Secondary survey chapter 12 Arnheim pp, Types of shock, Medical Terminology, Injuries & Deformities of the hand, Budgeting terms, BOC Prep and NATA-BOC Exam Secrets Study Guide, BOC
pt.
patient
PRE
progressive resistance exercise
size of the facility should be minimum of 300 sq ft. Equation of the size of the facility
( studnets at peak/ 20 per table per day)x 100 ft= total square footage
wet bulb globe temp
(.1XDBT) + (.7XWBT) + (.2 XGT-radiant heat)
bone healing process
- 1 week- fibroblasts ahve begun laying down a fibrous collagen network - chondroblasts start to makecallus between bones -osteoblasts proliferate and enter callus, creating trabeculae bone -osteoclasts appear to resorb bone fragments and clean up debri -immobilize for 3-8 weeks
how much should you drink before competition
- 17-20oz before exercise - 7-10 oz before exercise
interferential currents (IFC)
- 2 separate electrical generators that emit currents at 2 slightly different frequencies - used for pain, joint pain with swelling, neuritis, retards callus formation following fracture, and restricted mobility - 20-25 PPS for muscle contraction - 50-120 PPS for pain management
acute mountain sickness
- 7,000-8,000 ft - headache, nausea, vomiting, sleep disturbance, dyspnea - due to tissue disruption in the brain that affects the sodium and potassium
sickle cell train rxn to high altitude
- 8-10% of african americans - causes an enlarged spleen which can rupture at high altitudes
high altitute pulmonary edema
- 9,000-10,000 ft - lungs accumulate small amt of fluid within alveolar walls - duspnea, cough, headache, weakeness, unconsciousness -move to lower altitudeand give oxygen
how estim workds
- a current is applied to the nerve tissue at a sufficient intensity and duration to reach that tissue's excitability threshold, resulting in a mebrane depolarization or firing of that nerve - as current intesnity or duraiton is increased, the threshold for depolarization will be reached by the sensory fibers , -> motor fibers -> pain fibuers
isokinetic exercise
- a muscle contraction in which the length of the muscle is changing while the contraction is performed at a constant velocity - ex: biodex - it is necessary to exert as much force against the resistance as possible for max strength gains to occur - the key is the resistance, not the speed
Hepatitis C virus def
- acute & chronic form of liver disease (need transplant) - most common chronic bloodborne infection in US -80% of infected dont have s/s spread by contact of blood of affected person - no vaccine
GTOs
- affected by changes in muscle tension - causes reflexive relaxation- protective mechanism0 autogenic inhibition
life threatening conditions
- airway obstruction - no breathing - no circulation - profuse bleeding - shock
Preferred provider organizations (PPO)
- also limit where a person can go for treatment - all costs are paid of go to approved list (90/10), if go somewhere outside of the plan then it is (50/50) - agree to pay upfront for procedure - pay provide added services more easily at no cost - pay on a fee for service basis
Eye protection:
- athletes should wear polycarbonate lenses (virtually Unbreakable)
waveforms
- graphic representation of the shape, direction, amplitude, and direction of a particular electrical current
beta blockers
- used for HTN and heard disease - in sports that require steadiness -adrenergic agents that inhibit the action of catecholamines released from the sympathetic nerve endings -produce relaxation of blood vessels
low level laser therapy
- used for acceleration of collagen synthesis, decrease in microorganisms, increase in vascularization, and reduction in pain and inflammation -contraindications: cancer, eyes, pregnancy
phenol
- used to control disease organisms - both as antiseptic and disinfectant
PNF technqiues
- uses proprioceptive, cutaneous, and auditory input to produce functiona improvement in motor output and can be a vital element in the rehab process of many injuries - widely used in sports med for increasing strength, flexibility, and coordination while decreasing deficits in kinesthetic sense in response to demands placed on the neurmuscular system - contract relax - hold relax - slow-reversal-hold-relax - D1 and D2 positions
Vitamin E sources
- vegetable oils - some in fruits and veggies - whole grains
types of pain assessment scales
- visual analog (place mark on line to indicate pain level) - pain charts -mcgill pain questionnaire (lists 78 words that describe pain - activity pain indicators profile ( assesses functional impairment) - numeric rating scale
intensity
- voltage output of the stimulating unit -outputs up to 150v are low voltage generators ( monophasic) - those that produce up to 500v are high voltage generators (biphasic)
somatic nervous system
- voluntary - effector- skeletal muscle - motor nerve travels from spinal cord skeletal muscle
what are micronutrients
- water, vitamins, and minerals - don't provide energy but without micronutrients, macronutrients cant provide energy
androstenedione
- weak androgen that is produced primarily in the testes and in lesser amounts by adrenal cortex and ovaries -contains steroid hormones -banned by NCAA but sold in health food stores as a diet supplement
folate sources
- wheat germ - liver - yeast -mushrooms - green, leafy vegetables - fruits
B6 sources
- white meats - whole grains - liver -egg yok - bananas
Signs & Symptoms
-Moist, pale, cool, & clammy skin -decreased BP -weak & rapid pulse -irritability & excitement & potential thirst
Healing response: Formation of Clot
-Release of thromboplastin (protein) from injured cell -Thromboplastin causes prothrombin to be changed into thrombin - thrombin causes conversions of fibrinogen into a sticky fibrin clot that shits off blood supply to area - clot formation begins 12 hours post injury, completed with in 48 hours
antihistamines
-added to nasal decongestants -causes dilation of arteries and capillaries, skin flushing, and rise in temp -opposes histamin action -can decrease sweating and impair body's ability to dissipate heat
vasconstirctors
-administered to sites of profuse bleeding - drug most commonly used: epinehprine (useful in cases of epitaxis)
AVPU
-alertness -verbal (responding to voice) -pain (respond to painful stimulus) -unresponsive (no response to pain) State of unconsciousness
drugs used to treat GI disorders
-antacids - antiemetics -carminatives -cathartics (laxatives) -antidiarrheals -protein pump inhibitors
BNR
-beam nonuniformity ratio -amount of variabiltiy in altrasound beam - lower ratio the better - best is 1:1
tetracycline
-broad antibacterial spectrum - modifies the infection rather than eradicating it completely - causes sensititivity to sun exposure
macronutrients
-carbohydrates -proteins - fats * the absorbable components of food, from which energy is delivered.
exclusive provider organizations (EPO)
-combination of HMOand PPO - restrictive in the number and types of providers (more like HMO) - will not pay anything if go outside of network provider
nasal decongestants
-contain mild vasoconstriction agents -contains pseudophedrine
flash to bang method
-count # of seconds until bang occurs and divide by 5 to determine the number of miles away . if count is <30, danger -30 min pass before RTP
Healing response: vascular reaction- Chemical mediators
-histamine- released from mast cells; vasodilation, increased cell permeability, sensitize pain receptors. -leukotaxin- margination (leukocytes line up along cell walls), increase cell permeability locally to allow for diapedesis (transfer WBC through cell walls) - necrosis- phagocytic activity; amount of swelling that occurs directly related to extent of vessels damage -leukocytes release- bradykinin( ^ permeability, pain, stimulates release of prostaglandins) and prostaglandin( ^ permeability of blood vessels and tissue (^ space for WBC to move)
Healing response: vascular reaction
-immediate vasoconstriction (5-10 mins) -vascular dilation- transitory increased in blood flow - initial effusion of blood and plasma last for 24-36 hrs
tenosynovitis
-inflammation of a tendon and its synovial sheath -inflammation releases by products that are sticky adn tend to cause the sliding tendon to adhere to the synovial sheath surrounding it - occurs most commonly in flexor tendons of fingrs tx- rest and antiinflammatory drugs
grade 3 joint mob
-large amplitude glide at end ROM - used when pain or reisstance is alimiting factor
respiratory shock
-lungs unable to suply enough oxygen to circulating blood, produces pneumothorax
Treatment
-maintain body temp -elevate feet & legs 8-12 inches above the heart -keep patient calm -do not give anything by mouth until instructed by physician
management of shock
-maintain body temp as close to normal as possible - elevate feet and legs 8-12 in
vitamin A purpose
-maintains skin and other cells that line the inside of the body - bone and tooth development - growth - vision in dim light
proteins
-make up majoral structural component of the body - needed for growth, maintenace, and repair of tissues - needed to make enzymes, hormones, and antibodies that help fight infection - 15-20% total calories
drugs to treat colds and allergies
-nasal decongestants - antihistamines -cough medicines -sympathomimetics
how antacids work
-neutralize acidity in upper GI tract by raising pH and inhibiting the activity of the digestive enzyme pepsin, reducing its action on gastric mucosal nerve endings -help treat peptic ulcers -baking soda- one o the most used
marijuana
-one of most abused drugs -increased pulse rate -harmful both immediate and long term effects
cocaine
-powerful CNS stimulant with effects of very short duration - produces immediate feelings of euphoria and excitement, decreased sense of fatigue, and heightened sexual drive
effects of immobilization on muscle
-quickly leads to loss of muscle mass - slow twitch fibers develop fast twitch characteristics -prevent atrophy with isometric contractions - causes motor neves to become less efficient in recruiting and sitmulating individual muscle fibers within a given motor unit
trans fats
-resemble fatty acids - increase levels of blood cholesterol -eat as little as possible
leukotrienes
-responsible for margination (leukocytes sticking to cell walls)
HIV def
-retrovirus that combines iwth a host cell -reduces effectiveness of Tcells,Bcells, and macrophages -later develop AIDs no vaccine or tx
electrolytes
-sodium, chloride, magnesium, and calcium - maintain the balance of water inside and outside the cell - help rehydrate quickly - electrolyte loss can -> muscle cramping and intoleance to heat
According to the NATA position statement on safe weight loss, how many pounds can be safely lost in a week?
1 to 2 pounds per week
to be successful in a negligence suit, must prove:
1. AT had a duty to exercise reasonable care 2. the AT breached that duty by failing ot use reasonable care 3. there is a reasonable connetion betwen the failure and the injury suffered, or that the ATs aciton made the injury worse
PNF takes advantage of 2 additional neurophysiological phenomena:
1. Autogenic inhibition- maximal isometric contraction stimulates GTO to effect a reflex relaxation of antagonist muscle even before the muscle is placed in a position of stretch 2. reciprocal inhibition- during relaxing phase, as isotonic contraction of agonist pulls extremity further into agonist pattern, a reflex relaxation of the antagonist (muscles being stretched) must occur to allow for agonist movement.
What are the three zones of injury for frostnip:
1. Coagulation (usually distal) severe, irreversible cellular damage 2. Hyperemia (usually proximal) minimal cellular damage 3. Stasis (between other two zones) severe, damage is sometimes reversible
the phases of repair (4)
1. Hemostasis and inflammation 2. Epithelialization 3. Proliferation 4. Remodeling
the 3 types of fast twitch fibers
1. IIa- moderately resistanct to fatigue 2. IIx- fast glycolytic- fastest muscle type 3. IIb- white- fatigue rapidly
What are the 5 BOC Domains?
1. Injury prevention 2. Examination, assessment and diagnosis 3. immediate and emergency care 4. therapeutic interventions 5. health care administration
6 steps of purchasing
1. Request for quotation (bidding for prices) 2. Negotiation 3. Requisition: requesting for authorization to purchase the goods/ services. 4. Purchase Orders 5. Receiving 6. Accounts Payable
One station in the examination requires the athletic trainer to take the athletes' blood pressure. What is the correct order of steps to obtain a blood pressure measurement?
1. Select adult cuff 2. Inflate bladder to 200 mmHG 3. Place stethoscope over brachial artery at cubital fossa 4. Deflate bladder at 3 mmHg per second 5. Listen for first sound 6. Note when sound disappears 7. Record blood pressure
diastasis
1. a disjointing of two bones parallel to one another (radius/ ulna). 2. rupture of 'solid' joint (pubic symphysis); commonly occurs with a fx.
2 types of muscle soreness and their definitions
1. acute onset muscle soreness- from fatigue, occurs during and immediately after exercise 2. Delayed onset muscle soreness- delayed muscle pain leading to increased muscle tension, swelling, and stiffness, intense after 24-48 hr and then gradually subsides after 3-4 days
3 processes of caloric expenditure
1. basal metabolism 2. work 3. excretion
functions of bones
1. body support 2. organ protection 3. movement 4. calcium storage 5. formation of blood cells
cal/g of carb, protein, fat, alcohol
1. carb: 4 cal/g 2. protein: 4 3. fat: 9 4. alcohol: 7
the 6 categories of nutrients
1. carbs- 55-60% of cal 2. fats- 25-30% of cal 3. proteins- 15-20% of cal 4. water 5. vitamins 6. minerals
epiphyseal (growth) plates
1. cartilaginous 2. separate epiphysis and diaphysis early in life 3. both ends of the bone grow from this plate 4. replaced by bone (closed) as skeleton matures. 5. some do not close completely until age of 25
the 5 types of salter harris growth plate injuries
1. complete separation of physis in relation to the meaphysic without fx to the bone 2. separation of growth plate and a small portion of the metaphysic 3. fracture part of the physis 4. fracture of a portion of the physis and metaphysis 5. no displacement of physis, but the curshing force can cause growth deformity
A plaintive must prove the following 5 components to prove an act of negligence:
1. conduct 2. existence of duty 3. breach of duty 4. causation 5. damage
Articular (hyaline) cartilage
1. covers articular surface of bones 2. protects from joint "wear and tear" 3. provides shock absorption 4. poor blood supply
diaphysis (shaft)
1. cylinder 2. wall (cortex) is composed f cortical (compact) bone tissue 3. Inner surface is lined with cancellous (spongy or trabecular) bone 4. contains medullary (marrow) cavity
5 stages of psychological reaction to injury
1. denial 2. anger 3. bargaining 4. depression 5. acceptance
What are the 5 steps in Evidence Based Practice?
1. develop a clinical question 2. Search the literature 3. Appraise the evidence 4. apply the evidence 5. assess the outcome
when fitting shoes, must consider:
1. distance form heel to MTP joint 2. distance from heel to end of longest toe
negligence is alleged when
1. does something a reasonably prudent person would not do 2. failts to do something a reasonably prudent person would do under similar circumstances
the female athlete triad
1. eating disorder 2. amenorrhea 3. osteoporosis
endosteum
1. fibers membrane that lines the walls the medullary (marrow) cavity 2. contains bone forming/ rearing cells
periosteum
1. fibrous membrane that surrounds the diaphysis 2. attachement site for tendons and ligaments 3. contains bone forming/ repairing cells and blood vessels
the 3 mechanisms of pain control
1. gate control theory 2. central biasing/ descending pathway pain control 3. release of beta-endorphin
how to reduce risk of litigation
1. good relationship with athlete and parents 2. establish specific AT protocols 3. annually review the EAP 4. know patients med hxs 5. doc. all injuries 6. doc efforts to make a safe AT room 7. confidentiality of medical records 8. make sure coaches know protocol of an injured player 9. have liability insurance 10. have detailed job description in writing 11. obtain written conset of providing healthcare 12. caution with meds- cannot DISPENSE 13. use only therapeutic methods qualified for 14. no faulty equipment 15. dont let play unless cleared by physician 16. follow orders of physician ALWAYS 17. known limitaitons of your expertiese 18. use common sense
the phases of healing
1. inflammatory response phase 2. fibroblastic repair phase 3. maturation-remodeling phase
what are the 8 phases of healing
1. injury 2.ultrastructural change 3. chemical mediation 4. hemodynamic changes 5. metabolic change 6. permeability change 7. leukocyte migration 8. phagocytosis
body temp can be affected by 5 factors:
1. metabolic heat production 2. conductive heat exchange 3. convection heat exchange 4. radian heat exchange 5. evaporative heat loss
the 12 cranial nerves
1. olfactory 2. optic 3.oculomotor 4.trochlear 5. trigeminal 6. abducens 7. facial 8. vestibulocochlear 9. glossopharyngeal 10. vagus 11. accessory 12.hypoglossal
the 5 domains of AT
1. prevention 2. clinical eval and diagnosis 3. immmediate care 4. treatment, rehabilitation, and reconditioning 5. organization and administration 6. professional responsibility
the two parts of the on field inury assessment
1. primary survey 2.secondary survey
types of knee braces
1. protective 2. rehab 3. functional 4. neoprene
epiphyses
1. proximal and distal ends f a long bone 2. composed primarily of cancellous (spongy or trabecular) one that is surrounded by a layer of cortical bone. 3. wider surface area increases joint stability 4. articular (hyaline) cartilage covers the articular surface of the epiphysis
Minimizing the effects of jet lag:
1. readjust by setting up and going to bed one hour later for each time zone crossed. 2. drink plenty of fluids to avoid dehydration 3. traveling west: light meals early, heavy meals late; consume caffeine; exercise/ train later in day. 4. traveling east: heavy meals earlier; avoid caffeine; exercise/ train earlier in day.
what are the ten principles of conditioning?
1. safety 2. warm up/ cooldown 3. motivation 4. overload 5. consistency 6. progression 7. intensity 8. specificity 9. individuality 10. minimal stress
the parts of the shoe
1. shank: part of sole btw heel and metatarsal 2. last: the form on which the shoe is built- striagh, semi curved, or curved 3. heel counter: prevents foot from rolling side to side 4. shoe upper: arch support
what are the role of the skeletal system?
1. support the body weight 2. transfer body weight 3. body movement 4. muscle and ligament attachment 5. organ protection 6. bone marrow storage 7. mineral storage
techniques for coping with pain
1. tension reduction (relaxation methods that reduce muscle tension can also decrease awareness of pain0 benson and jacobson techniques) 2. attention diversion- divert attention away from injury, engage patient in mental problem solving 3. altering pain sensation- through imagination. ex- placing body part in cold water
methods to modify soft tissue healing
1. use of anti-inflammatory meds 2. therapeutic modalities 3. therapeutic exercise
Fitting of a football helmet
1. wet players hair to simulate playing condition Fitting Standard: 1. helmet should fit sung: no gaps between pads and head/ face. 2. cover base of skull; pads placed at back of neck should be snug, not uncomfortable. 3. helmet should not come down over eyes front of eyes ( front edge 3/4 inch/ 2 inch finger width above eyebrows) 4. ear holes should match 5. should not shift when annual pressure is applied; should not recoil on impact 6. the chin strap should be an equal distance from the center of the helmet; straps must keep helmet form moving up and down side to side. 7. cheek pads should fit snugly against face 8. face mask should. be attached securely to helmet; positioned 3 finger- width from nose.
Fitting of shoulder pads in Football:
1. width of shoulders is measured to determine the proper size 2. Inside shoulder pad should cover the tip of the shoulder in a direct lime with the lateral aspect of shoulder 3. Epaulets and cups should cover the deltoid muscle and allow movements required by specific position 4. Neck opening must allow athlete to raise arm overhead, but not allow pad to slide back and fourth 5. Split- clavicle shoulder pad- channel for top of shoulder must be in proper position. 6. Straps underneath arm must hold pads firmly in place, but not so they constrict soft tissue.
fibrocartilage
1.it has greater amount of collagen fibers 2. examples- interpubic disc and meniscus
Medullary (marrow) cavity
1.tube like space located within the diaphysis 2. contains bone marrow
shoe selection: toe box
1/2 - 3/4 inch distance b/w longest toe and front of shoe
How long does it take for the cardiovascular system to return to normal values in an athlete who has gone from sea level to high altitudes?
10 to 14 days
Which of the following best describes the recommended percentage of total calories from protein, fat, and carbohydrates for most physically active adults?
10-15% protein, 30% fat, 55-65% carbohydrates
at what rate should O2 be administered?
10-15l/min
how many thoracic vertebrae are there?
12 (T1-T12)
what is a normal respiration rate?
12-20 bpm
An athlete has lost 5 pounds (~2.2 kg) during the course of a practice. How much fluid must the athlete consume in order to return to normal hydration status?
120 oz (~3.5 L)
what is normal blood pressure?
120/80 mm Hg
what is the normal q-angle for males?
13 degrees
A basketball player who weighs 250 pounds (114 kg) is eating a regular, balanced diet. He is trying to build muscle and has started supplementing his diet with a commercial protein shake. What is a good range of daily total protein intake for this athlete?
135-195 grams per day
what is considered high blood pressure?
140/90
what is the normal q-angle for females
15 degrees
What is the maximum heart rate for an athlete who is 25 years old?
195
ankle of foot spica bandage size?
2 inch - 3 inch
Where does the achilles tendon injury usually occur?
2-3 cm above the area where the tendon attaches the gastrocnemius to the calcaneus
heart rate increases proportionally to excursive intensity; plateaus after?
2-3 mins
Chinstraps
2-snap, 4 snap, 6 snap 4- snap: preferred because it keeps helmet form timing forward and back
how much water does an average adult require?
2.5L/10 gasses of water per day
length of application if RICES on a finger
20 mins
__% of genital injuries result in permanent damage
20%
hypothermia :temperature loss through evaporation
20% of heat is loss thorough evaporation (66% though skin, 33% through respiratory tract)
emmetropia
20/20 vision
how many amino acids are there?
22
How long after a patient had failed a urine-specific gravity test can the patient retest?
24 hours
what is the recommended dietary amount of fiber?
25 g/day * average intake is 10-15 g/day
Glasgow Coma Scale total score ranges =
3 - 8 - coma 8 - severe head injury 9 - 12 - moderate head injury 13 - 15 - mild head injury
spiral spica bandage size?
3 inch - 4 inch
comminuted fx
3 or more fragments at fracture site
what are the vital signs you look at
3 primary vital signs: pulse, respiration, BP -LOC, -HR _breating rate _BP - temp -skin color - pupils of eyes -mvt -presence of pain
length of application if RICES on a ankle or arm
30 mins
What is the ACSM recommendation for preserving bone health in adulthood?
