Secondary survey chapter 12 Arnheim pp, Types of shock, Medical Terminology, Injuries & Deformities of the hand, Budgeting terms, BOC Prep and NATA-BOC Exam Secrets Study Guide, BOC

pt.

patient

PRE

progressive resistance exercise

size of the facility should be minimum of 300 sq ft. Equation of the size of the facility

( studnets at peak/ 20 per table per day)x 100 ft= total square footage

wet bulb globe temp

(.1XDBT) + (.7XWBT) + (.2 XGT-radiant heat)

bone healing process

- 1 week- fibroblasts ahve begun laying down a fibrous collagen network - chondroblasts start to makecallus between bones -osteoblasts proliferate and enter callus, creating trabeculae bone -osteoclasts appear to resorb bone fragments and clean up debri -immobilize for 3-8 weeks

how much should you drink before competition

- 17-20oz before exercise - 7-10 oz before exercise

interferential currents (IFC)

- 2 separate electrical generators that emit currents at 2 slightly different frequencies - used for pain, joint pain with swelling, neuritis, retards callus formation following fracture, and restricted mobility - 20-25 PPS for muscle contraction - 50-120 PPS for pain management

acute mountain sickness

- 7,000-8,000 ft - headache, nausea, vomiting, sleep disturbance, dyspnea - due to tissue disruption in the brain that affects the sodium and potassium

sickle cell train rxn to high altitude

- 8-10% of african americans - causes an enlarged spleen which can rupture at high altitudes

high altitute pulmonary edema

- 9,000-10,000 ft - lungs accumulate small amt of fluid within alveolar walls - duspnea, cough, headache, weakeness, unconsciousness -move to lower altitudeand give oxygen

how estim workds

- a current is applied to the nerve tissue at a sufficient intensity and duration to reach that tissue's excitability threshold, resulting in a mebrane depolarization or firing of that nerve - as current intesnity or duraiton is increased, the threshold for depolarization will be reached by the sensory fibers , -> motor fibers -> pain fibuers

isokinetic exercise

- a muscle contraction in which the length of the muscle is changing while the contraction is performed at a constant velocity - ex: biodex - it is necessary to exert as much force against the resistance as possible for max strength gains to occur - the key is the resistance, not the speed

Hepatitis C virus def

- acute & chronic form of liver disease (need transplant) - most common chronic bloodborne infection in US -80% of infected dont have s/s spread by contact of blood of affected person - no vaccine

GTOs

- affected by changes in muscle tension - causes reflexive relaxation- protective mechanism0 autogenic inhibition

life threatening conditions

- airway obstruction - no breathing - no circulation - profuse bleeding - shock

Preferred provider organizations (PPO)

- also limit where a person can go for treatment - all costs are paid of go to approved list (90/10), if go somewhere outside of the plan then it is (50/50) - agree to pay upfront for procedure - pay provide added services more easily at no cost - pay on a fee for service basis

Eye protection:

- athletes should wear polycarbonate lenses (virtually Unbreakable)

waveforms

- graphic representation of the shape, direction, amplitude, and direction of a particular electrical current

beta blockers

- used for HTN and heard disease - in sports that require steadiness -adrenergic agents that inhibit the action of catecholamines released from the sympathetic nerve endings -produce relaxation of blood vessels

low level laser therapy

- used for acceleration of collagen synthesis, decrease in microorganisms, increase in vascularization, and reduction in pain and inflammation -contraindications: cancer, eyes, pregnancy

phenol

- used to control disease organisms - both as antiseptic and disinfectant

PNF technqiues

- uses proprioceptive, cutaneous, and auditory input to produce functiona improvement in motor output and can be a vital element in the rehab process of many injuries - widely used in sports med for increasing strength, flexibility, and coordination while decreasing deficits in kinesthetic sense in response to demands placed on the neurmuscular system - contract relax - hold relax - slow-reversal-hold-relax - D1 and D2 positions

