
Scrotal hernias typically contain what that protrudes through a patent processes vaginalis?
bowel or omentum
The second most common malignancy is the:
embryonal cell carcinoma
Where are the majority of undescended testes located?
inguinal canal
What echogenic band is seen within the testis?
mediastinum testis
What is the supporting system for arteries, veins, lymphatics, and seminiferous tubules?
mediastinum testis
Intratubular testicular calcifications are called:
microlithiasis
Varicocele is formed by a dilatation of the veins of the:
pampiniform plexus
What layer covers the inner lining of the scrotal wall?
parietal layer
Major structures located within the scrotum are:
spermatic, tstes, and epididyms
Most common epididymal lesions are:
spermatoceles and epididymal cysts.
The head of the epididymis is located :
superolaterally to the testis
The spermatic cord is composed of:
testicular artery, cremateric artery, deferentia artery, veins of paminiform plexus, nerves, lymphatic, vas deferen and connective tissue
This condition warrants follow-up sonography because it has been associated with
testicular carcinoma
Epididymal cysts are located?
throughout the epididymis
What cause acute scrotal pain mimicking testicular torsion?
torsion of appendix testis and epididymis
What two layers are composed by the tunica vaginalis?
visceral and parietal layers
What layer covers the testis?
visceral layer
Where does testicular torsion occur?
when spermatic cord twists