30 to 60 minutes of weight-bearing cardiovascular activity three to five times per week along with resistance exercises two or three times per week
for muscle re-educaiton, what frequency should be used?
30-50 PPS
Altitude Illness: Acute mountain sickness
33% chance for individuals who go to altitudes of 7,000-8,000 ft. Caused by tissue disruption in the brain that affects sodium/ potassium balance- can cause excess fluid retention within cells and subsequent occurrence of abnormal pressure.
Most good running shoes support ____ - ____ miles of running
350 - 550
how often should running shoes be replaced?
350-550 miles
how many coccygeal vertebrae are there?
4 (Co1-4)
What is the incubation period for mononucleosis?
4 - 6 weeks
how long is the inflammatory response?
4 days
shoulder spica bandage size?
4 inch- 5 inch
length of application if RICES on a thigh
45 mins
the normal aerobic capacity for most collage aged athletes is between
45-60 mL/kg/min
how many lumbar vertebrae are there?
5 (S1-S5)
how many sacral vertebrae are there?
5 (S1-S5)
tetany will occur at what freuqncy?
50 PPS
An athlete who is trying to gain weight should consume how many additional calories per day?
500 calories
groin support spica bandage size?
6 inch
During exercise what is the best-absorbed fluid and energy replacement formula?
6% carbohydrate-electrolyte solution with fructose and sucrose
Adult pulse
60-80 beats/minute (or 60-100)
About ___% of heat is lost through evaporation during exercise
65%
hypothermia :temperature loss through radiation
65% of heat produced by body is lost through radiation (head and neck - 50% of heat loss)
how many cervical vertebrae are there?
7 (c1-c7)
normal storke volume?
70mL/beat; only increased up to 40% of maximal HR
Altitude Illness: Sickle-cell trait reaction
8-10% of AAs have sickle-cell trait- abnormality of structure of RBCs and Hb content. when abnormal Hb molecules become deoxygenated as a result of high altitude, cells tend to clump (this process causes an abnormal sickle shape to RBC, with can be destroyed easily) Can cause an enlarged spleen, which in some cases has ruptured at high altitudes.
Child pulse
80-100 bpm
what is a normal pulse ?
80-100 bpm
To prevent overuse throwing injuries among high school baseball pitchers, what is the pitch limit per game?
90 per game, with a two-game limit per week
Which of the following best trains an athlete for increased power?
90% of one-repetition maximum
with what rectal temperature is mild hyperthermia?
< 104 degrees F
hypothermia: when does shivering cease?
< 85-90 F
BMI classifications
<18.5 = underweight 18.5 - 24.9 = normal weight 25.0 - 29.9 = overweight 30 and > = obese
high altitude cerebral edema (HACE)
>9000 ft - life threatening - increased cerebral edema -severe headache, hallucinations, bizzare behavior, Loss of coordination, paralysis -bring to lower altitude
Which is the best timing and composition for a pre-competition meal?
A bowl of wheat pasta with meat sauce, low-fat milk, and orange juice four hours before the game
Which of the following findings on a female student athlete's pre-participation examination would most likely impact her ability to begin training with the cross-country team?
A hemoglobin level of 25%
Fixed Budget
A method in which expenditures and revenues are projected on a monthly basis, thereby providing an estimate of cash flow.
Variable Budgeting
A method requiring adjustment of monthly expenditures so that they do not exceed revenues.
Line-item Budgeting
A method that allocated a fixed amount of money for each subfunction of a program
Lump-Sum Budgeting
A method that allocates a fixed amount of money for an entire program without specifying how the money will be spent.
Zero Based Budget
A model that requires justification for every budget line time without reference to previous spending patterns.
Which of the following provides the most cost-efficient and reliable support for an athlete with a history of ankle sprains?
A verified commercial ankle brace
The athlete's final profile lists the following deficits in her fitness: •Lacks upper-body strength •Lacks core strength Select all the exercises recommended for increasing core strength. a. Push jerk b. Front squat c. Hang clean d. Lat pulldown e. Abdominal crunch f. Shoulder press
A, B, C, F a. Push jerk b. Front squat c. Hang clean f. Shoulder press
The patient would like some recommendations for a low-fat diet. In the following list, select the sources of fat that are best to include as regular parts of this patient's diet. Choose all that apply. a. Olive oil b. Peanuts c. Salt pork d. Fish fat e. Whole milk f. Egg yolk g. Palm oil h. Pepperoni
A, B, D a. Olive oil b. Peanuts d. Fish fat
The athlete's final profile lists the following deficits in her fitness: •Lacks upper-body strength •Lacks core strength Select all the exercises that are best for increasing upper-body strength. a. Incline bench press b. Dumbbell alternating curl c. Lunge d. Seated row e. Back squat f. Triceps pushdown
A, B, D, F a. Incline bench press b. Dumbbell alternating curl d. Seated row f. Triceps pushdown
What factors are important for successful testing and administration of a fitness assessment? Select all that apply. a. Allow athletes to warm up. b. Allow athletes to ask questions about the testing. c. Encourage teammates to attend testing. d. Sequence testing so that aerobic testing is last. e. All tests should be done on the same day. f. Give test scores right after each trial g. Demonstrate the test.
A, B, D, F, G a. Allow athletes to warm up. b. Allow athletes to ask questions about the testing. d. Sequence testing so that aerobic testing is last. f. Give test scores right after each trial g. Demonstrate the test.
The athletic trainer plans to administer several tests of aerobic and anaerobic fitness. Of the following tests, which will evaluate the athlete's anaerobic capacity? Select all that apply. a. 40-yard (37 m) dash b. 12-minute run c. 300-yard (274 m) shuttle d. Hexagon test e. Bench press (1 repetition) f. Sit-and-reach test g. 1.5-mile (2.4 km) run
A, C, D, E, F a. 40-yard (37 m) dash c. 300-yard (274 m) shuttle d. Hexagon test e. Bench press (1 repetition f. Sit-and-reach
Which individuals are susceptible to heat-related illnesses? Select all that apply. a. Males b. Those with previous cold injury c. Young d. Those with febrile conditions e. Those with large muscle mass f. Those who weigh in g. Sleep-deprived individuals h. Those who have spinal cord injuries and are in wheelchairs
A, C, D, E, G, H a. Males c. Young d. Those with febrile conditions e. Those with large muscle mass g. Sleep-deprived individuals h. Those who have spinal cord injuries and are in wheelchairs
What types of things might the athletic trainer do to prevent hyperthermia? Select all that apply. a. Have athletes wear breathable wicking fabrics. b. Monitor each athlete's body temperature periodically throughout practice. c. Have athletes eat food high in fiber. d. Have the athletes consume large amounts of protein, caffeine, and fluids. e. Sit out all athletes with prior heat or cold injuries. f. Have athletes acclimatize at least two weeks in advance of practices. g. Weigh athletes before and after practice.
A, F, G a. Have athletes wear breathable wicking fabrics f. Have athletes acclimatize at least two weeks in advance of practices. g. Weigh athletes before and after practice.
fat soluble vitamins
A,D,E, K
Which budgeting model allows an organization to compare actual costs incurred to the allowed costs for each activity?
A. Zero based-Start at zero B. Spending Ceiling C. Fixed D.Variable
acetylsalicylic Acid
AKA aspirin - one of the most widely used analgesics, antiinflammatories, and antipyretics -associated with a lot of GI problems - should be avoided by atheltes in contact sports b/c it prolongs blood clotting
the most usable form of energy for muscular activity
ATP
how to assess level of consciousness
AVPU -alert -responds to voice -responds to painful stimulus -unresponsive
When does a football helmet need to be reconditioned?
According to manufacturer's warranty
Who must be educated regarding infection-control policies and procedures?
Administration, coaches, athletes, and custodians
Respiration rate adult vs children
Adult: 12-20 bpm Children 12 bpm
When putting together a fitness testing assessment, which tests should be done last?
Aerobic capacity tests
Which of the following is an intrinsic risk factor for injury?
Age
Airborne Direct Indirect Vector a. Coughing b. Mosquito bite c. Sexual intercourse d. Soiled gauze pads
Airborne = coughing Direct = sexual intercourse Indirect = soiled gauze pads Vector = mosquito bite
Which of the following is most likely to contribute to hypothermia?
Alcohol
Of the following drugs or substances, which predispose an athlete to heat illness?
Alcohol, caffeine, and asthma medications
ACDU scale
Alert, Confused, Drowsy, Unresponsive
Which items on a physical or health history form would be recognized as a concern for further investigation? a. Hemoglobinuria b. Blood pressure 160/70 Hgmm c. Anemia d. History of repeated episodes of diarrhea e. Absent testicle f. Controlled diabetes g. Furuncles
All except for F a. Hemoglobinuria b. Blood pressure 160/70 Hgmm c. Anemia d. History of repeated episodes of diarrhea e. Absent testicle g. Furuncles
What does the wet bulb globe temperature (WBGT) measure?
Ambient air temperature, humidity, and solar radiant energy
During the pre-participation physical examination, which of the following patients would the athletic trainer suspect has decreased joint stability?
An ectomorph
Which athlete is most likely to suffer a heat-related illness?
An overweight athlete who uses a wheelchair (from a spinal cord injury) wearing a cotton shirt and taking laxatives
Stages of Proliferation
Angiogenesis: is a transiet phase during which lots of new blood vessels are formed (which later diaper) Collagen Synthesis: collagenization is the process of manufacturing and laying down collagen in the wound space. Wound contracture: pulls the sides of the wound together in an attempt to close it.
During a high school basketball training camp, a young boy complains of knee pain after landing from a jump shot. He reports hearing a popping sound when the injury occurred. Which of the following is the most likely explanation?
Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tear
Compartments of the low leg
Anterior: Tib ant, EDL, EHL Posterior Superficial: Gastroc, soleus, plantaris Posterior Deep: FDL, EHL, popliteus, tibial a.v.n Lateral: peroneus longus and brevis. Peroneal n.
What methods or procedures can be undertaken to prevent skin irritation of an athlete's ankle as part of preventive taping?
Apply lace and heel pads, then put on underwrap
It has been determined that this is a first-degree ankle sprain. The athletic trainer elects to use this injury as an opportunity to teach a student how to tape an ankle. For this closed basketweave ankle taping, match each pattern of tape application with the correct number of pieces of tape and the direction in which they should be placed. Check your answers for feedback. As many strips as it takes anterior to posterior Three inferior to superior Two in a circular pattern Two laterally and anterior to posterior a. Stirrups b. Heel locks c. Figure eights d. Closing strips
As many strips as it takes anterior to posterior = d Three inferior to superior = a Two in a circular pattern = c Two laterally and anterior to posterior = b
Which eye condition is improved by wearing contact lenses?
Astigmatism
using a stethoscope to listen to movement of air or fluid within the body and characterizing the sound according to intensity, frequency, and quality. Commonly used to assess heart and lung function, circulatory impairment and bowel sounds
Auscultation
Preisner's Disease
Avascular necrosis of the scaphoid bone due to improper healing of fx and boor blood supply
How can an athlete who participates in an outdoor sport and is prone to anaphylactic shock brought on by bee stings help to prevent bee stings?
Avoid using deodorants and perfumes.
what is the formula to determine BMI?
BMI = (weight in lbs x 703)/heigh in inches squared
what components should be included in the cardiac assessment to identify risks of complications or sudden deaths
BP to determine if it is elevated pulse rate - pulse rates less than 60 (sometimes as low as 48) are common in athletes who are physically fit and exercise regularly Auscultation of the heart for evidence of murmurs or abnormal beats
In which sport(s) are athletes allowed to wear a padded fiberglass cast?
Baseball, softball, football, and soccer
When making a psychosocial referral, what are the most important personal characteristics to identify in a mental health caregiver?
Being open or receptive, encouraging, and action oriented
Match each athletic ability with the corresponding assessment. Check your answers for feedback. Bench press (1 repetition) Hexagon test Partial curl-up (75-max repetition) Sit-and-reach test Standing long jump 12-minute run 40-yard (37 m) dash 300-yard (274 m) shuttle a. Aerobic capacity b. Agility c. Anaerobic capacity d. Endurance e. Flexibility f. Muscular power g. Muscular strength h. Speed
Bench press (1 repetition) = muscular strength Hexagon test = agility Partial curl-up (75-max repetition) = endurance Sit-and-reach test = flexibility Standing long jump = muscular power 12-minute run = aerobic capacity 40-yard (37 m) dash = speed 300-yard (274 m) shuttle = anaerobic capacity
If a person were to represent herself as an athletic trainer before passing her BOC certification examination, what national standard has this person violated?
Both the BOC Standards of Professional Practice and NATA Code of Ethics
Which of the national standards prohibits an athletic trainer from gambling on an athletic activity in which he or she has direct influence?
Both the BOC Standards of Professional Practice and NATA Code of Ethics
What form of mental health therapy works best for a patient who is highly resistant and has low motivation for intervention?
Brief therapy, solution focused
deficiency that causes scurvy
C
As the athletic trainer begins the assessment of this patient, which pieces of information are health information that the athletic trainer needs to know? Choose all that apply. a. The patient's goal is to be healthy. b. The age at which the patient had her first menstrual cycle. c. The family history of this patient includes a mother with high blood pressure and a father with diabetes. d. The patient runs three miles three times per week. e. The patient does not consume alcohol. f. The patient does not use tobacco products. g. The patient's current blood pressure is 136/84. h. The patient does not monitor her diet. i. The patient has no health issues. j. The patient does not take any medications. k. The patient does not use any illegal drugs. l. The patient's total cholesterol level is 220 (borderline high) m. The patient's blood glucose tolerance level is 144mgdL.
C, D, F, G, I, J, K L, M c. The family history of this patient includes a mother with high blood pressure and a father with diabetes. d. The patient runs three miles three times per week. f. The patient does not use tobacco products. g. The patient's current blood pressure is 136/84. i. The patient has no health issues. j. The patient does not take any medications. k. The patient does not use any illegal drugs. l. The patient's total cholesterol level is 220 (borderline high) m. The patient's blood glucose tolerance level is 144mgdL.
water soluble vitamins
C, b-complex- thaimin, riboflavin, niacin, b6, folate, b12, biotin, pantothenic acid - can't be stored int he body
In the cervical spine what is considered the atlas?
C1
what makes up the Atlantoaxial joint?
C1 and C2
In the cervical spine what is considered the Axis?
C2
Where does the brachial plexus arise from?
C5, C6, C7, C8 & T1
deep tendon reflex of brachioradials
C6
deep tendon reflex of extensor digitorum
C6
deep tendon reflex of triceps
C7
carbohydrates
CHO intake should account for 5-60% of total caloric intake ( most efficient source of energy)
Eating Disorder HS Athlete
Call Parents, Facilitate an initial intervention with the athlete and qualified personnel , Refer the athlete to qualified medical personnel
Patients with large waist circumference are at a higher risk for what type of disease?
Cancer
No pulse
Cardiac arrest or death
Irregular or gasping
Cardiac compromise
Neurogenic shock
Caused by general vessel dilation, which does not allow typical six liters of blood to fill system, decreasing oxygen transport
Frothy with blood breaths
Chest injury
Which of the following best describes the areas of a female's body that are used during skinfold measurement?
Chest, thigh, abdomen, triceps, suprailium, midaxilla, subscapula, and calf
What is the color of urine when an athlete is hydrated properly?
Clear to light yellow
What is the medical term that describes a dangerous increase in pressure within the muscles?
Compartment syndrome
Phases of Repair: Phases of Remodeling
Contracture: is the first process, is the collapsing of the capillary arcade. Restructuring: the second process,the collagen itself is restructured. This occurs concurrently with contraction. The collagen fibers are reorganized form the haphazard way the were laid down to parallel arrangement.
Breast protective devises should support:
Cooper's ligaments
How can the distance of a lightning strike be determined if a lightning detector is not available?
Count the number of seconds from the strike to the sound of thunder. The number of seconds divided by 5 equates to the number of miles.
What sport can an athlete participate in if he or she has an acute venous thromboembolism and is taking anticoagulants?
Cross country
What are the 5 C risk factors for CA-MRSA?
Crowding Contact Compromised skin Contaminated surfaces Cleanliness
Which type of glenohumeral shoulder stabilizer is best for a football player in hot, humid weather?
Cuff-type stabilizer
A patient with a forearm contusion requires a hard-shell pad. What is the best way to construct this pad to ensure pressure is taken off the area of the contusion during competition?
Cut a felt piece the size of the contusion. Heat the thermoldable plastic, place the malleable plastic over the felt, and wrap in place. Once it cools, remove the felt and cut a doughnut hole of softer foam; place it over the edges of the contusion. Cut foam to cover the plastic shell.
deficiency that causes rickets
D
What recommendations should the athletic trainer make to prevent the spread of skin diseases? Select all that apply. a. Athletes must shower before practices. b. Apply antibiotic ointment to lesions. c. All clothing and equipment should be disinfected weekly. d. Clean all locker rooms, showers, and practice facilities daily. e. Athletes must take supplements. f. Athletes must shower after practice. g. Cover all lesions.
D, F, G d. Clean all locker rooms, showers, and practice facilities daily. f. Athletes must shower after practice. g. Cover all lesions.
How often should weight room equipment be inspected for damage, loose screws, and cables?
Daily
What exercise most likely needs the support from a weight belt?
Deadlift with heavy load
hypovolemic shock
Decreased blood volume resulting in poor oxygen transport (shock b/c of blood loss)
This condition can be induced by sitting for long periods of time without activity.
Deep Vein Thrombosis
An athlete playing which football position is most likely to have a cervical spine injury resulting from head-down contact?
Defensive back
Which of the following football players should wear cantilevered shoulder pads?
Defensive linemen
Hammer Toes
Description: Hyperextension of the MTP & DIP joints and flexion of the PIP joint of the lateral 4 toes. Deviation: Contracture of the associated toe extensors & flexors; inability of the interosseous muscles to hold the proximal phalanx in the neutral position.
Claw Toes
Description: Hyperextension of the MTP joint & flexion of the PIP & DIP joints. Claw toes affect the lateral 4 toes. Deviation: Progressive contracture of the interosseous or lumbrical muscles (or both).
Dupuytren's Contracture
Development of nodule in the palmar aponeurosis that limits finger extension and eventually causes a flexion deformity
pulse definition
Direct extension of heart function
Which best describes the female athlete triad?
Disordered eating, amenorrhea, and osteoporosis
Of the following, which is most likely to cause an increased frequency of muscle twitches to potentially cause muscle cramps?
Diuretics
What is the best way to determine medical history and the nature of the current emergency of an unconscious patient?
Do a head-to-toe examination checking for grimaces or moans and a medical alert tag.
A patient asks the athletic trainer to modify a piece of equipment that does not fit properly. What should the athletic trainer do to limit liability?
Do not modify the equipment and do not allow the patient to play with the improperly fitted equipment.
Which of the following is an indication that an athlete is suffering from a chronic injury instead of an acute injury?
Dull ache when the body is at rest
Which form of stretching has been found to improve running performance?
Dynamic
What is the best way to prevent hyponatremia?
Eat foods with sodium.
How can athletic trainers assist in reducing the risk of overuse injuries in youth?
Encourage youth to participate in a variety of sports.
the form of alcohol found in alcoholic beverages, flavorings and some medications. It is a multi system toxin and CNS depressant
Ethanol
Which heat-loss mechanism is the most effective in warm, humid weather?
Evaporation
What must the athletic trainer check before administering an OTC medication?
Expiration date of medication
Which form of communication is best for interaction because it has the lowest risk of interference?
Face-to-face
In aging populations, which type of muscle fibers are lost most frequently?
Fast-twitch type IIa and type IIx fibers
A patient who is 18 years of age chooses to participate in athletics against medical advice. What law, act, or statute gives the patient the legal right to participate?
Federal Rehabilitation Act
Female BP
Females are usually 8-10 mmHg less than males
Athletes in which of the following sports are required by the NCAA and NFHS to wear mouth guards?
Field hockey, tackle football, ice hockey, and lacrosse
proper crutch fitting
First: 2-3 inches between the axillae and the axillary pads. Second: adjust the hand piece to ~30 degrees and the wrist is in a comfortable weight-bearing position. the three pint giant is preferred.
Which of the following would NOT contribute to the development of a heat-related illness during exercise?
Frequent water breaks
Divides the body or parts into anterior (front) and posterior (rear) sections - example: arm during backstroke in swimming
Frontal (coronal)
Which condition is likely to result from a sedentary lifestyle along with high intake of sugar?
Gallbladder problems
A patient with insulin dependency is moving to a high-altitude area to exercise. What must the patient know about glycemic control at high altitudes?
Glucose monitors have problems with reliability at high altitude.
This muscle originates below the iliac crest and inserts at the top of the greater trochanter
Gluteus medius
what is the common name for inflammation of the medial epicondyle on the inside of the elbow?
Golfer's elbow little leaguers elbow thrower's elbow
caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae and should be suspected with urinary infections
Gonorrhea
Grades of Strains
Grade 1- some fibers stretched/ torn; some TTP and pain with AROM; painful movement but ROM WNL Grade 2- several fibers have been torn, active contraction is very painful, palpable divot/ depression; swelling and possible discoloration due to capillary bleeding. Grade 3- complete rupture of muscle; significant impairment or total loss of movement; pain quickly subsides
types of 3rd party payers
HMO, PPO, POS, EPO, PHO, TPA, Mediare, Medicaid, workers comp, indemnity plans, capitation
HRR=?
HRmax-HRrest
L5 myotome pattern
Hallux Extension
An athlete with known diabetes mellitus has a hypoglycemic reaction during an athletic event. What should be done to begin treatment?