Vitamin E sources

- vegetable oils - some in fruits and veggies - whole grains

types of pain assessment scales

- visual analog (place mark on line to indicate pain level) - pain charts -mcgill pain questionnaire (lists 78 words that describe pain - activity pain indicators profile ( assesses functional impairment) - numeric rating scale

intensity

- voltage output of the stimulating unit -outputs up to 150v are low voltage generators ( monophasic) - those that produce up to 500v are high voltage generators (biphasic)

somatic nervous system

- voluntary - effector- skeletal muscle - motor nerve travels from spinal cord skeletal muscle

what are micronutrients

- water, vitamins, and minerals - don't provide energy but without micronutrients, macronutrients cant provide energy

androstenedione

- weak androgen that is produced primarily in the testes and in lesser amounts by adrenal cortex and ovaries -contains steroid hormones -banned by NCAA but sold in health food stores as a diet supplement

folate sources

- wheat germ - liver - yeast -mushrooms - green, leafy vegetables - fruits

B6 sources

- white meats - whole grains - liver -egg yok - bananas

Signs & Symptoms

-Moist, pale, cool, & clammy skin -decreased BP -weak & rapid pulse -irritability & excitement & potential thirst

Healing response: Formation of Clot

-Release of thromboplastin (protein) from injured cell -Thromboplastin causes prothrombin to be changed into thrombin - thrombin causes conversions of fibrinogen into a sticky fibrin clot that shits off blood supply to area - clot formation begins 12 hours post injury, completed with in 48 hours

antihistamines

-added to nasal decongestants -causes dilation of arteries and capillaries, skin flushing, and rise in temp -opposes histamin action -can decrease sweating and impair body's ability to dissipate heat

vasconstirctors

-administered to sites of profuse bleeding - drug most commonly used: epinehprine (useful in cases of epitaxis)

AVPU

-alertness -verbal (responding to voice) -pain (respond to painful stimulus) -unresponsive (no response to pain) State of unconsciousness

drugs used to treat GI disorders

-antacids - antiemetics -carminatives -cathartics (laxatives) -antidiarrheals -protein pump inhibitors

BNR

-beam nonuniformity ratio -amount of variabiltiy in altrasound beam - lower ratio the better - best is 1:1

tetracycline

-broad antibacterial spectrum - modifies the infection rather than eradicating it completely - causes sensititivity to sun exposure

macronutrients

-carbohydrates -proteins - fats * the absorbable components of food, from which energy is delivered.

exclusive provider organizations (EPO)

-combination of HMOand PPO - restrictive in the number and types of providers (more like HMO) - will not pay anything if go outside of network provider

nasal decongestants

-contain mild vasoconstriction agents -contains pseudophedrine

flash to bang method

-count # of seconds until bang occurs and divide by 5 to determine the number of miles away . if count is <30, danger -30 min pass before RTP

Healing response: vascular reaction- Chemical mediators

-histamine- released from mast cells; vasodilation, increased cell permeability, sensitize pain receptors. -leukotaxin- margination (leukocytes line up along cell walls), increase cell permeability locally to allow for diapedesis (transfer WBC through cell walls) - necrosis- phagocytic activity; amount of swelling that occurs directly related to extent of vessels damage -leukocytes release- bradykinin( ^ permeability, pain, stimulates release of prostaglandins) and prostaglandin( ^ permeability of blood vessels and tissue (^ space for WBC to move)