Have the athlete drink 4 ounces of juice or soda, then reassess in 15 minutes
During soccer practice, a player falls against the goal post and has a large laceration on his arm that is bleeding. Which of the following is the most appropriate immediate treatment of the injury?
Have the goalie apply pressure to the wound using a clean cloth while retrieving a pair of gloves
Which of the following is NOT an appropriate step to take when initiating treatment for cold injury to the feet?
Have the individual place the feet near a space heater to help gradually thaw the feet
Which exposed body part is most likely to lose body heat more quickly?
Head
What is an adverse effect of using growth hormones?
Heart disease
Rapid and strong pulse
Heatstroke & fright
HIPAA ( Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act)
Helps employees transfer their health insurance when they switch employers, ensures that their health info will remain private and give people more access to their own healthcare administration
The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) mandates that any employee who is at risk for exposure to blood-borne pathogens must be offered a vaccination for which of the following conditions?
Hepatitis B
How can tendons, ligaments, and fascia be encouraged to improve net growth?
High-intensity loading
What is the examiner looking for during the PPE when a client does the duck walk?
Hip, knee, and ankle motion
What positive test identifies a deep vein thrombosis?
Homan's sign
To prevent the spread of infectious disease, what type of cleaning agent should be used on wrestling mats?
Hospital broad-spectrum disinfectant
What are the 12 cranial nerves (in order)
I. Olfactory II. Optic III. Oculomotor IV. Throchlear V. Trigeminal VI. Abducens VII. Facial VIII. Vestibulocochlear IX. Glossopharyngeal X. Vagus XI. Accessory XII. Hypoglossal
What cranial nerve would you assess for smell?
I. Olfactory (ask athlete to close their eyes and identify the smell)
What cranial nerve would you assess for vision?
II. Optic (test visual acuity and ability to recognize color)
What cranial nerve would you assess for eye muscles and pupil response?
III. Oculomotor (use penlight, assess size, shape, reaction to light and accommodation of pupils)
What cranial nerve would you assess for upward movement of the eye?
IV. Trochlear (have person follow your finger in a vertical plane)
Boutonniere Deformity
Impairment: Extension of the MCP & DIP joints and flexion of the PIP joint; acutely, the PIP joint can be passively extended in those with boutonniere deformities but active PIP extension is absent. Pathology: A rupture of the central extensor tendon.
Volkmann's Ischemic Contracture
Impairment: Flexion contracture of the wrist & fingers (claw fingers) resulting in limited extension at these joints. Pathology: A decrease in the blood supply to the forearm muscles; Volkmann's contracture can occur after a forearm fracture, fracture or dislocation of the elbow, or forearm compartment syndrome.
Pdeudo-Boutonniere Deformity
Impairment: In pseudo-boutonniere deformities, passive & active PIP extension are limited. Pathology: A rupture of the volar plate.
Dupuytren's Contacture
Impairment: Involved fingers assume excessively flexed resting position. Inability to passively or actively extend MCP and PIP joints of the involved finger. Pathology: flexion contracture of the MCP and PIP joints is caused by a shortening or adhesion of the palmar fascia. Hereditary. Usually affects 4th and 5th.
contagious itchy bacterial infection of the skin, commonly on the face or hands causing clusters of blisters or sores
Impetigo
Mallet Finer
Inability to actively extend the distal phalanx. Assumes posture of flexion. Pathology: avulsion of the EDL tendon.
Jersey Finger
Inability to actively flex the DIP joint. Pathology: avulsion of the flexor digitorum profundus.
Which of the following best explains the increased dietary protein needs for a training athlete?
Increased need for tissue repair
What are the health risks associated with drinking sugared soft drinks at least twice per day?
Increased risk of insulin resistance and diabetes
When wrapping a hip flexor strain, what is the position of the patient who is being wrapped?
Involved leg is in a neutral position with the knee slightly bent
What happens to ATP storage with aerobic endurance training?
It increases.
How long does it take for a strenuously exercising athlete to deplete the glycogen content of the liver?
It takes about 2 hours.
deep tendon reflex of adductor
L2
deep tendon reflex of patella
L4
The sciatic nerve arises from?
L4, L5, S1, S2, & S3
Superficial reflexes of gluteal
L4, S1
Using the abdominal quadrants shown in the photo as a guide, choose one of the four quadrants for each of the organs listed.
Left kidney = ULQ appendix = LRQ gall bladder = URQ stomach = ULQ spleen = ULQ left ureter = LLQ right ureter = LRQ
Which of the following is considered an open kinetic chain exercise?
Leg (knee) extension on a machine
In training room design, it is important to have signage. Which of the following signs need to be in the training room?
Location of the AED
Respiratory shock
Lungs are unable to supply enough oxygen to circulating blood
Unhappy/Terrible Triad
MOI: valgus force with foot planted in slight ER Damage: MCL , ACL, and medial meniscus
What types of meals cause dehydration?
Meals high in protein and low in carbohydrate
BP defintion
Measured with sphygmomanometer indicating arterial pressure (and stethoscope)
divides the body or parts into right and left sections - example: movement of criterion arm during serve in tennis pulling arms upward
Median (mid-sagittal)
This nerve branches from the brachial plexus, travels down the arm and forearm through the carpal tunnel.
Median Nerve
What foods have a low glycemic index (less than 55)?
Milk and grapefruit
Regardless of sex, which intrinsic characteristics predispose a patient to overuse injury?
More explosive strength, tall stature, less static strength, ligamentous laxity, and large Q angle
At what point on the body mass index (BMI) scale is there often an increased risk of health problems associated with excess body fat?
More than 25
NOCSAE
National Operating Committee on Standards for Athletic Equipment
This committee researches and establishes standards regarding protective equipment.
National Operating Committee on Standards of Athletic Equipment (NOCSAE)
What professional can be involved in medical history review for the PPE?
Nurse
OSHA
Occupational Safety and Health Administration
Healing response: Phagocytosis
PMNs (polymorphonuclear neutrophils) are first on scene- good at killing bacteria, but not good at dealing with interstitial debris; eventually die off and create a toxic environment. -Mononuclear phagocytes/ Macrophages are next -Once debris is removed: - blood coagulates, exudates coagulates to form a network of fibrin to localize injury - epithelial cells migrate align edges of wound/ injury and fibroblast enter to regrow capillaries
Ape Hand
Palsy of the median nerve, thumb is pulled backward in line with other fingers by extensors
What is a PICO question?
Patient Intervention Comparison Outcome
Which of the following training activities is the best implementation of the SAID principle (specific adaptation to imposed demands) for a high jumper?
Performing plyometric depth jumps
What is the proper technique for cleaning medical instruments?
Place instruments in approved instrument-cleaning solution for a minimum of 10 minutes.
Which is the best instruction for using crutches to go down stairs?
Place the crutches on the first step down. The injured leg remains over the crutch tips, and then the non-injured leg swings through to the step down.
What piece of equipment is most likely to be carried by an athletic trainer to be used in conjunction with cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)?
Pocket mask
What is the primary method for developing both speed and agility?
Proper mechanics
What is the role of nutrition in tissue synthesis?
Proteins are basic building blocks of bones, muscles, and skin.
deep tendon reflex of achilles
S1
Which of the following is a sociocultural factor for disordered eating?
Sport type
Which of the following is an example of a complex carbohydrate?
Sweet potato
Superficial reflexes of lower abdominal
T11,12
By sport-specific rules, which sport(s) have bleeding time-outs?
Tennis and wrestling
inflammation of the lateral epicondyle is known as ____ and affects the extensor carpi radialis brevis muscle
Tennis elbow
When designing equipment, which factor can help reduce potential injury?
The absorption of energy
What is the best plan for an athlete who has been diagnosed with overtraining syndrome?
The athlete can be active but not in his chosen sport, and he must decrease activity by half.
The workspace station of the athletic trainer needs to fit the individual. Which best describes an ergonomically fit space?
The chair allows for the feet to touch the floor.
Which of the following best describes how to fit an ice hockey helmet?
The helmet should fit snuggly on the forehead, top, and sides of the head.
During the PPE, a patient is shown to have vision of 20/10. What does this mean?
The patient can read the letters on the Snellen eye chart on the 10-foot line while standing 20 feet from the chart.
When should the athletic trainer refer a patient for substance abuse?
The patient has a persistent desire but unsuccessful effort to control or cut down substance use and gives up activities because of substance use.
When performing a peer review of a patient's medical condition, which of the following is true regarding the patient's confidentiality?
The peer reviewers must hold all information derived from the medical case confidential.
Which of the following types of skin is most likely to be sunburned?
Thin and white in color
An athletic trainer may have been exposed to a bloodborne pathogen. How long must documentation of this exposure be kept?
Thirty years from the date of the end of employment
This nerve branches from the sciatic nerve, travels down the back of the leg, through the popliteal fossa at the back of the knee and terminates at the plantar side of the foot.
Tibial nerve
What special tests would be positive if a person is suffering from carpal tunnel syndrome?
Tinel's sign Phalen's test Oriental Prayer test
What is the primary purpose of research in injury surveillance?
To discover injury patterns and be able to modify rules and behaviors to prevent injury
What is the purpose of certification and licensure?
To protect the public
What is the purpose of obtaining baseline neurological screening of the brain?
To track a patient's recovery from injury
Divides the body or parts into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) sections - example: bat swing in baseball movement of criterion arm in bball jump shot movement of criterion arm in forehand drive (tennis)
Transverse (horizontal)
What special test evaluates for weakness of the gluteus medius?
Trendelenburg test
T/F ligaments are strongest in their middle and weakest at their ends.
True
T/F: Treatment for mononucleosis is mcnally supportive as there is no treatment for the virus
True treatment includes rest, acetaminophen or ibuprofen, and adequate fluid intake
Which of the following diseases or conditions requires the standard precaution that the athletic trainer wear a mask covering the nose and mouth?
Tuberculosis
How often should the athletic trainer educate tackle football players on the risks of head-down contact in a season?
Twice: once at the beginning and midway through the season
slater harris fx
Type 1: separation of the phys plate Type 2: separation of the growth plate and small part of metaphysis Type 3: fx of the phys Type 4: fx of prtion of physis and metaphysis Type 5: crushing force (growth deformity)
the types of acoustic modalities
US therapeutic ultrasound phonophoresis
This nerve branches from the brachial plexus and travel down the arm from the shoulder, traveling along the anterior forearm beside the ulna, to the palm of the hand.
Ulnar nerve
Which characteristic is a likely predictor of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)?
Unrealistic expectations about one's own abilities or distorted self-image
What cranial nerve would you assess for chewing and sensory examination?
V. Trigeminal (with eyes closed, person indicates the part of the face being touched)
What cranial nerve would you assess for lateral movement of the eyes?
VI. Abducens (have person follow your finger in a horizontal and vertical axis (W) check for nystagmus or deviation
What cranial nerve would you assess for the ability of a person to frown?
VII. Facial (have patient frown, smile and puff out cheeks, checking for symmetry)
What cranial nerve would you assess for balance and hearing?
VIII. Vestibulocochlear (tandem gait and Romberg's test. Hearing is checked with person's eyes closed and rubbing fingers together next to their ear. Have them identify which side they hear the noise. )
antioxidants
Vitamin C, E, and beta carotene
Which nutritional factor positively influences bone density?
Vitamin D intake
Select the answer that best describes the NCAA recommendation for reducing cold stress.
Warm up thoroughly.
When can the athletic trainer breach confidentiality?
When another person is in clear and imminent danger
When is the best time for an athlete to exhale during weightlifting?
When the athlete is in the concentric phase of the lift
In a clinical setting, when can a client be billed for reimbursement?
When the athletic trainer corrects the form of the client doing exercise
What is the NOCSAE standard for football helmets regarding eye protection?
Wire face mask and a polycarbonate eye shield
When is heat syncope most likely to occur?
Within the first five days of practice before acclimatization occurs
Which sport has athletes who tend to be nutritionally compromised as a result of the need to strive for a lean body?
Wrestling and gymnastics
Increase in muscles temperature results in?
^ elasticity (degree muscles can be stretched), ↓viscosity (rate which muscles can change shape)
what is a ball and socket joint?
a ball and socket joint is ( multiaxial), rounded head and fits into a concavity, which permits movement on several axes (hip, shoulder)
processes
a collection of steps designed to direct the most important task of an organization
profession
a commitment to certain characteristics that set professionals apart from nonprofessional groups
Vision statement
a concise statement that describes the ideal statement to which an organization aspires
exertional hyponatremia
a condition involving a fluid/ electrolyte disorder that results in an abnormally low concentration of sodium in the blood.
medical insurance definition
a contract between an insurance company and a policy holder in which the insurance company agrees to reimburse a portion of the total medicine bill after some deductible is met by the policyholder
WOTS UP analysis
a data collection and appraised technique designed to determine an organization's ( weakness, opportunities, threats, and strengths underlying planning)
certification
a form of title protection, established by state law or sponsored by professional associations, designed to ensure that practitioners have essential knowledge and skills sufficient to protect the public
Gannt Chart
a graphic planning and controlled technique that maps discrete tasks on a calendar
torts
a legal wrong, other than breach of contract, for which a remedy will be provided, usually in the form of monetary damages.
exemption
a legislative mechanism used to release members of one profession from the liability of violating another professions practice act (PT, PA,etc.)
PERT (Program Evaluation and Review Techniques)
a method of graphically depicting the time line for and interrelationship of different stages of a program.
lump-sum budgeting
a parent organization provides an athletic trainer with a fixed sum of money and the authority to spend that money in any way he sees fit, requires an administrator to hold athletic trainers accountable after the fact
trauma
a physical injury or wound that is produced by an external or internal force
what is a pivot joint?
a pivot joint is (uniaxial), a round process of bone that fits into a bony ligamentous socket allows rotation. (atlantoaxial joint)
sclerotomic pain
a sclerotome is an area of bone or fascia that is supplied by a single nerve rot. its deep, aching, and poorly localized pain
a strong but slow pulse could mean
a skull fracture or stroke
code of ethics
a systemized set of standards or principles that define ethical behavior appropriate for profession; moral values determine the standard or principles
primary coverage
a type of health / medical/ accident insurance that beings to pay for covered expenses immediately after a deductible has been paid
neutrophils
a type of leukocyte
mission statement
a written expression of an organizations philosophy, purpose, and characteristics
Swan Neck Deformity
a. Impairment: Characterized by flexion of the MCP & DIP joints & hyperextension of the PIP joint b. Pathology: Can be caused by a wide range of pathologies, including volar plate injuries, malunion fractures of the middle phalanx, trauma to the finger flexor or extensor muscles, or rheumatoid arthritis.
Claw Hand
a. Impairment: Weakness & atrophy of the hand intrinsic muscles results in extension of the MCP joint & flexion of the PIP & DIP joints b. Pathology: Ulnar & median nerve involvement
Bishops Deformity
a. Impairment: Weakness & atrophy of the hypothenar, interossei, & medial 2 lumbricals causes the medial fingers to assume a resting posture of flexion in the PIP & DIP joints. Extension of these joints is limited. b. Pathology: Inhibition of the ulnar nerve; also known as "Benediction deformity."
Ape Hand
a. Impairment: Weakness & atrophy of the muscles of the thenar eminence results in overemphasis of the extensor muscles, which pull the thumb parallel with the fingers. Opposition & flexion of the MCP & IP are weakened. b. Pathology: Median nerve neuropathy
modulation
ability of the electrical stimulating unit to change ithe maginute or duration of a waveform - continuous, interrupted, or surged for biphasic, monophasic, or pulsatile currents
proprioception
ability to determine where you are in space
dysplasia
abnormal development of tissue
contracture
abnormal shortening muscle tissue (great resistance to passive stretch). Associated with a joint that develops unyielding scar tissue because of muscle injury
exudate
accumulation of fluid that penetrates through vessel walls into and joint extravascular space
drugs to reduce inflammation
acetylsalisic acid NSAIDs
Strategies for managing risk: Transference
activities associated with high financial risk but low frequency of activity ( catastrophic sports injury) or lower financial risk but high frequency (features, joints, injuries requiring surgery)
ADL
activities of daily living
exercise
activities the patient performs to being about a desired response.
Strategies for managing risk: Retention
activities with an acceptable level of risk that are viewed as part of the cost of doing business
indicates failure to acclimatize, may be mild to severe and often presents with headache, lethargy, nausea, confusion, unsteady gait, and dyspnea. occurs 6 - 24 hours after ascent
acute mountain sickness (AMS)
what are the symptoms of plantar fasciitis?
acute pain in heel - often first thing in the morning
insurance: riders
additional to standard insurance policy that provide coverage for conditions that are not normally covered
normal respiration for adults and children
adult: 12-20 kid: 15-20
a type of training utilized to increase the production of energy to meet demands of athletic activities, such as running, swimming and cycling
aerobic endurance training
Common Cold Injuries: Frost Nip- TX
affected areas can be treated with early sustained pressure of hand (without rubbing), by blowing hot breath on the spot, or by placing fingers in armpits
secondary survery
after no life threatening injury is established, takes a closer look at the injury, gatehrs info from patient, systematically assesses vitals and sx and allows for more detailed eval of injury
TX: for exertional heatstroke
agressive and immédiate whole-body cooling - cool environment, strip of clothing, immerse athlete in cool water bath (35-58 F); try to lower rectal temperature to 101F; call EMS
bluish skin indicates
airy obstruction or respiratory insufficiency
acetaminophen
aka tylenol - an effective analgesic and antipyretic but has no anti-inflammatory activity -often a replacement for aspirin because doesn't irritate GI system
football helmets
all helmets must have NOCSAE certification (not necessarily fail-safe, however- exterior warning label)
primary insurance coverage
all medical expenses are paid for by the institution (instituion pays a high premium for this type of coverage)
Peripheral nervous system (PNS)
all nerves outside the CNS
PNF stretching
all techniques involve some combination of alternating contraction and relaxation of both agonist and antagonist muscles and all use a 10 sec push phase followed by a 10 sec relax phase
local anesthetics
alleviate pain of movement when injected by a physician
Budgeting: Line item budgeting
allocates a fixed amount of money for each sub function of a program (difficult to move the money to another sub section of the program)
Budgeting: Lump sum budgeting
allocates a fixed mount of money for an entire program without specifying how the money will be spent; gives freedom to spend where it is needed most
Budgeting: Performance budgeting
allocates funds for discrete activities;not commonly used due to expense and difficulty of analyzing specific activities cost
types of synovial joints: Ball and socket
allow all possible movement (glenohumeral and hip joint)
misfeasance
an individual improperly does something that he or she has the legal right to do (ex: improper first aid)
Roux's law of function adaptation
an organ will adapt itself structurally to an alternation, quantitative, of function
neurosis
an unpleasant mental symptom in a person who has intact reality testing - anxiousness, depression, or an obsession
used to increase muscle mass and improve athletic performance
anabolic steroids
L4 myotome pattern
ankle dorsiflexion
Characterized by a profound fear of weight gain and severe restriction of food intake. Often accompanied by abuse of diuretics and laxatives. Can cause a delay or cessation of menses.
anorexia nervosa
What are the different types of eating disorders?
anorexia nervosa bulimia nervosa binge eating
what is the treatment for folliculitis?
antibacterial soaps and topical and oral antibiotics
Vitamin Excess: Vitamin D
appetite loss, weight loss, failure to grow
hydrotherapy
application of water
periodization
approach to conditioning that brings about the peak performance while reducing injuries and overtraining in the athlete through a conditioning programt hat is followed throughout the various seasons
amino acids
are basic units that make up proteins; most proteins are made up of approx 20 amino acids
amino acids from animals
are complete. plant proteins are not complete
proteins
are major structural components of the body ( intake should be 15-20% of total caloric intake)
Plastic lenses
are popular because they are light weight, can be made be made scratch resistant.
minerals
are stored in the body ( especially liver and bones)
apophyseal injury
are traction epiphyses in contrast to the pressure epiphyses of the long bones (severs disease, Osgood-Schlatter's disease)
Saturated fatty acids
are usually from animals (bad!)
dermatome
area of skin that is innervated by the sensory fibers of a single spinal nerve or cranial nerve
AOAP
as often as possible
heat syncope
associated with rapid physical fatigue during overexposure to heat. * caused by peripheral vasodilation of superficial vessels, hypotension, or a pooling of blood in extremities, which result in dizziness, fainting, and nausea
exertional hyponatremia: TX
athlete should be transported directly to medical facility
tinea pedis is commonly referred to as:
athletes foot fungal infection of the feet and toes
neoprene braces with medial/ lateral supports:
athletes who have injured collateral ligaments and want support
gradual acclimatization: identifying susceptible individuals
athletes with large muscle mass, overweight individuals (18% greater heat production), poor fitness levels, history of heat illness
purpose of cytokines
attract phagocytes to the site of inflammmation
Kienbock's Disease
avascular necrosis of the lunate due to torn ligament that carries blood supply to the bone
fluid and electrolyte replacement:
average adult doing minimal physical activity requires at least 2.5L of water
what equipment is required for baseball?
batting helmets, mouth guards, shin guards, chest protector, and protective mitt
effects of immobilization on ligament and bone
become weaker
gradual acclimatization
becoming accustomed to heat and also getting used to exercising in hot temperatures
good samaritan law
been enacted in most states to provide limited protection against legal liability to any individual who voluntarily choooses to provide first aid, should something go wrong
ante
before
liability
being legally responsible for the harm one causes another person
B
bilateral
S4 myotome pattern
bladder rectum
hemorrhaging
bleeding
What are the causes of a ruptured achilles tendon?
blunt trauma to the tendon excessive forced dorsiflexion of the ankle injury to a taut tendon
what is the function of bone?
body support, organ protection, movement (joint and levers), calcium storage, hematopoiesis ( form of blood cells)
what is a condyloid joint?
bondyloid joints are (biaxial) permits flexion and extension, abduction and adduction, and circumduction ( metacarpalphalangel)
non-expendable supplies
can be reused ( comparison wraps, scissors, neoprene sleeves)
expendable supplies
can not be reused ( tape, bandages, hydrogen peroxide)
ectopic calcification (myositis ossificans)
can occur in a muscle that directly overlies a bone 9quadriceps and brachial muscles) osteoid material that resembles bone rapidly accumulates. subside complete in 9-12 months or may mature into classified area.
which are the macronutrients?
carbs, fats, and proteins
no pulse means:
cardiac arrest or death
Mallet Finger
caused by a rupture of the extensor tendon from the distal phalanx, unable to extend distal phalanx
impacted fx
caused from fall of height (force directed up long axis). Requires immediate splinting by athletic trainer and traction by physician to ensue normal length pf injured limb.
Myofascial Trigger Points: Active
causes pain at rest; firm pressure usually elicits a "jump sign", tender to palpation with a referred pain pattern similar to patient's pain complaint (referred pain differentiates trigger point from tender pt)
osteoblast
cells forming bone together
Healing response: Inflammatory response phase
cellular injuries result in altered metabolism and liberation of materials of materials that initiate the inflammatory response.
What are symptoms of MRSA?
cellulitis or impetigo folliculitis, especially on face, appearing like severe pustular acne furunculosis below the hairline carbuncles involving hair follicles
ck.
check
what is the most common STD in the US
chlamydia
synarthrotic
classified as immovable
policies
clear and accurate written statements that ID basic rules and principles- to control and expedite deicsion making
ICD-9-CM (international classification of diseases)
coding systems applied to illness, injures, and other medical conditions to standardize the language associated with third party reimbursement
CP
cold pack
Common Cold Injuries: Frost Nip
commonly occurs when there is a high wind, severe cold, or both; most often affects ears, nose, cheeks, chin, finger and toes.
c/o
complains of
luxation
complete dislocations, presenting a total disunion of bone apposition
what should an athlete engage in to minimize injury and maximize performance?
conditioning
exercise is an essential factor in fitness for?
conditioning, injury prevention and injury rehabilitation
Medical insurance
contact between policyholder and insurance company to reimburse a percentage of the cost of the policyholders bills (usually after policyholder has paid a deductible)
localized response to contact with an allergen, resulting in a rash that may blister and itch
contact dermatitis
Insurance: policy
contract between an insurance company and an individual organization
what ligament do Sports Bras protect?
coopers ligament
managed care
costs of a healthcare provider's care are closely monitored and scrutinized by insurance carriers
dressing
covering, protective or supportive, that s applied to an injury or wound.
articular cartilage
covers ends of long bones; provides protection during movement, cushion against blows
If you are stuck in an open area during lighting, what position should you take?
crouch low with only feet touching the ground
CWI
crutch walking instruction
mesocycle
cycles within the macrocycle that last for several weeks or months - divided into transition, preparatory, and compeitition periods
Bishops Deformity
damage to the ulnar nerve, affect hypothenar a and intrinsic musculature of the 4th and 5th fingers
hypothermia :risk
dampness/ wetness further increase risk of hypothermia
venous bleeding
dark red with continuous flow
how long is the fibroblastic repair phase
day 4- week 6
DTR
deep tendon reflex
Common Cold Injuries: Deep frostbite
deep tissue are also frozen; medical emergency requiring prompt hospitalization. Tissue is initially cold, hard, pale, or white and numb. - rapid rewarming ( hot drinks heating pads, or hot water bottles at 100-110F) (during the process, tissue will become blotchy red, swollen, and very painful (later injury may become gangrenous, causing a loss of tissue)
Opperational planning
defines organizational activités in the short term, usually no longer than 2 years
what happens after yield point has been reached
deformation -> plastic changes
creep
deformation in the shape and/or properties of a tissue that occurs with the application of a constant load over time
plastic
deformation of tissues that exists after load is removed
osteoarthritis
degeneration of articular or hylaine cartilage (may be worn away to point of exposing, eroding, and polishing the underlying bone)
osteochondrosis
degenerative changes in the ossification centers of the epiphysis of the bone. Suggested cause is aseptic necrosis (circulation to epiphysis has been disrupted)
AROM/ dynamic flexibility
degree to which a joint can be moved by a muscle contraction (usually midrange)
PROM/ static flexibility
degree to which a joint may be passively moved to the endpoints in the ROM
The medial aspect of the ankle is stabilized by the:
deltoid ligament
periosteum
dense, white, fibrous membrane covers long bones (except at joint surface)
Dx
diagnosis
2 types of billing codes that must be used when filing an insurance claim
diagnostic and procedural codes
symptoms of iliotibial band syndrome include:
diffuse burning pain at lateral knee (usually after running or cycling for a few minutes) pain occurs earlier when inflammation increases
hypoesthesia
diminished sense of feeling
the two types of purchasing systems
direct buy and competitive bid
polarity
direction of current flow
D/C
discharge
hot dry skin indicates
disease infection overexposure to environmental heat
athletes with malignant hyperthermia should be?
disqualified from exercising in hot, humid environment.
Paronychia/Felon
distal finger infection caused by biting fingernails, small superficial cuts
astigmatism
distortion of vision
Myofascial Trigger Points: Latent
does not cause pain unless pressed upon, but may restrict movement or cause muscle weakness
hemostatic agnets
drugs that immediately inhibit bleeding
cause the muscle to lengthen, as occurs when lowering the weight
eccentric contraction
E
edema
cough meds
either supress cough (anittussives) or increases production of fluid in respiratory system (exptectorants)
Tissue properties: yield point
elastic limit of tissue
Tissue properties: mechanical failure
elastic tissue is exceeded, causing tissue to break.
properties of muscle fibers
elasticity, irritability, and conductivity
C7 myotome pattern
elbow extension/ wrist flexion
C6 myotome pattern
elbow flexion/wrist extension
ES
electrical stimulation
hyperthermia
elevated body temperature
types of synovial joints: ellipsoidal
elliptical convex head in an elliptical concave socket (wrist)
sharpey's fibers
emanate from the periosteum and penetrate the underlying bone
developmental supervision
emphasis collaboration between supervisors and supervises to help them solve problems and develop professionally
inspection production supervision
emphasis the use of formal authority and managerial prerogatives to improve employee efficiency and efficacy. ( focus on achieving goals and attainment of program mission)
shearing
equal but not directly opposite loads are applied to opposing surfaces forcing those surfaces to move in parallel directions relative to one another
Jaw pads
essential to keep helmet from racing laterally (fitting singly against cheeks)
What is the treatment for heat stroke?
evaporative cooling, rehydration, and immediate emergency transfer
hyperplasia
excessive proliferation of normal cells in the normal tissue arrangement
Tissue properties: strain
extent of deformation of tissue under loading
strain
extent of deformation of tissue under loading
Articular cartilage: elastic
external ear, eustachian tube
load
external force acting on tissues which cause internal reactions within the tissues
shoe selection: price
extra investment is worth the better performance and prevention of injury
joint sprain: grade 3
extremely painful, loss of function, severe instability tenderness and swelling
capillary bleeding
exudes from tissues and is a reddish color
negligence
failure to use ordinary or reasonable care, care that people would normally exercise to avoid injury
psychogenic shock
fainting - temporary dilation of blood bessels that reduce the normal amount of blood in the brain
who is most likely to suffer form her cramps?
fairly fit athlete who is not acclimated to the heat
impacted fx
fall from heigh, osseous tissue compressed
ribs 10-11 are classified as?
false ribs
FERPA
family educational rights and privacy. - law that protects the privacy to student educational records. - gives patients certain rights until 18
FH
family history
hypertropia
farsightedness
fast twitch fiber- type IIb
fatigue rapidly, short term, high intensity anaerobic activity
what are the macronutrients and their calorie equivalents
fats = 9 cals/gram (30% of the diet) carbohydrates = 4 cals/gram (55% of the diet) proteins = 4 cals/gram (15% of the diet)
medicare
federal health insurance program for the aged and disabled
Who are the most common victims of the date rape drug?
females
what occurs during clot formation
fibrinogen is converted fibrin. thomboplastin causes prothrombin to be changed to thrombin which causes the conversion of fibrinogen into a very sticky fibrin clot that shuts off blood supply to the injured area
granulation tissue is composed of
fibroblasts, collagen, and capillaries
meniscus
fibrocartilage- deepends articulationand provides shock absorption
first step in Oand A for AT
figure out why the program is needed and its goals -> mission statement -> WOTS UP analysis
ribs 8-12 are classified as?
flash ribs
muscle stiffness
fluid that collects in muscle during and after exercise are absorbed into the blood stream at a slow rate (muscle becomes swollen, shorter, and thicker; thus resists stretching) Tx: lite exercise, massage , passive mobilization
ruffinis corpuscles
found in joint capsules, ligaments, and skin and are sensitive to touch, tension, and heat
meissner's corpuscles
found in skin an activated by light touch
merkel's corpuscles
found in skin and respond to deep pressure
pacinian corpuscles
found in skin and respond to pressure
qid
four times a day
Fx
fracture
conversion
generation of heat from anotehr energy form such as sound, electricity,and chemical agnents (US, liniments, gels)
malignant hyperthermia
genetically inherited muscular disorder that causes hypersensitivity to anesthesia and extreme exercise in hot environments- causes muscle temperature to increase faster than core temperatures and causes symptoms similar to heatstroke
what determines the VO2 max?
genetics
this muscle controls abduction of thigh and allows the hip to rotate internally and externally; during running, it stabilizes the pelvis
gluteus medius
anaerobic metabolism
glycogen used after ATP is used which is then metabolizedin the cells to produce ATP (lactic acid is a byproduct)
CHAMPUS
government sponsored for members of the armed forces and their dependents
medicaid
government sponsored for the needy
medicare
government sponsored program for elderly people
national provider identifier (NPI)
govertment issued ID number for individual healthcare providers and provicer organizaitons - must be used in administrative and financial transactions, according to hipaa - requried by federal law to include NPIs on electronic transactions
acute exertional rhabdomyolysis: s/s
gradual onset of muscle weakness, swelling, and pain; presence of darkened urine and renal dysfunction; severe cases: sudden collapse, renal failure and death.
maximum aerobic capacity (VO2Max)
greater rate at which the body can be taken in and used
fibroblastic repair phase: revasculariation
growth of capillary buds into wounds is stimulated by lack of oxygen (after which wound can heal aerobically)
What can you feel for when palpating a patient?
hardness temperature swelling size mobility
HA
headache
parts of the physical exam
height, weight, body comp, BP, pulse, vision, skin, dental, ear, nose, throat, heart and lung function, abdomen, lymphatics, genitalia, maturation index, urinalysis, and blood work
tolerable uptake levels (ULs)
help individual avoid harm from consuming too much of a nutrient
Hx
history
How is the diagnosis made that a person has been drugged with rohypnol?
history and clinical examination
H/O
history of
Callus formation (keratoderma) is formed by:
hypertrophy of the stratum corner layer of the epidermis
examples of cryotherapy
ice massage, ice packs, ice slashes/ ice immersion, part go contrast therapy, cold whirlpool and vapocoolant spray
Golgi tendon organ
if a stretch is maintained for 6 sec, GTO responds to change in length and increase in tension by causing a reflex contraction of the antagonist muscle
anaerobic
if intensity is high enough that there is insufficient oxygen to meet demands
aerobic
if the intensity is low enough that oxygen can be supplied to meet demands
Hypothermia may be a result of:
immersion in cold water exposure to cold temperatures metabolic disorders (hypothyroidism, hypoglycemia, hypoadrenalism) CNS abnormalities (head trauma, Wernicke disease)
macrotrauma
impact injury or contact injury, is caused by a large insult and result in immediate tissue disruption
BOC Domain: 2. Examination, assessment and diagnosis
implementing system, evidence- based examinations and assessments to formulate valid clinical diagnosis and determine patients plan of care.
what is a saddle joint?
in saddle joints (biaxial), saddle shaped heads hermit mo cement in two different planes ( the thumb- carpometacarpal joint, trapezium and the first metacarpal)
urinalysis presence of nitrate
infection
BOC Domain: 5. Healthcare administration and professional responsibility
integrating best practice in policy construction and implementation, documentation, basic business practice to promote optimal patient care and employee well-being.
BOC Domain: 3. Immediate and emergency care
integrity best practice in immediate and emergency care for optimal outcomes.
work conditioning
intensive rehab offered 3 hours a day, for 3 days a week
work hardening
intensive rehab offered 8 hrs a day for 5 days a week
neuropraxia
interruption in conduction of the impulse downt he nerve fiber. brought on by compression or relatively mild blunt blows close to the nerve. results in temporary loss of function
iontophoresis
introduces ions into body tissues through direct electrical crrent - must output continuous monophasic current - tx inflammatory musculoskeletal conditions, scar modification, wound healing, treating edema, calcium deposits, and hyperhyrosis
Most sprains are______ injuries with tearing of the lateral ligaments
inversion
Healing response: Chronic Inflammation
involves replacement of leukocytes with macrophages, lymphocytes and plasma cells; these cells accumulative in a highly vascularized and innervated loose connective tissue matrix ini the area of injury
artificial ice pack
is a vinyl sheet divided into a series of cells 1x 1.5 (3x4 cm), the cells are filled with water and a group of cells are enclosed in a nylon covering. Are frozen in a freezer at 1F ( ~17C)
swelling
is an increase in tissue volume owing to extra fluid and cellular material in the tissue.
liability
is being legally responsible for the harm one causes another person.
crushed ice pack
is crushed ice, typically from an ice machine, in a plastic or cloth bag. Ice packs are typically 30F (-1C) to 32F (0C) when applied to the body. there the most effective types of clod modality because it goes thorough phase changes therefor extract great amounts of heat from the body.
Phase 8 of the healing process: phagocytosis
is the process of digesting cellular debris and other foreign material into pieces small enough to be removed from the injury site via lymph vessels.
___ is a disturbance in the circadian rhythm of walking and sleeping when traveling from one time zone to another
jet lag
cardiac dysrhythmia
jet lag
what is circadian dysrhythmia
jet lag
tinea cruris is commonly referred to as:
jock itch
zero-based
justify every expense without reference to previous spending patterns, it requires ATs to evaluate each subfunction of the program and rank it according to how important it is to the accomplishment of the overall mission
urinalysis presence of hemoglobin after exercise
kidney disease
examples of light therapy
laser, light therapy, infrared
tort
legal wrongs committed against the person or property of another- also serves as a deterrant by sending a messageto the community as to what is unacceptable to conduct
duration
length of time that the current is flowing - pulse width or pulse duration
isometric exercise
length ofmuscle remains constants while tension develops toward a max force against an immovable resistance
codeine
less potent than morphine, it is a cough suppressant in small doses
epiphysis
located at the end of long bones (bulbous shape- muscle attachments)
shoe selection: shoe uppers
made of some combo of nylon and leather; should be lightweight, quick drying and well ventilated.
Starches: complex carbohydrates
made up of long chain of glucose units (rise, Potatoes, bread)
diaphysis
main shaft of long bone (hollow, cylindrical, covered by compact bone)
ethical design making: ethical egoism
make decisions that result in greater benefit to yourself
Which of the following is TRUE regarding the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA)-mandatory medical examination of student athletes?
mandates that all student athletes undergo a complete medical examination within six months of starting any type of required preseason conditioning, practice, or competition.
express warranty
manufactures label statement that product is safe ( i.e label on football helmet)
examples of mechanotheraoy
massage, mobilization, intermittently compression, continuous passive motion, traction, whirlpool, and ultrasound
Factors limiting flexibility: fat
may act ad a wedge between two lever arms, restricting movement (i.e abdomen fat and trunk flexion)
urinalysis presence of ketones
may indicated diabetes
what are benefits of antioxidants?
may prevent premature aging, certain cancers, heart diseases, and other health problems.
How is skeletal maturity assessed?
measurement of the hand and wrist as well as weight/height for age
globe temperature
measures the sun's radiation and has black metal casing around the end of a thermometer
Documentation: Focus Charting
medical record that registers a patient complaint date, the health care practitioners actions, and the patient response
what are .fibrocartilage disk referred to as?
meniscus
B6 function
metabolism of protein production of hemoglobin
Documentation: Narrative charting
method of recording the details of a patients assessment and treatments using a detailed, prose- based format.
MOD
moderate
An infectious disorder caused by the Epstein-Barr virus
mononucleosis
health insurance
more comprehensive; reimburse cost of preventative as well as corrective medical care
fats
most concentrated source of energy; some dietary fat is. needed to make food more flavorful and for fat- soluble vitamins.
erythromycin
most effective with strep
Water
most essential nutrient; accounts for 60% of bodyweight.
concave on convex
move bone in same direction as desired movement
antagonist muscle
muscle being stretched in response to contraction of agonist
myotomes
muscles innervated by motor fibers froma specific spinal nerve
essential amino acids
must be obtained through food
essential nutrients
must be supplied by the diet
closing laceration protocol
must be sutured or steer-stripped to close the wound gap, thus allowing healing by primary union. For best results, these procedures should be done within 4- 6 hours after the wound occurs.
shoe selection: sole
must provide shock absorption and must be durable
NC
neurological check; no complaints
phagocytes
neutrophils, macrophages, and leukocytes that ingest microorganisms, other cells, and foreign particles
Frostnip affects the:
nose, ears and distal extremities
Initial symptoms of carpal tunnel syndrome include:
numbness tingling/burning (esp palm/thumb/index/middle fingers) eventual weakening/inability to grip Compression increases when wrist is flexed symptoms may worsen during sleep
paresthesia
numbness, prickling, or tingling
transverse fx
occur in a straight line nat right angles to the bone shaft; caused by direct blow
depressed fx
occur most often in flat bones, falling and strking head on hard surface
ORIF
open reduction internal fixation
constricted pupils indicate
paitent using a CNS depressant drug
Drop Wrist Deformity
palsy of the radial nerve (paralysis of extensor muscles)
secondary insurance coverages
pays the remianing medical bills once the personal insurance has made its paymenet (most of these require large prepayments before the isnurance takes effect-deductible
infestation with lice is known as:
pediculosis
a technique in which fingers of one hand are laid flat against the skin and tapped with the finger tips of the opposite hand, causing sound to resonate.
percussion
purpose of leukocytes
phagocytize most of the foreign debri during the inflammatory stage
conductive heat exchange
physical contact with other objects can result in a heat gain or loss (i.e. a football player standing on turf will experience an increase in body temperature)
whats is a plane joints?
plane joints ( usually uniaxial) permit gliding or sliding movements
inflammation of the fascia along the bottom of the foot
plantar fasciitis
Heel cups can be used for?
plantar fasciitis, heel spurs, Achilles tendonitis and heel bursitis
S2 myotome pattern
plantar flexion/ knee flexion/ hip extension
S1 Myotome pattern
plantarflexion/eversion/knee flexion/ hip extension
Football helmets warning
players must be read the warning label aloud but the equipment manager and athlete has to sign a form
PT
point tender
what is most eye protection made out of?
polycarbonate plastic
insurance: deductible
portion of any claim that is not covered by the insurance provider; the amount of expenses that must be paid out of pocket before an insurance will cover any expense
A procedure that allows the examiner to identify potential health problems related to an athlete's participation in sports
pre-participation examination
Rx
prescription
penicillins and cepthalosporins
prescriptions meds used with skin and systemic infections
Systolic BP
pressure at the peak of ventricular contraction (120)
what is 3rd party reimbursements
primary mechanism of payment for medical services in the US. policy holder's insurance company reimburses health care professionals for services performed
exertional hyponatremia: S/S
progressively worsening headache; nausea and vomiting; swelling of hands and feet; lethargy, apathy or agitation; low blood sodium (<130 mmo1/L) can compromise CNS
administering
providing a single dose of medication for immediate use by patient
dispensing
providing the patient with a durg in a quantity sufficient to be used for multiple doses WE CANNOT DO THIS
overtraining
psychological or physiological breakdown which could result in musculoskeletal injury, fatigue, or sicknesss
cerebral function
questions that assess general affect, level of consciouness, intellectual performance, emotional status, thought content, sensory interpretation, and language skills
acute tenosynovitis
rapid onset articular crepitus, and diffused swelling
RICES
rest, ice, compression, elevation, stabilization
what are symptoms of tinea cruris?
scaly, itching, erythematous rash that may contain papule or vesicle ad is usually bilateral and symmetrical
ergonomics
scientific study of human work
spending-reduction model
seen with sports medicine programs in financial crisis, the athletic trainer should identify the services that could be cut without seriously affecting the program
septic shock
severe bacterial infection
Murphey's Sign
short 3rd knuckle due to dislocated lunate
STG
short term goals
flat bone
skull, ribs, scapula
types of synovial joints: gliding
small amount of gliding back and fourth or sideways (joints b/w carpal and tarsal bones, intervertebral jts)
direct buy
smaller purchases or emergency
damage to a joint, with a partial rupture of the supporting ligaments, usually caused by wrenching or twisting, related to a fall
sprain
Gamekeepers thumb
sprain of the ulnar collateral ligament of the MCP joint of the thumb, MOI is usually valgus force to the thumb
deep somatic pain
stems from structures such as tendons, muscles, joints, periosteum, and blood vessels
What are symptoms of turf toe?
stiffness pain swelling at injury site pain with active flexion and extension of great toe
strain
stretch, tear, or rip in muscle, fascia, or tendon
protein pump inhibitors
suppress gastric acid secretion - used for treatment in erosive esophagitis
What are the symptoms of heat stress?
swollen hands and feet, itchy skin, sunburn, heat syncope (pale moist skin, hypotension) and heat cramps
Electronic data interchange (EDI)
system whereby insurance claims can be submitted electronically; also known as paperless claims system
What are the symptoms for heat stroke?