Healing response: vascular reaction

-immediate vasoconstriction (5-10 mins) -vascular dilation- transitory increased in blood flow - initial effusion of blood and plasma last for 24-36 hrs

tenosynovitis

-inflammation of a tendon and its synovial sheath -inflammation releases by products that are sticky adn tend to cause the sliding tendon to adhere to the synovial sheath surrounding it - occurs most commonly in flexor tendons of fingrs tx- rest and antiinflammatory drugs

grade 3 joint mob

-large amplitude glide at end ROM - used when pain or reisstance is alimiting factor

respiratory shock

-lungs unable to suply enough oxygen to circulating blood, produces pneumothorax

Treatment

-maintain body temp -elevate feet & legs 8-12 inches above the heart -keep patient calm -do not give anything by mouth until instructed by physician

management of shock

-maintain body temp as close to normal as possible - elevate feet and legs 8-12 in

vitamin A purpose

-maintains skin and other cells that line the inside of the body - bone and tooth development - growth - vision in dim light

proteins

-make up majoral structural component of the body - needed for growth, maintenace, and repair of tissues - needed to make enzymes, hormones, and antibodies that help fight infection - 15-20% total calories

drugs to treat colds and allergies

-nasal decongestants - antihistamines -cough medicines -sympathomimetics

how antacids work

-neutralize acidity in upper GI tract by raising pH and inhibiting the activity of the digestive enzyme pepsin, reducing its action on gastric mucosal nerve endings -help treat peptic ulcers -baking soda- one o the most used

marijuana

-one of most abused drugs -increased pulse rate -harmful both immediate and long term effects

cocaine

-powerful CNS stimulant with effects of very short duration - produces immediate feelings of euphoria and excitement, decreased sense of fatigue, and heightened sexual drive

effects of immobilization on muscle

-quickly leads to loss of muscle mass - slow twitch fibers develop fast twitch characteristics -prevent atrophy with isometric contractions - causes motor neves to become less efficient in recruiting and sitmulating individual muscle fibers within a given motor unit

trans fats

-resemble fatty acids - increase levels of blood cholesterol -eat as little as possible

leukotrienes

-responsible for margination (leukocytes sticking to cell walls)

HIV def

-retrovirus that combines iwth a host cell -reduces effectiveness of Tcells,Bcells, and macrophages -later develop AIDs no vaccine or tx

electrolytes

-sodium, chloride, magnesium, and calcium - maintain the balance of water inside and outside the cell - help rehydrate quickly - electrolyte loss can -> muscle cramping and intoleance to heat

According to the NATA position statement on safe weight loss, how many pounds can be safely lost in a week?

1 to 2 pounds per week

to be successful in a negligence suit, must prove:

1. AT had a duty to exercise reasonable care 2. the AT breached that duty by failing ot use reasonable care 3. there is a reasonable connetion betwen the failure and the injury suffered, or that the ATs aciton made the injury worse

PNF takes advantage of 2 additional neurophysiological phenomena:

1. Autogenic inhibition- maximal isometric contraction stimulates GTO to effect a reflex relaxation of antagonist muscle even before the muscle is placed in a position of stretch 2. reciprocal inhibition- during relaxing phase, as isotonic contraction of agonist pulls extremity further into agonist pattern, a reflex relaxation of the antagonist (muscles being stretched) must occur to allow for agonist movement.

What are the three zones of injury for frostnip:

1. Coagulation (usually distal) severe, irreversible cellular damage 2. Hyperemia (usually proximal) minimal cellular damage 3. Stasis (between other two zones) severe, damage is sometimes reversible

the phases of repair (4)

1. Hemostasis and inflammation 2. Epithelialization 3. Proliferation 4. Remodeling

the 3 types of fast twitch fibers

1. IIa- moderately resistanct to fatigue 2. IIx- fast glycolytic- fastest muscle type 3. IIb- white- fatigue rapidly

What are the 5 BOC Domains?

1. Injury prevention 2. Examination, assessment and diagnosis 3. immediate and emergency care 4. therapeutic interventions 5. health care administration

6 steps of purchasing

1. Request for quotation (bidding for prices) 2. Negotiation 3. Requisition: requesting for authorization to purchase the goods/ services. 4. Purchase Orders 5. Receiving 6. Accounts Payable

One station in the examination requires the athletic trainer to take the athletes' blood pressure. What is the correct order of steps to obtain a blood pressure measurement?