temperature greater than 106. may result in seizures, neurological damage, multiple organ failures and death.
what happens to ligaments that are immobilized for several weeks?
tend to decrease in tensile strength and also exhibit weakening o the insertion of the ligament to bone
osteoclast
the break down of bone
fats
the most concentrated source of energy- primary source of energy. needed for normal growth and development
agonist muscle
the muscle that contracts to produce the movement
Tissue properties: Load
the outside force or forces acting on tissue
Third-party reimbursement
the process by which medical vendors receive reimbursement from insurance companies for services provided to policyholders
Phases of Repair: Epithelialization
the process of developing a membranous tissue covering (epithelium) over exposed tissue or organs is called epithelialization.
tid
three times a day
x
times
when assessing body fat using the skin fold measurement component, where should measurements be taken?
triceps biceps suprailiac subscapular areas
T/F Tears most commonly occur in muscle belly, musculotendinous junction, or bony attachment.
true
Ribs 1-7 are classified as?
true ribs
BID
twice a day
US
ultrasound
UK
unknown
Rehabilitative braces:
used following surgery to allow for controlled progressive immobilization (hinges)
Articular cartilage: Fibrous
vertebral disk, pubic symphysis, and menisci of knee joint
optic nerve
vision
Vitamins: water-soluble
vitamin C and B- complex vitamins
what are the current parameters
waveforms modulation intesity duration frequency polarity electrode setup
What symptoms may a person with mononucleosis present with?
weakness, headache, fever, persistent sore throat, enlarged lymph nodes in neck and axillae, enlarged tonsils, generalized red macular rash, enlarged spleen
What safety measures can be taken against hypothermia?
wearing appropriate clothing warm-ups to increase circulation begin exercises slowly & avoid slippery surface remove wet clothing promptly avoid accumulation of moisture in clothing wearing clothes in layers ensure head and neck are well covered wearing mittens/gloves moisture wicking socks (wool/polupropylene) avoid alcohol
WBAT
weight bearing as tolerated
steady-state
when amount of drug taken is equal to the amount that is excreted, usually occur after the half lives have occurred
Type of Torts: malfeasance act of commission
when an individual commits an act that is not legally his to perform
Type of Torts: nonfeasance act of omission
when an individual fails to perform a legal duty
misfeasance
when an individual improperly does something they have legal right to do
avascular necrosis
when bone has poor blood supply, bone will died and proper healing will not take place
when is someone mildly dehydrated?
when fluids lost are <2% noormal body weight
when is heat loss evaporation impaired?
when relative humidity reaches 65%, it is virtually impossible when the humidity reaches 75%
mechanical failure
when the ability of the tissue to withstand stress or stain is exceeded
bending
when two force pairs act at opposite end of a structure
where is the bone the weakest?
where the long bone suddenly changes shape and direction
Whp
whirlpool
when is shock likely?
with severe bleeding, fractures, or internal injuries
WNL
within normal limits
functional knee braces:
worn during and following rehab period to provide support during fictional activities
commuted fx
≥3 fragments at fx site. caused by hard blow or fall in awkward position. Difficult healing situation because of displaced bone fragments (soft tissue b/w them - incomplete healing)
malfeasance
"act of commission", the indivudal commits an act that is not legally his or hers to perform
nonfeasance
"act of omission", the individual failts to perform a legal duty (ex: failure to refer)
NSAIDS
- anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, and analgesic properties - used for reducing pain, stiffness, swelling, redness, and fever associated with local inflammation - pros: fewer side effects and longer duration of actions -NSAIDs are associated with an increased risk of adverse cardio events like stroke, MI, and hypertension
drugs that increase rate of heat illness
- anticholinergeics and antihistamines - decongestants
assumption of risk in a suit
- asserted as a defence to a negligence suit - the individual assumed the risk by producing the document signed by that individual or his/her parents or guardian, providing that the risk of the activity was known or undertood. - it is very subjective and varies interpretations by courts (esp wit minor)
The PPE should perform the following functions:
- athletes at risk of injury or death - disqualify athletes from participation in sports only if there are compelling safety concerns or other reasons - meet regulatory and insurance requirements in order to protect the organization from liability
Hepatitis B virus def
- attacks liver -> lifelong infection, cirrohis of liver, cancer, liver disease, failure, or death -spread from unprotected sex/sharing needles
catastrophic insurance
- benefits begin when the expencses have reached 25,000 and then are extended for a lifetime - in high schools, insurance kicks in when med, rehab, and transportation costs exceed 10,000 not covered by other insurance benefits
factors that limit flexibility
- bony structure - excessive fat - skin - muscles and their tendons - CT surrounding the joint (ligaments) neural tissue tightness
tendinosis
- breakdown of tendon - no infammation -sensitive to teh touch and sometimes a tender lump will appear - more common in middle or older age people -tx- strengthening exercises and stretches
gordon's reflex
- calf of the muscle is squeezed adn there is extension of great toe or all the toes
shortwave diathermy physiological effects
- capable of producing temp increases in deeper tissues - high frequency electrical current - used to treat bursitis, capsulitis, osteoarthritis, and muscle strains - can go about 2 inches deep
Hepatitive A virus
- causes inflammation of liver but does not lead to chronic disease - transmitted by fecal or oral routs, close personal contact, or ingetion of contaminated food or water - dark urine, light stool, fatigue, fever, janidce
thaimin sources
- cereal products - pork - peas - dried beans
acute exertional Rhabdomyolysis
- characterized by sudden catabolic destruction and degeneration of skeletal muscle accompanied by leakage of myoglobin and muscle enzymes into the vascular system - gradual onset of muscle weakness, swelling, and pain , presence of darkened urine and renal dysfunction - associated with people with sickle cell trait - refer to physician immediately
2 types of muscle spasms and definitons
- clonic: alternating involuntary muscular contractio and relaxation in quick succession - tonic: rigid muscle contraction that lasts a period of itme
point of service plan (POS)
- combination of HMO and PPO - based on HMO structure but allows people to go outside of the HMO to obtain services (only with certain conditions and circumstances)
oxidizing agents
- commonly used ex: hydrogen peroxide - kills backertia - has ability to clease the infected cutaneous and mucous membranes
frostbite
- constant exposure to cold for many hours - skin redness, swelling, tingling, and pain in toes and fingers
pulsatile current
- contain 3 or more pulses grouped together - interrupte for short periods of time and repeat themselves at regular intervals - used during Russian
heat stroke
- core temp >104 - life threatening emergency - CNS abnormalities- altered consciousness, seizures, confusion, emotional instability, irrational behavior, decreased mental acuit - flushed, hot skin, decreased sweating, shallow fast breathing, rapid strong pulse, nausea, vomiting, headache, dizziness, decreased BP, and dehydration
general health insurance
- covers illness, hospitalization, and emergency care - primary and secondary insurance coverage
osteochondritis
- degenerative changes in the ossification centers of the epiphyses of bones - one cause could be aseptic necrosis which circulation to the epiphysis has been disrupted
biphasic current
- direction of current flow reverses itself once during each cycle - used for pain modulation or muscle contraction
establishing negligence
- duty of care - why the conduct of the defendant fell short of the duty of care -the resultant damages
niacin functions
- energy from carbs, fats and proteins
riboflavin functions
- energy from carbs, fats, and proteins
signs of burnout
- excessive anger - blaming others - guilt - being tired and exhausted all day - sleep problems - high absenteeism - family problems - self- preocupation
factors that impede healing
- extent of inury - edema -hemorrhage - poor vascular supply - separation of tissue - muscle spasm - atrophy -corticosteroids -keloids and hypertrophic scars -infeciton -humidity, climate,a nd oxygen tension - health, age, and nutirion
HIV s/s
- fatigue weight loss muscle or joint pain painful or swollen glands night sweats fever
hepatitis B virus s/s
- fatigue, weakness, nausea, abdominal pain, headache, fever, dark urine, and possible jaundice
exertional hyponatremia
- fluid/electrolyte disorder that results in an abnormally low concentration of sodium in the blood - from ingesting too much fluid - worsening headache, nausea and vomiting, swelling of hands and feet, lethargy, apathy, agitation, and low blood sodium - transport immediately to medical facility and mut be clard by physician
vitamin C function
- formation and maintenace of CT - tooth and bone formation - immune function
staleness
- from training too hard and long without rest - emotinoal problems from worries, fears, anxieties -deterioration in standard of performance, chronic fatigue, apathy, loss of apetite, indigestion, weight loss, inability to sleep - increase catecholamine release
Third party administrators (TPA)
- function as a pseudo insurance company- used to administer services and pay claims for self-insured group plans - provide services such as billing and assist with controlling utilization without financial risk
vitamin K sources
- green, leafy vegetables - normal bacteria that live in intestines
if puplis react different
- head injury - drug or alochol poisoning
dilated pupils indicate
- head injury - shock - heat stroke -hemorrhage -ingested a stimulant drug
for strength gains, what paraemters should be used?
- high frequency biphasic current - frequency of 50-60 pps with a surge of 15 seconds on and 50 seconds off
ligament healing
- immediately after injury, ~72 hrs thee is a loss of blood from damaged vessels and attraction of inflmmatory cells - next 6 weeks, vascular proliferation w/ new capillary growth begins to occur along with fibroblastic activity, forming a fibrin clot - gradually there is a decrease in fibroblastic activity, decrease in vascularity, and max increas in collagen density of a scar - maturation of a scar may require at least 12 mos
Neuron Structure: axon
- impulse away form cell body - single fiber with end branch
hepatitis E virus
- inflammation of liver - transmitted through fecal and oral routs -waterborne disease - self limit followed by revovery with mortality rates btw .5-4%
hepatitis D virus
- inflammation of liver and are prone to developing hepatitis an cirrhosis -transmiited by sexual activity, injected drugs, or needlesticks 0 mostly likely to infect ppl who are already infected with HBV
muscle healing
- initially, hemorrhage and edema followed by almost immediate phagocytosis to clear debris -within a few days, proliferation of ground tissue, then fibroblasts begin producing a gel-type matrix that surrounds the CT - collagen fibers undergo maturation and align themselves along tensile force - time required for rehab is lengthy -occur mostly in large producing muscles - at least 6-8 weeks to heal
crack
- instant effects - intense stimulaiton of the CNS predisposing the user to cardiac failure or respiratory failure, making it extrmely dangerous
Neuron Structure: myelin sheath
- insulation around some nerves - produced by Schwann cells in the PNS - fatty material - speeds up conduction of action potential
autonomic nervous system
- involuntary - effector- glands, cardiac, muscle and smooth muscle - subdivisions: * sympathetic nervous system * parasympathetic nervous system
frost nip
- involves ears, nose, cheeks, chin, fingers, and toes - occurs when there is a high win, severe cold, or both - skin initially firm but then blisterse 24-72 hours after
capital vs nonconsumable capital equiment
- items used for a number of years - nonconsumable = things not taken out of AT room- ice machines, tx tables, combo units - capital equipment- crutches, coolers, training kits
hepatitis C virus s/s
- jaundiced abdominal pain (UR Quadrant) loss of apeitite nausea fatigue muscle or joint pain dark urine
alcohol
- kill bacteria immediately 0 acts independelty on skin as an antiseptic and astringent
grade 2 joint mob
- large amplitude glide in mid-range of movement - when spasm and pain are lmiting factors
anxiety disorder sx
- lasts 6 mos or longer - sweating, increased HR, increased BP, stomach discomfort, chills, dry mouth, difficulty concentrating, irritability, sleep disturbances - panic attacks and phobias
niacin sources
- liver - meat -poultry - peanut butter -legumes -enriched breads and cereasl
vitamin A sources
- liver - milk -egg -yolk - deep green and yellow fruits and vegetables
effects of immobilization on joints
- loss of normal compression -> decrease in lubrication of joint -> degenraiton - articular cartilage is deprived of its normal nutrition
sodium
- maintenance of fluid balance
workers compensations
- mandated by the states laws and benefits for injured workers
what is part of a PPE
- medical history - physical examp - height - weight - body comp - BP - cardio exam - orthopedic exam
riboflavin sources
- milk -liver -fruits and veggies - enriched breads and cereals
calcium
- most abundant mineral in the body - essential for bone and teeth formation, muscle contraction, and conduction of nerve impulses - if too low -> osteoporosis
facial
- motor nerve of facial expression -taste -control of tear, nasal, sublingual salivary, adn mubmaxillary glands
creatine
- naturally occuring organic compound synthesized by the kidneys, liver, and pancreas -obtained from ingesting meat and fish -integral role in energy metabolisms - improves exercise recovery vecause its a lactic acid buffer
frequency
- number of waveforms being emitted by the estim unit in 1 sec (PPS, Hz)
loose endfeel
- occurs in extreme hypermobility (previously sprained ankle)
Neuron Structure: neurilemma
- outer membran Schwann cells - not found in CNS cells
Release of Beta-endorphin pain control
- painful stimulationt aht goes along the a-gamma and c fibers release and opiate like chemical called beta-endorphin from the hypothalamus - known to have strong analegsic effects -ex: acupuncture
heat exhaustion
- pale skin, profuse sweating, stomach cramps, nausea and vomiting, headache, persistant cramps, dizziness with loss of coordination -internal temp <104 and no sign of CNS dysfunction - immediately remove from play and put in shaded area, lie down with legs elevated , and remove excess clothes
burnout
- physical and emotional exhaustion that leads to negative self concept, negative attutudes, and loss of concern for feelings of others -frequent headaches, GI disturbances, sleeplessness, and chronic fatigue, feelings of depersonalizaiton, increased emotional exhaustion, reduced sense of accomplishment, cynicism, and depressed mood
centers for medicare and medicaid services (CMS) ruling
- physicians are not able to bill medicare for tx provided by ATs - federal gov does not recognize ATs as providers of rehab services for medicare patients, no matter what age - AT will most likely NOT be resonsible for following up on insurance claims filed with 3rd party payers
how to fit crutches
- place tip 6 in from outside of shoe and 2 in in front - 1 inch between crutch and armpit - elbows bent at about 30deg
diarthrotic joints/ synovial joints
- presence of capsule or ligaments - capsule is lined with synovial membrane -opposing bone surface contains hyaline or articular cartilage - presence of a joint space (cavity) containing synovial fluid.
Vitamin E purpose
- prevents destruction of polyunsaturated fats caused by exposure to oxidizing agents - protects cell membranes form destruction
descending pathway pain control
- previous experiences, emotional influences, sensory perception, and other facors could influence the transmission of pain messages and thus the perception of pain - causes release of the 2 neurotransmitter-like substances, enkephalin and norepinephrine into the dorsal horn which blocks or inhibits the synaptic transmission of impuses from A-gamma and C afferent fibers to 2nd order afferent neurons
indications for electricity
- produce depolarization of sensory nerve = pain modulation - produce depoliarization of motor nerve fibers= muscle contraction - stimulate or alter healing process at cellular level - create electrical field on skin to transport ions benefitical to the healing process into deeper target tissues
HGH human growth hormone
- produced by pituitary gland -can increase muscle mass, skin thickness,CT, body length and weight and decreased body fat -more difficult to detect in urine
vitamin K function
- production of blood clotting substances
professional liability insurance
- protects against damages that may arise from injuries occurring on their property (general liability insurance) - main concernt is whether supervision was reasonable and if unreasonable risk of harm was perceived by the individual who was injured - covers negligence in a civil case
Health Maintenance organization (HMO)
- provide preventative measures and limits where the individual can receive care - determine feeds using a capitation system, which lmits the amount that will be reimbursed for a specific service - permission must be obtained before can go to antoehr provier - pay 100% of medical costs as long as go to approved list of health care proviers (doesnt pay for anything outside of approved list) - no deductables, but have a copay
malignant hyperthermia
- rare, genetically inherited muscle disorder that causes hypersensitivity to anesthesia and extreme exercise in hot environments - muscle breakdown - muscle temps increase fster than core temp - breakdown may damage the kidneys and cause acute renal failure - fatal if not treated immediately - should not compete in hot, humid environments
what occurs during the maturation-remodeling phase
- realignment and remodeling of the collagen fibers that make up scar tissue according to the tensile forces to which that scar is subjected - decrease in type 3 collagen to type 1 pain will dictate rate of progression - should progressively be exposed to increasing loads
about vitamins
- required in very small maounts - regulators of body processes
gate control theory
- sensory from A-beta fibers override/inhibit the pain info carried from the A-gamma and C fibers - pain info is not transmitted and never reaches sensory centers in the brain -occur at spinal cord level
apophyseal injury examples
- sever's disease and osgod schlatters -avulsion conditions
grade 4 joint mob
- smal amplitude glide at end ROM - used when resistance is limiting factor
grade 5 joint mob
- small amplitude at end ROM -manipulation - used when minimal resistance limits the end of the range
grade 1 joint mob
- small amplitude glide at beginning ROM - used when pain and spasm is a limiting factor
ephedrine
- stimulant that has been used as an ingredient in diet pills, rec drugs, and OTC meds - similar to amphetamine - have caused heart attacks, stroke, tachycardia, depression, convulsions, etc
oppenheim's reflex
- stroke from just below the patella to the foot 0 should cause extension of the great toe
glossopharyngeal nerve
- swallowing -salivation - gag reflex - sensation from tongue to ear
vagus nerve
- swallowing -speech - regulation of pulmonary, cardiovascular, and GI functions
hypoglossal nerve
- tongue movement - speech -swallowing
Neuron Structure: dendrites
- tree like appearance - impulse to cell body - receptor receive stimuli
fast twitch fibers
- type 2, fast oxidative glycolytic - produce quick, forceful contractions but have a tendency to fatigue more rapidly - useful in short term, high intensity activities, anaerobic activities
narcotic analgesic drugs
-derived from opium or synthetic opiates -ex: morphine and codeine - for management of moderate to severe pain
Baseball/ Softball helmet (batting)
-ear flap can provide additional protection -each batter on deck must have a helmet with a NOCSAE stamp
blood doping
-endurance, acclimatization, and altitude create an increased demand for RBCs to meet increased aerobic demands
effects of PA on pharmokientics
-exercise decreases absorption after oral administration of a drug -BUT exercise increases absorption of a drug of intramuscular or subcutaneous administration b/c of increased blood flow to the muscle
vitamin D sources
-exposure to sunlight -fortified dairy products - eggs and fish liver oils
oculomotor nerve
-eye movement -opening of eyelid - constriction of pupil -focusing
phonophoresis
-method of transporting meds through skin using mechanical vibrations prodcued by US generator - predominantly used to introduce hydrocortisone into tissues - proposed for treating painful trigger points, tendinitis, and bursitis
shock s/s
-moist, pale, cool, clammy skin -weak and rapid pulse - increased and shallow respiratory rate - decreased BP - urinary retention and fecal incontinence
unsaturated fats
-mono and poly - liquid - from plants
anticoagulants
-most common: heparin and coumarin derivatives -prolongs the clotting time of blood
indemnity plan
-most traditional plan of billing for health care. - fee-for-service plan that allows the insured party to seek medical care without restrictions on utilization or cost- charges the patient or 34d party payer for services provided
accesssory nerve
-swallowing - innervation of sternocleidomastoid muscle
Ice Hockey Helmets
-they must withstand high-velocity impacts (hits by sticks or pucks) but also high-mass-low-velocity forces (produce by running into boards or falling on ice) - needs to have a hard exterior shell and energy-absorbing liner
antiemetics
-used to treat nausea and vomiting affect the mucosal lining of stomach
drugs used to control bleeding
-vasoconstrictors -hemostatic agents - anticoagulants
Face Guards: Football
-↓ face injury (lacerations, nose fx, eye injuries, etc) -Atleast 2 bars; bar attachments should be flush with helmet; 3- inch space b/w top of face guard and lower edge of helmet; more than drilling on each side (drilling by factory- authorized reconditioned)
how many years does a plaintiff have to file for negligence under the statutes of limitations?
1-3 years, (some states allow an injured person file a suit up to 3 years after the minor turns 18 )
for opiate pain contorll theory, what should the frequency be?
1-5 pps
how many ribs are there total?
12
When did was the NATA formed?
1950
when was NATA formed?
1950
when did drug testing athletes start?
1968 olympics
FERPA (Family Educational Rights and Privacy Acts)
1974, federal law requiring student authorization to release educational records to third party and ensuring access for student to their records ( also called Buckley Amendment)
screw home mechanism
5 degree of tibial external rotation that occurs during terminal knee extension
Total warm up should last about? (dynamic)
5-20 mins * should not be started within the next 15 mins after
What is the CPT code for an evaluation?
97005
normal body temp
98,2-98.6
Normal temperature
98.6
what is normal body temperature?
98.6 degrees
Which of the following fluids can transmit an infectious disease? Select all that apply. a. Placental blood b. Sweat c. Vaginal secretions d. Ear wax e. Blood f. Saliva g. Seminal fluid h. Nasal mucus
A, C, E, F, G a. Placental blood c. Vaginal secretions e. Blood f. Saliva g. Seminal fluid
A wrestler has a lesion on his arm. The area around the wound is red, painful, and swollen. Question 25 Select which information is important for the athletic trainer to know in order to determine the significance of the lesion. Select all that apply. Select which information is important for the athletic trainer to know in order to determine the significance of the lesion. Select all that apply. a. The athlete indicates the lesion occurred a few days ago. b. The athlete is not coughing. c. The athlete indicates he is feeling sick. d. The athlete does not have a headache. e. The athlete indicates that the lesion started small, but now it's really painful. f. The athlete indicates he has not had any treatment for this lesion. g. The athlete indicates he has not had anything like this before. h. The athlete indicates he has been in contact with other wrestlers since having the lesion.
A, C, E, F, H a. The athlete indicates the lesion occurred a few days ago. c. The athlete indicates he is feeling sick. e. The athlete indicates that the lesion started small, but now it's really painful. f. The athlete indicates he has not had any treatment for this lesion. h. The athlete indicates he has been in contact with other wrestlers since having the lesion.
A 25-year-old female patient has asked the athletic trainer to design a comprehensive nutrition program for maintaining good health. She weighs 175 pounds (79.3 kg) and is 5 feet 10 inches (82.8 cm) tall. The client has a body mass index of 25.1. Question 13 Which of the following pieces of information are additional anthropometric baseline information that the athletic trainer needs in order to assess this patient? Choose all that apply. Which of the following pieces of information are additional anthropometric baseline information that the athletic trainer needs in order to assess this patient? Choose all that apply. a. The patient's waist-to-hip ratio is .60. b. The age at which the patient had her first menstrual cycle c. The family history of this patient includes a mother with high blood pressure and a father with diabetes. d. The patient runs three miles three times per week. e. The patient does not consume alcohol. f. The patient does not use tobacco products. g. The patient does not know her current blood pressure. h. The patient does not monitor her diet. i. The patient has no health issues. j. The patient is not familiar with any of her family members' heights and weights k. The patient's lean body mass is 122.6. l. The patient's waist circumference is 36 inches (91.4 cm)
A, K, L a. The patient's waist-to-hip ratio is .60. k. The patient's lean body mass is 122.6. l. The patient's waist circumference is 36 inches (91.4 cm
Sets the standards for eye protection for racquet sports as well as non-racquet sports to reduce the risk of eye injury.
American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM)
Which medical conditions are exacerbated by cold environments?
Anorexia, exercise-induced bronchos
Match the skin color with the likely condition. Use each skin color only once. check your answers when you've finished.
Bright red = Carbon monoxide poisoning or heatstroke Pallor = Decreased circulation White translucent waxy = Frozen skin Dark red pupil = High blood pressure Jaundice = Liver disease Cyanotic = low oxygen levels
What instructions should an athletic trainer give to educate patients on the prevention of periodontal disease?
Brush and floss daily and have teeth professionally cleaned
caffeine
CNS stimulant and diuretic -stimulates gastric secretion -increases mental alertness
what happens when fibrin clot is broken down
CT is converted to granulation tissue
A patient needs a diet to prevent the trigger of diarrhea. What substances and foods should be eliminated from the patient's diet?
Caffeine, fructose, lactose, and sorbitol
examples of elector therapy
EMS, iontophoresis, TENS, and diathermy
What is the best way to prevent infectious diseases among athletes?
Each athlete has his or her own water bottle.
What are the three types of heat-related illnesses?
Heat stress Heat exhaustion Heat stroke
Trigger Finger
Impairment: Results of stenosing tenosynovitis that leads to the formation of a nodule in a flexor tendon, most frequently affecting the flexor digitorum profundus or flexor pollicis longus. Normal flexion & extension of the MCP joint is affected as the nodule passes proximal to the A1 pulley during flexion (shown above) and distal to this pulley during extension. FInger will hesitate and then "snap" as the nodule is wedged beneath the pulley, often resulting in an audible pop as it passes through the opening.
Which is the best condom to use for preventing the spread of sexually transmitted diseases (also known as sexually transmitted infections)?
Latex with a reservoir tip
What are the classifications of Le Fort Fractures?
Le Fort I - horizontal (low downward force) Le Fort II - pyramidal (low or mid maxilla force) Le Fort III - transverse (force to bridge of nose or upper maxilla)
At what age is peak strength most likely attained in untrained males and females?
Males between 20 and 30 and females by 20
A genetic disorder of the connective tissue that may put athletes at risk. Connective tissues such as tendons, ligaments, heart valves, and blood vessels, are often defective and weak
Marfan's Syndrome
When can a multiple adaptor be used safely with electrical modalities?
Never
To prevent overuse injuries in pediatric patients, how much of a weekly increase in training should occur?
No more than a 10% increase in training time, distance, repetitions, and intensity per week
How often should an athlete who participates in wrestling have weigh-ins in the off-season?
No more than once per week
A patient has a mild form of congenital heart disease. What limitations will this patient have in athletic participation?
No sport restrictions
Which sport, if any, should an athlete with an active case of herpes be disqualified from?
No sports with mats or contact sports until not contagious
During the PPE, what is the predictability of future cardiac events if an electrocardiogram is performed?
Not likely to detect future events regardless of the use of the electrocardiogram.
what test identifies a positive it band friction syndrome?
Ober's test Noble's test
What are the training guidelines when the temperature is 80 to 90 °F (26.6-30 °C) with humidity less than 70%?
Observe overweight athletes for signs of heat illness.
A coach has requested information about the status of an athlete's injury. What should the athletic trainer do with such a request?
Obtain written authorization from the athlete to disclose the information.
How often should coaches review film of football games to educate athletes regarding their head contact position?
Once a week
An athletic trainer who has been convicted of a felony can apply for reinstatement of membership after what period of time?
One year after final ruling, court decisions, or completion of sentence or parole
Which muscle fibers experience adaptation in response to resistive exercise?
Only those involved in the resistive exercise
Weight-bearing forces on bone cause which type of cells to activate to increase bone size?
Osteoblasts
Which of the following strengthening exercises requires a spotter?
Overhead triceps extension
What condition is associated with adrenal exhaustion?
Overtraining
Of the following, which best describes an effective asthma management plan based on the NATA position statement?
Patient goals, proper use of peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) monitoring, guidelines on medications based on peak flow meter (PFM) readings, emergency contact numbers, and avoidance of triggers
What is the treatment of choice for lice?
Permethrin 1% (Nix)
This nerve branches from the sciatic nerve and travels down the leg.
Peroneal Nerve
condition characterized by a very high arch, which can be genetic or acquired through trauma or neuromuscular disease
Pes cavus or claw foot
According to the BOC Standards of Professional Practice, under whose medical direction is an athletic trainer?
Physician
Of the following braces, which is most appropriate for preventing medial collateral ligament sprains in collision sports?
Prophylactic lateral knee brace
A patient with sickle cell trait requires recommendation for preseason training and conditioning. What recommendations or accommodations are necessary to ensure the safety of this patient?
Provide gradual progression of exercise and longer recovery time between bouts.
What is the best way to determine maturation of pediatric patients?
Puberty
When taping an ankle to prevent inversion, what is the direction of the heel lock on the lateral side of this ankle?
Pulled posteriorly from the inferior portion of the calcaneus going toward the Achilles tendon
This nerve branches from the brachial plexus and enervates the dorsal surface of the arm and hand, including the thumb and fingers, 2, 3, and 4.
Radial Nerve
A patient with a suspected eating disorder comes to the athletic trainer for assistance. What is the best course of action to care for this patient?
Refer the patient to a disordered-eating specialist for assessment.
This drug is a CNS depressant that causes muscle relaxation, slurred speech and reduces inhibitions. The effects occur within 20 - 30 minutes of ingestion but may persist for 8 - 12 hours
Rohypnol
Altitude Illness: Acute mountain sickness S/S
S/S- headaches, nausea, vomiting, sleep disturbance , and dyspnea (unpleasant breathing) for up to 3 days.
superficial reflexes of plantar
S1,2
deep tendon reflex of hamstring
S2
these fractures involve the cartilaginous epiphyseal plate near the ends of long bones in children who are growing
Salter-Harris fractures
Shallow breaths
Shock
Which of the following is the best description of static neck stretching of the sternocleidomastoid muscles?
Sitting with the head and neck upright, turn the head to the right and then left using submaximal concentric muscle action.
A pre-participation exam should occur no more than how many weeks before the start of the season?
Six weeks before the start of season training
Common Cold Injuries: Frost Nip- S/S
Skin appears very firm with cold, painless areas that may peel, and blister in 24-72 hours.
For which of the following sports does NATA neither endorse nor discourage use of helmets or headgear?
Soccer
the principles of overload
Specific Adaptations to Imposed Demands when the body is subjected to stress and overloads of varying intensities, it will gradually adapt over time to overcome whatever deamnds are placed on it
The SAID Principle
Specific Adaptation to Imposed Demands- when the body is subject to stress and overloads of varying intensities, it will gradually adapt over time to overcome to whatever demands are in place
Enlarged Liver -Hepamegaly
Sports Contraindicated - Gymnastics
What are the personal qualities of an Athletic Trainer?
Stamina and ability to adapt, empathy, sense of humor, communications, intellectual curiosity, ethical practice, professional membership.
A patient with limited range of motion in the hamstring muscle needs a stretch to perform at home to improve flexibility. Which of the following best describes an effective hamstring stretch?
Standing with affected leg on a table that is hip height, then leaning forward toward elevated leg
Which of the following conditions has a genetic component?
Substance abuse
caused by the spirochete Treponema palladium. has an incubation period of 3 weeks
Syphilis
superficial reflexes of cremasteric
T12, L1
superficial reflex of upper abdomina
T7,8,9
A patient with iron-deficient anemia will require what form of nutrition?
Taking oral iron supplements with vitamin C
What is the most common assessment tool for sexual maturity?
Tanner's 5 stages of assessment
what does the immune system consist of
Tcells and Bcells
Laundry bins with wheels are preferred over stationary baskets in facilities. What is the reason for wheeled bins rather than stationary ones?
They are more ergonomically oriented
What is a concern associated with using BMI to assess athletes who have high lean body mass?
They can be classified as obese based on the index.
T/F: Annual updates are required by the NCAA before participation in intercollegiate sports programs
True
T/F: The athletic trainer should ensure that a procedure is in place to check the field before use
True
T/F: traveling north to south has no effects on the body?
True
when does clot formation occur
about 12 hours after injury and ends at bout 48 hours after injury
How much of ethanol is metabolized in the liver?
about 90%
damage to superficial layers of skin, such as with road burn or ligature marks
abrasion
normal adult and child pulse
adult: 60-100 child: 80-100
ACDU
alert confused drowy unresponsive another way to assess LOC
What is the treatment after warming and debridement of clear blisters from hypothermia?
aloe vera cream every 6 hours to blistered areas dressings, separation of digits tetanus prophylaxis
microtrauma
also known as overuse, cyclic loading, or friction injury, is caused by small or low grade stress that wears away the tissue over time. Microtrauma is classified as chronic injury.
Muscle Spasm: clonic
alternating involuntary muscular contraction and relaxation in quick succession
assumtion of risk
an AT assumes the risk of participating in an activity when he or she knows and understands the dangers of that activity and voluntarily chooses to expose those dangeers (waiver)
the distal tibia and fibula is stabilized by the:
anterior and posterior tibiofibular ligaments
Fixed budgeting
appropriate process for sports medicine programs in financially stable environments, requires an AT to project both expenditures and program income, if any, on a month by month basis to determine total program costs and revenues for the fiscal year
standard of reasonable care
assumes that an individual is neither exceptionally skillful nor extraordinarily skillful nor extraordinarily cautious, but is a person of reasonable and ordinary prudence.
Altitude Illness: Pulmonary Edema
at altitudes of 9000-10000 ft. lungs accumulate a small amount of fluid w/I alveolar walls. Most individuals: fluids absorb in a few days ( for some, continue to collect and forms pulmonary edema)
increased cardiac output
at rest: 5L/ min blood pumped through heart (exercise: increase to 20-30L/min)
estimated average requirement (ERA)
average daily nutrient intake level estimated to meet requirement of half the healthy individuals in a particular age group
Strategies for managing risk: Avoidance
avoid risky activity (especially when negative consequences of activity have high cost)
tissue that is separated from its base and lost without adequate base for attachment
avulsion
Types of neurons: efferent (motor) neurons
aways form CNS
what is the treatment for chlamydia?
azithromycin 1 g orally in one dose OR doxycycline 100 mg orally twice daily for 1 week avoid sexual contact for 1 week
what do the fibroblastic cells do?
begin to synthesize an extracellular matrix. begin producing collagen fibers that are deposited in a random fashion throughout the forming scar
How can you tell hypothermia is occurring?
begins with shivering as the body's core temperature drops
fiber
believed to reduce colon cancer and coronary artery disease, blood cholesterol levels, and lowered incidents of obesity, constipation, colitis, appendicits, and diabetes
Tissue Stress: Stretching
beyond yield point leads ti ruoture of soft tissue or fx ( sprains, strains, avulsion fx)
affects 2-5% of females and includes grossly overeating, often resulting in obesity, depression and shame
binge eating
calcium
bone and teeth formation blood clotting muscle contraction nerve function
Wolf's law
bone in a healthy person will adapt to the load under its placed
longitudinal fx
bone splinting along its length, often result of jumping and stress directs up long axis
linear fx
bone split along length
Phase 6 of the healing process: permeability changes
both histamine and bradykinin increase the permeability of small blood vessels (the same ones involved in hemodynamic changes)
Tissue properties: viscoelastic
both viscous and elastic properties, allowing for deformation
what sports should athletes with one eye be excluded from:
boxing wrestling full-contact martial arts
central nervous system (CNS)
brain and spinal cord
osteoclasts
breakdown or reabsorbs bone tissue
Performance budgeting
breaks the functions of a sports medicine program into discrete activities and appropriates the fund necessary to accomplish these activities (examples: pregame team preparation, rehabilitation, injury treatment, administration, patient education, and emergency first aid)
bacirtracin
broad spectrum as an antibacterial agent
open spaces surrounding areas of sports activity within a facility. needed because athletes leave the playing area at high speed
buffer zone
what are benefits of vitamins c?
building bone, teeth, maintaining connective tissue, and strengthening the immune system.
osteoblast
builds bone
binge eating followed by vomiting, often along with use of diuretics, enemas and laxatives. gastric acids can damage throat and teeth
bulimia nervosa
Football pads: cantilevered
bulkier (blocking and tackling), front and rear panels have been extended
insurance: copayment
capped contribution defined in the policy and by an insured person each time a medical service is accessed. It must be paid before any policy benefit is payable by an insurance company
equations for cardiac output
cardiac output= increased stroke volume x decreased heart rate
Strategies for managing risk: Reduction
careful development, implementation, monitoring, and evaluation of policies and procedures and reduce risks.
Occurs when the median nerve is compressed within the compartment formed by ligaments and bones, between the forearm and the hand.
carpal tunnel syndrome
Exertional heatstroke
characterized by CNS abnormalities and potential tissue damage resulting from significantly elevated body temperature
Phase 3 of the healing process: Chemical mediation
chemical mediators; such as histamine, bradykinin, and cytokines, are activated by ultrastructural changes. They signal the rest of the body that cells have been damaged, there by mobilizing the body resources to respond.
counterirritants
chemical reaction on skin that can inhibit pain sensations by rapid evaporation which causes a cooling action - causes local increase in blood circulation, redness, and a rise in skin temp
halogens
chemical substances used for their antiseptic and disinfectant qualities ex: betadine
ethical design making:utilitarianism
choosing a course of action that benefits the greatest number of people
fasciitis
chronic inflammation of fascia that supports and separates muscle
neuritis
chronic nerve problem. minor nerve problems to paralysis
CPT ( current procedural terminology)
coding systems applied to specific medical procedures to standardize the language associated with third party reimbursement
extracellular matrix contains protein fibers
collagen, elastin, ground substance, and fluid
sulfur dioxide (SO2)
colorless gas that is component of burning coal or petroleum, lungs to rid themselves of foreign matter, shortness of breath, coughing, fatigue, and increased susceptibility to lung diseases.
carbon monoxide poisoning (CO)
colorless, orderless gas; reduced Hb ability to transfer oxygen and restrict release of oxygen to the tissue; interferes with performance in exercise and also virus psychomotor, behavioral and attention-related activities
synovial joint
composed of 2 or more bones that articulate with one another to allow mtoin in 1 or more places. surfaces are lined with hyaline cartilage - capsule is lined with synovial membrane
Claw Hand
compression of both median and ulnar nerves
causes the muscle to shorten, as occurs when the muscle is used to lift a weight, as with a bicep curl
concentric contraction
crushable chemical pack
consist of thin-walled vinyl pouch of a liquid packed within a stronger, larger vinyl pouch of dry crystals. when squeezed with sufficient force, the smaller inner pouch is broken leaking fluid into the larger, outer pouch is broken, leaking its fluid into the larger, outer pouch.
Phases of Repair: Proliferation
consist of three major events: angiogenesis ( growth of new blood vessels), collagen synthesis (also known as collagenization), and wound contraction (the drawing together off new wound edges)
Phases of Repair: Remodeling
consist of twi processes the cause the scar to become smaller, more pale (in light-skinned people), and stronger: contraction and restructuring.
occurs when friction or pressure causes damage to underlying vessels
contusion
metaplasia
conversion of one type of tissue into a form that is not normal for that tissue
how do you treat heat syncope?
cool the athlete and hydrate
What is the treatment for heat exhaustion?
cool the body and replace sodium and fluids, must be prompt in order to prevent heat stroke. careful monitoring (reactions may be delayed)
Flash to Bang:
count # of seconds from sighting of lightning to hearing the thunder, divide by 5. - flash to bang count 30: lightning 6 miles away (inherit danger) - count of 15: lightning is 3 miles away ( everyone should leave and seek shelter) * 30 mins must pass since last lightning strike before resuming play.
accident insurance
covers accidents on school grounds while the student is in attendance or accidents that occur int eh workplace - coverage is limited, does not require knowledge of falut,a nd the amount pay is limited
Contact Lens: corneal type
covers just the iris of the eye
Contact lens: scleral type
covers the whole entire front of the eye
Fraud
criminal misrepresentation for the purpose of financial gain
tanner's 5 stages of maturity assessment
crucial stages for collision and high intesntiy non contact sport= stage 3
consumable capital equipment
crutches, coolers, and kits
narcotic analgesics
depress pain impulses and the individual's repsiratory center
morphine
depresses pain sensations to a greater extent than most drugs - very dangerous because its ability to depress respiration and because of its habit-forming qualities
procedures
describes the process as to how something gets done
erros ad omission liability insurance
designed to cover school employees, officers, and the district against suits claiming malpractice, wrongful actions, errors and omissions, and acts of negligence
errors and ommissions liability insurance
designed to cover school employees, oficers, and the district against suits claiming malpractice, wrongful actions, errorors and ommisonts, and acts of negligence
Cycling helmets
designed to protect the head during one single impact (football, hockey, and baseball helmet are more durable) - many states require cycling helmets, especially by adolescents.
Carcadian dysrhythmia (jet lag)
desychronization of the athletes biological and physiological time clock. Refers to the physical and mental effects caused by traveling rapidly across several time zones.
DRG
diagnostic related group- system of classification used by medicare and other insurers to classify illness according to diagnosis and treatment
Documentation: Computerized documentation
difficult to maintain confidential ( harder to safeguard digitally stored data)
psychosis
distrubance in which there is a disintegration in personality and loss of contact with reality that is characterizzed by delusions or hallucinations
mesocycle
division of macrocycle ; may last for several weeks or even months
primary survey
done intially and determines the existence of potentially life threatening situations (loc, airway, breathing, ciruclation, severe bleeding, shock
potency
dose of the drug required to produce a desired therapeutic effect
nonnarcotic analgesics and antipyretics
drugs designed to suppress all but the most severe pain, without patient losing consciousness
Altitude Illness: Pulmonary Edema S/S
dyspnea (shortness of breath), cough, headache, weakness, sometimes unconsciousness.
pantothenic acid function
energy from carbs, fats, proteins
what is the mineral magnesium needed for?
energy-supplying reactions
wolff's law
every change in the form and function of a bone is followed by certain definite changes in its internal structure
what does the term therapeutic exercise indicate?
excersises that are used in rehabilitation program
Cohesive Elastic Bandage:
exerts constant, even pressure (2 layers of nonwoven rayon, separated by strands of spandex material)- coated with a substance that makes bandage adhere to itself ( nothing needed to hold in place)
Budget: Fixed budgeting
expenditure and revenues are projected on a monthly basis, thereby providing an estimate of cash flow; most appropriate for large, well-established sports medicine clinics during economic certainty
Neck protection
experts in cervical injury consider the major value of commercial and customized cervical collars to be mostly a reminder to the athlete to be cautious rather than to provide definite restrictions.
policies
express an organization intended behavior relative to a specific program subduction
Budget: Spending-reduction model
financial crisis model: requires reallocation of institutional funds, resulting in reduced spending levels of some programs. should identify areas that could be cut without serious impact.
count the seconds from the lightning to the sound of thunder an divide by 5
flash-to-bang method
types of synovial joints: Hinge
flexion and extension
monophasic current
flows in 1 direction from posiitve pole to negative pole - used for pain modulation or muscle contraction to produce ion movement
arterial bleeding
flows in spurts and is bright red
What are the symptoms for heat exhaustion?
flu-like aching, nausea, and vomiting, headaches, dizziness, and hypotension with cold clammy skin and diaphoresis. excessive sweating and temp <106 degrees
bacterial infection of the hair follicles, often on the face, resulting in pustules, erythema, and crusts that are painful and itchy
folliculitis
B12 cources
foods of animal origin
what equipment is required for football?
football helmet, mouth guard, shoulder, hip and tailbone padding, thigh guards
gradual acclimatization should last?
for a 7-10 day period
diagnostic code
for all procedural billing (in ICD- international classifcation of diseases). specifies conditions of injury
what is water needed for?
for energy production, and normal digestion, temperature control, elimination of waste products
competitive bid
for expensive purchases
Tissue Stress: bending
force on a horizontal beam/bone that places stress within structures causing it to bend or strain
Tissue Stress: Shearing
force that moves across the parallel organization of tissue ( blisters, abrasion, vertebral disk injury)
tension
force that pulls or stretches tissue
Tissue Stress: Tension
force which pulls or stretch tissue ( muscle strain and ligaments)
capitation
form of reimbursement used by managed care providers. make standard payment each moth regardless of how much service is rendered
licensure
form of state credentialing, established by statute and intended to protect the public, that regulates the practice of at race or profession by specifying who may participate and what duties they may perform.
CMS 1500
form that private-practice clinics should use when filing a claim; originally developed for medicare
iron
formation of hemoglobin
fiber
forms the structural parts of plants and is not digested by humans
Sugars: monosaccharides
found in fruits, syrup, and honey ( ex- glucose)
diarthrotic
freely movable
where should you splint?
from 1 joint above the fx to one joint below the fx
reye's syndrome
from administration of aspirin to a child
transition period
from after last competition - early part of off season
saturated fats
from animals
radiant heat exchange
from sunshine (effects greater in sunlight than in shade); on a cloudy day, the body emits radiant heat energy (thus radiation may result in decreased body temp)
____ is a superficial freeze injury that is reversible
frostnip
vitamin C sources
fruits and veggies
neurogenic shock
general dilation of blood vessels within the cardiovascular system, can no longer supply oxygen to the body
tendinitis
has a gradual onset, diffuse tenderness because of repeated microtrauma, and degenerative changes (swelling, pain)
trans fatty acid
have physical properties resembling saturated fatty acids; increase risk of heart disease by boosting levels of bad cholesterol (Should be avoided)
Vitamin Excess: vitamin A
headache, nausea, loss of hair, dry skin, diarrhea
HIPAA
health insurance portability and accountability act. - regulates how health care providers share healthcare informationw ith others. - gaurantee patients have acess to their medical records
medicaid
health insurance program for people with low incomes and limited resources - funded by federal gov and individual states
vestibulocochlear nerve
hearing and equilibrium
convective heat exchange
heat loss or gain depending on temperature of circulating medium (cool breeze versus circulating air being hotter than body temperature)
if a patient presents with a rapid and strong pulse this may indicate?
heatstorke or fear
a rapid stronger pulse rate could mean:
heatstroke severe fright
flushed or red skin could mean:
heatstroke sunburn allergic reaction high bp elevated temp
elastin
helps in recovery from defomration
for retardation of muscle atrophy, what parameters should be used?
high frequency biphasic current with a frequency of 30-60 pps
what are disadvantages of contact lenses?
high in cost, corneal irritation due to dust, may become dislodged after bodily contact
what parameters should be used for muscle pumping to stimulate circulation?
high monophasic voltage with frequency of 20-40 pps
can lead to acute neurological damage, causing seizures, coma and death
high-altitude cerebral edema (HACE)
can lead to acute respirator distress and death
high-altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE)
what is a hinge joint?
hinge joints (uniaxial) petit flexion and extension only (elbow)
L2 myotome pattern
hip flexion
what are important in limitng amount of exudates/swelling?
histamine, leukotrienes, and cytokines
HPI
history of present illness
medullary (marrow) cavity:
hollow tube in the long bone diaphysis; contains a yellow, fatty marrow
Physician hospital organizaiton
hospitals work directly with employers to provide services
bioavailability
how completely a particular drug is absorbed by the system and available to produce a response
cardiac output
how much the heart can pump in 1 min
long bones
humerus, ulna, femur, tibia, fibula, phalanges
exertional hyponatremia is caused by?
hyper hydration, or lack of sodium in the diet, or excessive replacement of water w/o sodium
Myofascial Trigger Points
hypersensitive nodule found within a taut band of skeletal muscle and/or fascia (found most commonly in muscles involved in postural support; may also be caused by acute or repetitive trauma that stresses fibers)
coopers ligaments
in boobs
glucose not needed immediately is stored as glycogen where?
in the muscle and liver (later converted to glucose for transfer to blood to meet the body's energy needs)
where is ATP produced?
in the muscles tissue form glucose and glycogen
cardiogenic shock
inability of heart to pump enough blood to the body
hemiplegia
inaiblity to move 1 side of body - could be do to head injury or stroke
Dietary reference intake
includes Recommended daily allowance AND upper limits. general term for a set of reference values used to plan and assess nutrient intakes of healthy people. These values, which vary by age and gender
Fiber: soluble
includes gums and pectins( oatmeal , legumes, some fruit)
greenstick fx
incomplete break in bone that have not completely ossified; often occurs on convex bone surface while concave surface remain intact.
greenstick fx
incomplete fx
psychomotor drugs
increase turnover rate of catecholamines which have a strong effecton the nervous and cardiovascular system, metabolic rates, temp, and smooth muscles (amphetamines and nonamphetamines) ex: cocaine -type of stimulant
hyperesthesia
increased sense of feeling
psychogenic pain
individual feels pain but the cause is emotional rather than physical
Factors limiting flexibility: skin
inelastic scar tissue may form at the site of a tearing incision or laceration , which does not stretch well
trochlear nerve
inferieor and lateral movement of eye
Phase 1 of the healing process: Injury
inflammation is initiated by an injury, an occurrence that impairs the structure or function of tissue and thereby alters the cells ability to carry out its normal homeostatic mechanisms.
myositis
inflammation of muscle tissue (more specifically, fibrositis or connective tissue inflammation)
tenosynovitis
inflammation of synovial sheath surrounding a tendon
neuritis
inflammation of the nerve
periostitis
inflammation of the periosteum (often contusions) manifest as skin rigidity over underlying muscles
acute synovitis
inflammation of the synovial membrane
what is the immediate treatment for a heat cramp?
ingestion of large quantities of fluids, mild prolonged stretching with ice massage.
carminatives
inhibit gas formation and aids in its expansion
frequency of application of RICES
initial application: 5-10 mins right after the injury Second application: 30-60 mins later
what findings may result in an athletes exclusion of sports
injuries latent conditions such as cardiac abnormalities physical disabilities that pose a danger to the person or others renal disease uncontrolled hypertension staph infection/MRSA disagreement among physicians failure of reasonable accommodations to eliminate risk contagious disease that poses a risk to others
what injuries of the lower extremity are most common?
injuries to the knees and ankles
pale /ashen skin indicates
insufficent circulation shock fright hemorrhage heat exhaustion insulin shock
UB-92/CMS 1450
insurance claim form that hospitals should use
disability insurance
insurance designed to protect an athlete against future loss of earnings because of a disabling injury or sickness
Self-Insurance
insurance of oneself or ones interests by maintaining a fund to cover possible losses rather than by purchasing an insurance policy
secondary coverage
insurance that begins to pay for covered expenses only after all others sources of insurance coverage have been exhausted; also known as excess insurance
insurance: premiums
invoiced cost of n insurance policy
spasm end feel
involuntary muscle contraction that prevents motion bcause of pain (Back spasm)
dynamic and ballistic stretching
involves a bouncing movement in which repetitive contractions of agonist muscle are used to produce quick stretches of the antagonist muscle
Common Cold Injuries: Superficial Frostbite
involves only the skin and subcutaneous tissue. Skin appears pale, hard, cold, and waxy; palpating will reveal a sense of hardness but with yielding of underlying deeper tissue structures. - when rewarming: the area will feel numb; the will sting and burn; may later produce blisters/pain
superficial frostbite
involves the skin and subcutaneous tissue, skin is pale, hard, cold, and waxy, immerse area in warm water
female athletes develop amenorrhea when their body attempts to conserve stores of _____
iron
clotting
is a multistage process that results in fibrin and platelets, both of which are blood components, closing a damage blood vessel.
Cool Down
is a period that enables the body to cool and return to a resting state ( should last 5-10 mins)
gel pack
is a reusable type of cold pack, consisting of water mixed with a antifreeze, such as alcohol, and a gel substance, in a vinyl pouch bag. The alcohol keeps the water from freezing solid, and the gel gives it body so the water does not slosh around in the pack. they are cooled in a freezer about 1F (-17C) They are dangerous!
catastrophic insurance
is designed to provide lifelong medical, rehabilitation, and disability benefits for the victim of devastating injury (takes effect after 25,000 in medical bills have been reached)
edema
is the accumulation of fluid portion of blood in tissue
negligence
is the failure to use ordinary or reasonable care.
occur without muscle movement, as when attempting to push or pull an immovable object, tightening the muscle, or holding an object out in front of the body so that the weight pushes down but the muscles' opposing force keeps the object stable
isometric
Contractions involve movement of the muscle when pushing or pulling. Usually balance concentric and eccentric contractions
isotonic
urinalysis presence of protein
kidney disease
where are the most common locations of bursitis
knee, shoulder, elbow
tear in the skin resulting from blunt force
laceration
the point at which aerobic activity becomes anaerobic
lactate threshold
power
large amount of force generated quickly
electrode set up
large electrodes disperse current over a large area
This ligament connects the femur to the fibula
lateral collateral ligament
abducens
lateral movement of eye
Photochromic lens
lenses will become colored tinted when exposed to UV rays
Football pads: Noncantilevered:
less restrictive on shoulder motion ( QB, receivers)
what is the recommended dietary amount of fats?
less than 30% of total calories should be from fat ( less than 10% should be saturated fat)
what is released in the inflammatory response phase?
leukocytes and other phagocytic cells and exudates are delivered to injured tissue - tends to localize or dispose of injury byproducts (blood and damage cells) through phagocytosis
product liability
liability of any or all parties along the chain of manufacture of any product for damage caused by the product ( manufacture of component parts, assembling manufacturers, wholesaler and retail store owner)
malpractice
liability- generating conduct associated with the adverse outcome of patient treatment.
endosteum
lies the medullary cavity
____ kills about 100 people per year, and injuries 400-500
lightning
scope of practice
limitations fo what the AT can and cannot do determined by individual states
cartilage healing
limited healing capacity. at approximately 2 months, normal collagen has beenformed
Licensure
limits AT to those who have met minimal requirements established by state board.
yelowish skin indicates
liver disease or dysfunction
what are negative side effects of anabolic steroids for men
liver disorders cardiovascular disorders increased aggressiveness and libido decreased sperm count gynecomastia (breast development)
what are negative side effects of anabolic steroids for women?
liver disorders cardiovascular disorders increased aggressiveness and libido inhibition of formation of follicles and irregularities of menstrual cycle, including amenorrhea hypertrophy of the clitoris acne hair loss and male pattern balding with increased facial hair breast atrophy masculinization of body, features, and lowering of voice
osteocytes
located within the lacunae (small cavities within a bone)
what is considered low fold and high volt?
low volt: 0-150 high volt : >150
the cycles of periodizaiton
macro cycle mesocycle transition period
dehydration (mild hydration)
mild hydration is defined as loss of <2% of body weight
Sugars: disaccharides
milk sugar (lactose) and table sugar (sucrose) are combinations of monosaccharides
use of NSAIDs and soft tissue haeling
minimize pain and swelling and may enhance a return to full activity. some may interfere with inflammatory process and delay the healing process
major components of a rehab program
minimizing swelling contorlling pain reestablishing neuromuscular control enhancing core stability increasing muscular strength and endurance improving ROM regaining balance postural control maintaining cardiorespiratory endurance incorporating functional progressions
Phase 4 of the healing process: hemodynamic changes
mobilize and transport blood borne defense components to the injury site and secure their passage through vessel walls into the tissue.
fast twitch fiber- type IIa
moderate resistance to fatigue ; short term, high intensity anaerobic activity
examples of thermotherapy
moist heat packs, warm. whirlpool, paraffin wax path, ultrasounds, pulsed shortwave diathermy and ultraviolet.
slow twitch fiber - type I
more resistan to fatigue; longer time to generate contraction; long duration, aerobic activity
Factors limiting flexibility: neural tissue
morphological changes in neural tissue may result from acute compression, chronic repetitive micro trauma, muscle imbalance joint dysfunction, or poor posture (causes irritation, inflammation)
expendable vs non expendable budgeting
most ATs spend their b udget on expendables (reusable supplied- tape, bandages)- injury prevention, first aid
traction
most commmonly used in treating spinal nerve root impingment
water
most essential of all nutrients. most abundant in the body. necessary for temperature controll and elmination of wastes, energy production, and normal digestion - should drink about 2.5 L a day
ethical design making:formalism
most likely to followed by ATs who see a clear professional duty that they believe should be implemented universally
Factors limiting flexibility: muscles and their tendons (and fascial sheaths)
most often responsible for limiting ROM; over time it is possible to increase the elasticity, or the length that a given muscle can be stretched
convex (moving) on concave (stationary)
move bone in opposite direction of desired motion
Altitude Illness: Pulmonary Edema TX
move to lower altitude ASAP and give oxygen (rapidly resolves)
empty end feel
movement is beyond anatomical limit - pain occurs before end range (complete lig rupture)
diapedesis
movement of white blood cells out of small arterial walls
isometric contraction
muscle contracts to increase tension, no change in length of the muscle
concentric contraction
muscle shortens in length ad it contracts to overcome or move some resistance
heat cramps
muscle spasm related to excessive loss of water and several electrolytes ( sodium, chloride, potassium, magnesium, and calcium) but especially sodium.
malignant hyperthermia if rectal temperature remains longer than 10-15 mins after exercise during this period what can occur?
muscle tissue is destroyed and breakdown products may damage kidneys
myofascial pain
myofascial trigger points- hyperirritable and causes radiating pain from an active trigger point
Equipment reconditioning and recertification:
national operating committee on standards for athletics equipment (NOCSAE) has established voluntary test standards to reduce head injuries by establishing minimum safety requirements for helmets and face masks. Followed by the NCAA and NFSHSA
Vitamin Excess: Vitamin E
nausea, and diarrhea, interferes with vitamin K absorption
myopia refers to:
nearsightedness
thiamin function
needed for release of energy from carbs, fats, and proteins
magnesium
needed in energy supplying reactions
mechanoreceptors
nerves that provide info about relative position of joint and found in fibrous baspule and ligs
most frequent type of nerve trauma
neuropraxia produced by direct trauma
NP
no pain
S3 myotome pattern
none
T1 myotome pattern
none (finger abduction and adduction)
inhibits pain transmission between first and second order neurons
norepinephrine
vitamin D purpose
normal bone growth and development
zinc
normal growth development
metabolic heat production:
normal metabolic function causes production of radiation of heat; level of increase in body heat depends on intensity of physical activity
fluid and electrolyte replacement: Normal sweat loss
normal sweat loss during hour exercise: 1 hour exercise: 0.8-3L/hr (average of 1.5 L/hr) - when body weight drops by 1-2% , individual starts to feel thirsty
contrecoup fx
occur on opposite side to the point at which the trauma initiated
blowout fx
occur to the wall of the eye orbit as a result of a blow to the eye.
oblique fx
occur when one end of the bone receives sudden torsion while other is fixed or stabilized (angle)
intrinsic ligaments
occur where the articular capsule has become thickened in some places
exertional heat exhaustion
occurs from environmental heat stress and strenuous physical exercise
contusion
occurs from sudden traumatic blow to body
transverse fx
occurs in a straight line, direct blow (bending)
shock definition
occurs when a diminished amount of blod is available to the circulatory system. not enough oxygen =carrying blood cells are avialbale to the tissues so with shock comes wide spread tissue death
prep period
off season has 3 phases 1. hypertrophy endurance 2. strength 3. power
depressed fx
often in flat bones; caused by falling and striking body part on unyielding surface or by being hit with hard object
tetrahydrogestrione (THG)
often used in anabolic steroids because thought to be undetectable on drug tests
innuctions
oily or medicated substances that are rubbed into the skin and result in local or systemic reaction
qd
once daily
Phase 7 of the healing process: leukocyte migration
once the leukocyte migration have assed to the outside of the vascular wall, leukocyte migration to the injury site occurs. this occurs in a concentration limited fashion, meaning that the number of leukocyte is highest at suites where the greatest tissue damage has occurred and is lowest where there is little or no tissue damage.
most often occur with blunt force against the globe causing a rupture through the floor or the orbital bone or a direct blow to the orbital rim
orbital fractures
Documentation: Problem - Oriented medical record
organizes information around a patients specific comoplaint
visceral pain
originates from internal organs, diffused at first andt hen localized
what are the treatments for patients who are pes cavus?
orthotic arch support special shoes stretching to relax taut muscles severe cases: surgical repair
what are the common causes of plantar fasciitis?
overuse excess pressure on the heel poorly fitting shoes high arch/flat feet
Registration
paid fee for being placed on an existing list of practitioners
delayed-onset muscle soreness (DOMS)
pain becomes most intense 24-48 hours after and then gradually subsides so that muscle is pain free by 3-4 days after (leads to increase muscle tension, swelling, stiffness, and inflexibility)
joint sprain: Gade 2
pain moderate loss of function, swelling, slight to moderate instability
Myofascial Trigger Points: Tender point
pain only at a site of palpation
symptoms of a DVT include:
pain or aching in the calf, especially on activity swelling
referred pain
pain that is felt at one point of the body other than its origin
what are symptoms of tendinitis?
pain with movement edema dysfunction decreased range of motion
muscle cramps
painful involuntary skeletal contractions
what are the sings and symptoms of dehydration/ electrolyte depletion?
pale skin, profuse sweating,stomach cramps, with nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, headache, president muscle cramp, dizziness, loss of coordination,
What are the symptoms of hypothermia?
pallor cold skin drowsiness alteration in mental status confusion severe shivering
Articular cartilage: Hyaline cartilage
part of nasal septum, larynx, trachea, bronchi, articular ends of bones
subluxation
partial dislocation in which an incomplete separation between two articulating bones occur
PWB
partial weight bearing
static stretching
passively stretching a given antagonist muscle by placing it in a maximal position of stretch and holding it there for an extended period of time (30-60 sec, 3-4 mins)
PMH
past medical history
personality disorder definitions
pathological disturbance in cognition, affect, interpersonal functioning, or impusel contorl- usually can be traced to an event in adolescence - paranoia, OCD, PTSD
Product liability claim can be based on : Strict Liability
patient using its products is injured, regardless of the foreseeability of risk or the care manufacture took to prevent an injury
fibroplasia defition
period of scar formation - from first few days to 6 weeks
what are symptoms of lice?
persistent itch, irritation, excoriation, and sometimes secondary infection
shoe selection: heel counters
prevents foot form rolling side to side at heel strike
What should be included in the medical history?
previous hospitalization/surgeries current or chronic illnesses and medical conditions current medication and history of illicit/illegal drug use (Epi-pen, allergies) exercise-induced symptoms history of hypertension history of neurological disorders, pinched nerve, seizures, head injury history of menses, including onset, last period and frequency ortho injuries, past or present
Fiber: insoluble
primarily cellulose (whole grain breads, bran cereals)
What are the three phases of syphilis?
primary secondary tertiary
cardiac output is the?
primary determinant of the maximal rate of oxygen consumption
Phase 5 of the healing process: metabolic changes
primary injury and the bodys response to it, caused additional ultrastructural damage in the site. this additional insult is called secondary injury because it occurs as a result of primary injury. Thus the total injuries include tissue debris from both primary and secondary injury.
what are the treatment options for syphilis?
primary, secondary, early tertiary: benzathine penicillin G 104 million units IM in one dose tertiary: benzathine penicillin G 2.4 million units IM weekly for three weeks
smog
produced by combination of carbon monoxide and sulphur dioxide (emanates from combustion of fossil fuel such as coal)
Product liability claim can be based on : breach of warranty of fitness
product is food to be unfit for the purpose for which it was intended
folate/ folic acid function
production of genetic material
B12 function
production of genetic material. maintains CNS
what happens during fibroblastic repair phase
proliferative and regenerative activity leading to scar formation and repair of the injured tissue follows the inflammation
BOC Domain: 1. Injury and illness prevention and wellness promotion:
promoting health lifestyles behaviors with effective educational and communication to enhance wellness and minimize the risk of injury.
elasticity
properties which allows a tissue to return to normal following defomration
Mouth Guards
protect teeth and intraoral mouth guard absorbs the shock of chin blows and helps prevent possible cerebral concussion; minimize lacerations to lip and cheek and mandible fx.
sovereign immunity
protects the AT. states that neither the governemnt nor any individual who is emploted by the government can be held liable for negligence (ats mnostly working in colleges)- varies from state to state
neoprene sleeves:
provide some support for patellofemoral conditions
Good Samaritan law
provides limited protection against legal liability to any person who voluntarily chooses to provide first aid
purpose of synovial membrane
provides lubricaiton, shock absoprtion, and nutrition to the joint
procedure
provides specific directions for members of an organization to follow
what are the two types of corrective vision surgeries?
radial keratectomy (RK), laser institu keratomileusis (LASIK)
What is the treatment for freeze injuries?
rapid rewarming with warm water bath (104-106 degrees), 10-30 minutes or until the frostbitten area is erythematous (red) and pliable
Muscle Spasm: reflex
reaction caused by trauma of the musculoskeletal system
springy block endfeel
rebound at end point (meniscus tear)
types of synovial joints: saddle
reciprocally concave on convex (carpometacarpal joint of the thumb)
Equipment reconditioning and recertification: Recommendations of NOCSAE
recommendations periodically reconditioning and rectifying used helmets (every 2 years if no warranty)
adequate intake (AI)
recommended average daily intake level based on experimentally developed estimates of nutrient intake that are used when the RDA cannot be determined
dry bulb temperature (DBT)
records from standard mercury thermometer
what are the sings and symptoms for exertional heatstroke?
rectal temp > 104, flushed and hot skin with sweating about 75% of the time, shallow and fast breathing, rapid and strong pulse, nausea, vomitng, diarrhea, headache, dizziness, weakness, decreased BP and
heat rash
red, raised rash with sensation of prickling and tingling during sweating; usually occur when skin is continuously wet with unevaporated sweat; generally localized to areas covered by clothing; continually toweling body can help prevent rash from developing.
what are the 5 sings of inflammation?
redness (rubor), swelling (tumor), pain (dolor), increased temperature (calor), and loss of function (functio laesa)
sx of inflammatory response phase
redness, swelling, tenderness and pain, increased temp, and loss of function
omega 3 fatty acids
reduce the likelihood of diseases ( heart disease, stroke, hypertension)
BOC Domain: 4. Therapeutic Interventions
rehab an reconditioning injuries, illness, and general medical conditions with the goal of achieving optimal activity level based on core concepts using the applications of therapeutic exercise, modality devices, and manual techniques.
stiffness
relative ability of a tissue to resist a particular load
reciprocal inhibition
relaxation of antagonist muscle during contractions
histamine
released from injured mast cells -> vasodilation and increased cell permeability
treatment for exertional heat exhaustion
remove from activity, remove clothing , lie down with legs elevated, cooling efforts, rehydration, or IV fluids, AT should monitor the HR ,BP, and core temp
What is the treatment for heat stress?
remove from heat, cool, hydrate, and replace lost sodium
dehydration TX
repack fluids and move to cool environment (sports drink that contains CHO and electrolytes). should not return to activity until normal body weight (fluid replacement should not exceed fluid loss)
fluid and electrolyte replacement: prevention
replace fluids (do not rely on thirst as an indicator)
Budget: spending-ceiling model
requireds justification only for those expenses that exceed those of the previous budget cycle (aka incremental model) often rests in falling behind due to prices of supplies rising faster than inflation
Budget: Variable Budget
requires adjustment of monthly expenditures so that they do not exceed revenues, rarely used by schools based programs (very difficult to estimate cost in advance)
Budget: Zero-based budgeting
requires justification for every budget line item without reference to previous spending patterns; requires documentation of actual program needs and development of priority ( rank each item)
spending ceiling model
requires justification only for expenditures that exceed those of the previous budget cycle
aerobic metabolism
requires oxygen, burns the lactate using oxyygen, removing it and creating far more ATP than the anaerobic sytem
line-item budgeting
requires that ATs list anticipated expenditures for specific categories of program sub functions (example: expendable supplies, equipment repair, team physician services, and insurance)
Variable budgeting
requires that expenditures for any given time period be adjusted according to revenues for the same period, it is rarely used in school-based programs
eccentric contraction
resistance is greater than the muscular force being produced, and muscle lengthens while continuing the contract
what is the treatment for plantar fasciitis?
rest until symptoms subside night splints orthotics stretching exercises for achilles tendon/plantar fascia strengthening exercises for lower leg for stabilization
effects of immobilization on cardiorespiratory system
resting HR increases Stroke volume , max O2 uptake, and vital capacity decrease
State certification
restricts the performance of AT functions to only those certified
Common Cold Injuries: Frostbite- chilblains
result for prolonged and constant exposure to cold for many hours. Skin redness, tingling, swelling, and pain in toes and fingers. Caused by problems of peripheral circulation.
RTP
return to play
If an athlete with sickle cell disease experiences chest or abdominal pain and pain in the joints, he or she may be at immediate risk for which of the following complications?
rhabdomyolysis
Muscle Spasm: tonic
rigid muscle contraction that last a period of time
Product liability claim can be based on : Negligence
risk of injury from use of product was foreseeable and company did not exercise due care in reducing or eliminating risk
this drug is commonly referred to as the date rape drug or roofie
rohypnol
what motions occur in the Atlantoaxial joint?
rotation
types of synovial joints: pivot
rotation about an axis (cervical atlas and axis, proximal ends of radius and ulna)
what are the cardinals signs of inflammation
rubor -redness calor- hot edema- swelling dolor- pain funca laesa- function loss
spiral fx
s- shaped separation , common in football and skiing sudden rotation of the body with foot planted)
spiral fracture
s-shaped separation, body is suddently rotated in teh opposite direction (torsion)
the principles of conditioning
safety, warmup/cool down, motivation, overload, consistency, progression, intensity, specificity, individuality, minimize stress
How is mononucleosis spread?
saliva and airborne droplets (occurs most often in teenagers and young adults)
trigeminal
sensation to the face -mastication
muscle spindles
sensitive to change in legnth of muscle
muscle spindle
sensitive to change in muscle length; stimulation results in reflex contraction to resist stretch
GTOs
sensitive to change in tension of muscle
free nerve endings
sensitive to extreme mechanical, thermal, or chemical energy
extrinsic ligaments
separates from capsular thickening, located outside joint
diastasis
separation of 2 articulating bones
avulsion fx
separation of a bone fragemnt from its cortex at an attachment of al igament or tendon, powerful twist or stretch of a body part
avulsion fx
separation of a bone fragment at an attachment of ligament or tendon. Usually occur as a result of a sudden, powerful twist or stretch of a body part.
statute of limitations
set aa specific length of time that individuals may sue for damages form negligence
statues of limitations
sets a specific length of time that individuals may sue for damages from negligence - some states require than an injured miror must file suit at least 3 yeras after the minor reaches an age of 18 - usually ahve 1-5 years to file suit
anaphylactic shock
severe allergic reaction caused by foods, insect stings, or drugs, tx is an epi pen
metabolic shock
severe illness suh as diabetes goes untreated, extreme loss of body fluid
symptoms of tinea pedis include:
severe itching with vesicles or erosion of instep and with peeling maceration and fissures between toes dry, scaly, mildly erythematous patches on plantar and lateral foot surfaces
dermatomic pain
sharp and well localized
cutanous pain
sharp, bright, and burning, can have fast or slow onset
what equipment is required for soccer?
shin guards, cleats
what does a rapid but weak pulse rate mean?
shock bleeding diabetic coma heat exhaustion
low bp could mean?
shock, heart attack internal organ injury
if a patient presents with rapid and weak pulse this may indicate ?
shock, bleeding , or heat exhaustion
Sugars
should account for less than 15% of total caloric intake
shoe selection: arch support
should be made of some durable yet soft supportive material and should smoothly join with insole
Point-of-service plan (POS)
similar to PPOs, except that primary care physicians are assigned to patients to coordinate their care
oblique fx
similar to spiral fx, one end of bone is fixed while the other end has a torsion or shearing force (axial compression, bending, and torsion)
insurance: exclusion
situations or circumstances specifically not covered by an insurance policy
phosphorus
skeletal development tooth formation
inert ( non-contractile)
skin, joint capsule, ligaments, facia, cartilage, dura mater, and nerve roots
What can an athlete do to minimize the effects of travel?
sleep well the night before hydrate well prior to boarding the plane avoid drinking juices, sodas, caffeinated beverages and alcohol during flight eat and sleep on schedule that coincides with home time if possible remove shoes, stretch, and walk about periodically to improve circulation schedule rest time during the day if necessary
amphiarthrotic
slightly movable
olfactory nerve
smell
How can you prevent callus formation?
soaking feet and using callus files to reduce thickness wearing double socks to cushion the sole of the foot wearing properly fitted shoes applying emollients to feet and hands to prevent friction and keep skin supple wearing protective gloves, tape, or moleskin to protect palms from friction
joint sprain: Grade 1
some pain, minimum loss of function, mild TTP, little or no swelling, no laxity
exemption
state realizes that AT perform functions similar to those of other licensed professional
sovereign immunity
states that neither the government nor any individual that is employed by the government can be held liable for negligence
Hilton's Law
states that the joint capsule, the muscle moving in that joint, and the skin overlying the insertion of the muscles have the same nerve supply.
phosphocreatine
stored in skeletal muscle and is used during anaerobic activity to prouce ATP with the assistance of the enzyme creatine kinase
overstitching of a part of the musculature that causes microscopic tears in the muscle or tendon, usually resulting from excess stress or overuse
strain
cantilevered shoulder pads
strap that extends from the front to the back of the shoulder pads that causes the shoulder pads to arch above the tip of shoulder, dispersing the pressure onto the pads rather than on the shoulder- restrict motion more
flourine
strengthens bones and teeth
PNF
stretching techniques that involve combos of alternating contractions and stretches
bandage
strip of cloth of other material used to cover a wound or hold a dressing in place - Gauze- roller bandage for holding dressing in place, padding to prevent blisters, sterile pads. -cotton cloth- used primarily for cloths ankle wraps and for triangular/ cravat bandages.
chaddock's reflex
stroke from lateral malleolus to the small toe - should cause extension of great toe
babinksi reflex
stroking the llateral plantar surface of the foot, the toes should extend and splay
contractile
structures of muscle, tendon, or bony insertion
antisepctices
substances that can be placed on living tissue for the express purpose of either killing bacteria or inhibiting their growth
disinfectants
substances that combat microorganisms but should be applied only to nonliving objects
Bursitis
sudden irritation can cause acute bursitis; overuse of muscles or tendon as well as constant external compression/ trauma may result in chronic bursitis.
What are signs and symptoms of Marfan's Syndrome?
tall, thin stature with loose joints, with the long bones disproportionately long scoliosis flat feet pectus carinatum (pigeon chest) or pectus excavatum (funnel chest) long, narrow face with high-arched roof of mouth and crowding of teeth dislocation of lenses of eyes and sometimes retinal detachment, myopia aortic valve disorders with heart murmur stretch marks abdominal/inguinal hernia sleep apnea (rare)
chronic tenosynovitis
tendons become locally thick-end, with pain and articular crepitus present during movement
cerebellar function
test coordinated movements
standard of reasonable care
that an individual will brin g acommonsense appraoch to the situation and will exercise duty of care- assumes a person of reasonable and ordinary prudence
duty of care
that it existed between the person and injured person
muscular strenth
the ability of a muscle to generate force against resistance- max force applied during a single max contraction
kinesthesia
the ability to detect movement
Flexibility
the ability to move a joint or series of joints smoothly and easily throughout full range of motion
muscular endurance
the ability to perform repetitive muscular contractions against some resistance
cardiorespiratory endurance
the ability to perform whole body, large muscle activities for extended periods of time
cardiorespiratory endurance
the ability to perform whole-body large muscle activities for extended periords of time
what are macronutrients
the absorbable components of food
practice
the action that takes place in response to administrative problems (i.e. procedures that state that machines should be calibrated once a year)
symptoms of frostnip are:
the affected parts feel numb and aches/throbs becomes hard and insensate as the tissue freezes results in circulatory impairment, necrosis of tissue, and gangrene
metabolism
the biotransformation of drugs into water soluble compounds that can be excreted from the body - most metabolize in the liver with some occurring in the blood and kidneys
Usual, customary, and reasonable (UCR)
the charge consistent with what other medical vendors would assess
macrocycle
the complete training period
macrocycle
the complete training period - can be broken into preseason, in season, and post season
Hypothermia occurs when:
the core body temperature falls below 95 degrees
comparative negligence
the degree to which a plaintiff contributed to the harm caused by a defendant. Example: failing to follow instructions, failing to perform rehabilitation. Courts determine the degree (%) to which the AT and plaintiff contributed to the harm.
Tissue properties: stress
the internal reaction or resistance to an external load
stress
the internal resistance of the tissues to an external load
product liability
the liabilty of any or all parties along the chain of manufacture of any product for damage caused by that product
accessory motion
the manner inwhich an articulating joint surface moves realtive to another such as spin, roll, and glide
muscular strength
the maximum force that can be applied by a muscle during a single maximal contraction
pharmokinetics
the method by which drugs are absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and eliminated or excreted by the body
clinical supervision
the process of direct observation of an employees work, with emphasis on measurements of specific behaviors, and the subsequent development of plans to remediate deficiencies in performance
training effect with cardiorespiratoy exercise
the stroke volume increases while exercise heart rate is reducd at a given standard exercise load
what are the minerals sodium and potassium important for?
the transmission of nerve impulses
electrotherapy
the use of electricity
drug vehicle
therapeutically inactive substance that transports a drug
what are the benefits of vitamin Folate and B12 ?
they are important for normal blood flow
Ice Hockey Helmets: stamp of approval
they must have a stamp of approval from the Canadian Standards Association (CSA)
With water soluble vitamins are used to regulate metabolism of CHO, proteins and fats?
thiamin, riboflavin , niacin, biotin, and pantothenic acid.
plasters
thicker than ointments used to relieve pain, increase circulation, and decrease inflammation
dehydration S/S
thirst, dry mouth, headache, dizziness, irritability, lethargy, excessive fatigue and possibility cramps
what is Epstein Barr Virus?
this is a member of the herpes group and causes infectious mononucleosis
acute exertional rhabdomyolysis
this is characterized by sudden catabolic destruction and degeneration of skeletal muscle accompanied by leakage of myoglobin and muscle enzyme into the vascular system.
Phases of Repair: hemostasis and inflammation
this phase is the same as hemodynamic, leukocyte migration, and phagocytosis pages of the inflammation response. Hemostasis is the arrest or stoppage of bleeding.
Phase 2 of the healing process: Ultrastructural changes
this refers to the breaking down and eventual disruption of the cellular membrane and its organelle.
deep frostbite
tissues are frozen, immediate hospitalization, tissues are cold, hard, pale, and numb, rapid rewarming is required
why does vasodilation occur?
to bring important plasma formation and neutrophils to the injured area
intermittent compresion
to control or reduce swelling after 1 acute injury for pitting edema -most effective when combined with cold to reduce edemal
What is the function of a Warm Up?
to prepare the body physiologically for upcoming physical work by gradually stimulating the cardiorespiratory system to a moderate degree to increase blood flow to muscles and increase muscle temperature
what is the leading preventable cause of death?
tobacco use
spray coolants
topical anesthetics to the skin ex: fluromethane, inhibit pain impulses for short time
What is the treatment for tinea cruris?
topical antifungal ointment 2x daily for 4 weeks
Types of neurons: afferent (sensory) neurons
towards CNS
types of mechanical modalties
traction massage intermittent compression
apophyses
traction epiphyses- serve as origins or insertions
speed play
training technique for cross country running. AKA fartlek. individual must run for a specific period of time but specific speed and pace are not identified
acute-onset of muscle soreness
transient, develops during/ after exercise, and accompanies fatigue
sodium and potassium
transmission of nerve impulses
cool clammy skin could indicate
trauma shock heat exaustion
hypovolemic shock
trauma in which there is blood loss, without enoguh blood in in the circulatory system, organs are not properly supplied with oxygen
joint sprain
traumatic twisting that results in stretching or total tearing os stabilizing connective tissues
What is the most common running-induced bursitis?
trochanteric bursitis
characterized by pain in the lateral hip that radiates down the lateral thigh.
trochanteric bursitis
T/F: Contacts do not cloud during temperature changes, can be tinted to reduce glare.
ture
this injury occurs in runners who push off the foot or athletes who jump frequently, engage in martial arts or play on artificial turf
turf toe
serrated fx
two bony fragments have a sawtooth fx line- internal damage
serrated fx
two bony fragments have saw- tooth, sharp-edged fx line; usually caused by direct blow.
slow twitch fibers
type 1, slow oxidative fibers - dense with capillaries and rich in mitochondria and myoglobin - red in color so carry more oxygen - more resistance to fatigue - associated with long duration, aerobic type activities
Equipment reconditioning and recertification: Condition of helmet determined by-
type of helmet, amount, and intensity of usage.
Preferred provider organization (PPO)
type of insurance plan that provides financial incentives to encourage policyholders to use medical vendors approved by the company
health maintenance organization (HMO)
type of insurance plan that requires policyholders to use only those medical vendors approved by the company. All medical services are coordinated by a primary care physician, who acts as a gatekeeper to specialty services.
Documentation: Charting by exception
type of medical record that notes only those patient response that vary from predefined norms (makes records keeping more efficient and less time consuming, inappropriate for recording initial injury evaluation, has many potential uses for recording treatment and rehab; requires strict treatment protocols)
sympathomimetic drugs
type of stimulant - act on adrenergic receptors from nerve endings -acting indirectly on catecholamines ex: ephedrine which can cause mental stimulation and increased blood flow - often found in cold remedies
amphetamines
type of stimulant -powerful drugs - must be injcted, inhaled, or taken as tablets -among most abused drugs used to enhance perfomance -can produe euphoria - behavior could become mroe irrational
Fee-for-service / indemnity plan
type of traditional medical insurance whereby patients are free to seek medical services from any provider; plan covers a portion of cos covered procedures and patient is responsible for the balance
registration
types of state credentialing that requires qualified members of a profession to register with the state order to practice (some allow a grace period during which AT may practice without being registered)
UB
universal billing - codes similar to CPT but used in hospitals
cryotherapy
use of cold (usually between 32 F and 70 F; 0C and 21 C
light therapy
use of electromagnetic radiation
biotin function
use of fats
mechanotherapy
use of motion, force or pressure
ergogenic aid
use to describe any method, legal or illegal, used to enhance athletic performance
dynamic splint
used for to provide long duration tension on healing structures (usually a tendon) so that it can return to normal functio.
corticosteroids
used primarily for chronic inflammation of musculoskeletal and joint regions - primary admin is injection - type of NSAID
Protective knee brace:
used prophylactically to prevent injuries to MCL in contact sports (little data to support)
what is an elbow figure 8 bandage spica?
used to secure a dressing in cubital fossa or prevent full extension; 3 inch wrap; athlete flexes elbow b/w 45-90 ° of flexion.
sympathomimetics
used to treat EIB (albuterol)
procedural code
uses CPT code- to ID specific medial procedures used in treating a patient
thermotherapy
uses of superficial and deep heat (usually between 98.6F and 109.4 F; 37 C and 43C
wet bulb temperature (WBT)
uses wet wick or piece of gauze wrapped around end of thermometer that is swung around in the air
Factors limiting flexibility: bony structures
usually bony prominences stop movements at normal endpoint (or OCD in elbow limits ROM)
unsaturated fatty acids
usually from plants and are liquid at room temperature (GOOD!)
non-consumable capital equipment
usually not removed from ATR (ice machine, tx table , modalities)
What steps can you take to prevent heat loss?
utilize WBGT provide adequate hydration 16 fl oz before/8 fl oz every 20 mins during/ and 16 fl oz for every 1 lb lost during activity Allow time for acclimatization (7-10 days) Monitor for signs of hypothermia 10 min break every hour Promote evaporation (change wet t-shirts) Provide shelter
what test would be positive for a LCL injury?
varus stress test
what is Klenbocks disease
vascular necrosis or osteocondritis of the lunate
irregular bone
vertebral column, and skull
Vitamins: Antioxidants
vitamin C, Vitamin E, and beta-carotene
Vitamins: fat soluble
vitamine A,K,D,E ( found in fatty portions of foods and in oils; possible to consume excess amounts and show the effects of vitamin poisoning
increased stroke volume
volume of blood pumped in each beat
blowout fx
wall of eye orbit as the result of blow to eye
should be the first part of any training exercise, performed for 15 - 30 minutes to increase circulation and muscle elasticity and prevent injury
warm-up exercises
Warming the air next to the body Exhaled moisture Loss of heat to the environment because the body is hotter than the air Transfer of heat when there is a temperature difference between the body and an outside surface a. Evaporation b. Conduction c. Radiation d. Convection
warming the air next to the body = convection exhaled moisture = evaporation loss of heat to the environment because the body is hotter than the air = radiation Transfer of heat when there is a temperature difference between the body and an outside surface = conduction
atrophy
wasting away of muscle tissue ( main cause is immobilization, inactive, or loss of nerve stimulation)
evaporative heat
water is transported to surface via sweat glands, where it evaporates, taking large quataties of heat with it ( body highly dependent in sweat if air temperature > body temperature)
micronutrients
water, minerals and vitamins * these are necessary for regulating normal body functions.
Which direction of travel seems to cause more problems with jet lag?
west to east
When should emergency medical treatment be initiated for a person who has ingested ethanol?
when the person exhibits an altered mental status, nausea and vomiting, semi-conscious or unconscious
When does frostbite occur?
when the tissue begins to freeze, usually signaled by burning pain and numbness in the affected area
examples of hydrotherapy
whirlpool and aquatic therapy pools, and ice slush/ ice immersion
biotin sources
widely found in foods
pantothenic acid sources
widely found in foods
Tissue Stress: compression
with enough energy, crushes tissue (force can no longer be absorbed) ex: contusion
short bones
wrist and ankle
y/o
years old
Metabolic shock
Occurs when illness goes untreated (diabetes) or when extensive fluid loss occurs
Rapid & weak pulse
Shock, bleeding, diabetic coma, or heat exhaustion
Strong & slow pulse
Skull fx or stroke
DeQuervian's Disease
also known as Hoffmans Disease Stenosing tenosynovitis in the thumb, first tunnel becomes contracted and narrowed (EPB and EPL pass though the tunnel)
cc
chief complaint
Handlebar Palsy
compression of the ulnar nerve in the Tunnel of Guyon
FWB
full weight bearing
Bennets Fracture
fx of the 1st metacarpal
Boxer's Fracture
fx of the shaft of the 5th metacarpal
HP
hot pack
HTN
hypertension
stat
immediately
cardiogenic shock
inability of heart to pump enough blood
Swan Neck Deformity
injury to the volar plate of the PIP from a severe hyperextension force
Diastolic BP
is the amount of pressure/force against the arterial walls during the relaxation phase of the heart. (In between beats, 80)
MAEEW
moves all extremities equally well
NKA
no known allergies
NSA
no significant abnormality
NWB
non weight bearing
Boutonniere Deformity
occurs from a rupture pf the extensor expansion dorsal to PIP joint, DIP into extension and PIP into flexion
septic shock
result of bacterial infection where toxins cause smaller vessels to dilate
Anaphylactic shock
result of severe allergic reaction
R/O
rull out
Jersey Finger
rupture of the flexor digitorum profundus tendon from insertion on distal phalanx, most often occurs to the 4th finger
psychogenic shock
shock caused by a sudden, temporary reduction in blood supply to the brain that causes fainting
Sx
signs and symptoms
SLR
straight leg raises