1. Select adult cuff 2. Inflate bladder to 200 mmHG 3. Place stethoscope over brachial artery at cubital fossa 4. Deflate bladder at 3 mmHg per second 5. Listen for first sound 6. Note when sound disappears 7. Record blood pressure

diastasis

1. a disjointing of two bones parallel to one another (radius/ ulna). 2. rupture of 'solid' joint (pubic symphysis); commonly occurs with a fx.

2 types of muscle soreness and their definitions

1. acute onset muscle soreness- from fatigue, occurs during and immediately after exercise 2. Delayed onset muscle soreness- delayed muscle pain leading to increased muscle tension, swelling, and stiffness, intense after 24-48 hr and then gradually subsides after 3-4 days

3 processes of caloric expenditure

1. basal metabolism 2. work 3. excretion

functions of bones

1. body support 2. organ protection 3. movement 4. calcium storage 5. formation of blood cells

cal/g of carb, protein, fat, alcohol

1. carb: 4 cal/g 2. protein: 4 3. fat: 9 4. alcohol: 7

the 6 categories of nutrients

1. carbs- 55-60% of cal 2. fats- 25-30% of cal 3. proteins- 15-20% of cal 4. water 5. vitamins 6. minerals

epiphyseal (growth) plates

1. cartilaginous 2. separate epiphysis and diaphysis early in life 3. both ends of the bone grow from this plate 4. replaced by bone (closed) as skeleton matures. 5. some do not close completely until age of 25

the 5 types of salter harris growth plate injuries

1. complete separation of physis in relation to the meaphysic without fx to the bone 2. separation of growth plate and a small portion of the metaphysic 3. fracture part of the physis 4. fracture of a portion of the physis and metaphysis 5. no displacement of physis, but the curshing force can cause growth deformity

A plaintive must prove the following 5 components to prove an act of negligence:

1. conduct 2. existence of duty 3. breach of duty 4. causation 5. damage

Articular (hyaline) cartilage

1. covers articular surface of bones 2. protects from joint "wear and tear" 3. provides shock absorption 4. poor blood supply

diaphysis (shaft)

1. cylinder 2. wall (cortex) is composed f cortical (compact) bone tissue 3. Inner surface is lined with cancellous (spongy or trabecular) bone 4. contains medullary (marrow) cavity

5 stages of psychological reaction to injury

1. denial 2. anger 3. bargaining 4. depression 5. acceptance

What are the 5 steps in Evidence Based Practice?

1. develop a clinical question 2. Search the literature 3. Appraise the evidence 4. apply the evidence 5. assess the outcome

when fitting shoes, must consider:

1. distance form heel to MTP joint 2. distance from heel to end of longest toe

negligence is alleged when

1. does something a reasonably prudent person would not do 2. failts to do something a reasonably prudent person would do under similar circumstances

the female athlete triad

1. eating disorder 2. amenorrhea 3. osteoporosis

endosteum

1. fibers membrane that lines the walls the medullary (marrow) cavity 2. contains bone forming/ rearing cells

periosteum

1. fibrous membrane that surrounds the diaphysis 2. attachement site for tendons and ligaments 3. contains bone forming/ repairing cells and blood vessels

the 3 mechanisms of pain control

1. gate control theory 2. central biasing/ descending pathway pain control 3. release of beta-endorphin

how to reduce risk of litigation

1. good relationship with athlete and parents 2. establish specific AT protocols 3. annually review the EAP 4. know patients med hxs 5. doc. all injuries 6. doc efforts to make a safe AT room 7. confidentiality of medical records 8. make sure coaches know protocol of an injured player 9. have liability insurance 10. have detailed job description in writing 11. obtain written conset of providing healthcare 12. caution with meds- cannot DISPENSE 13. use only therapeutic methods qualified for 14. no faulty equipment 15. dont let play unless cleared by physician 16. follow orders of physician ALWAYS 17. known limitaitons of your expertiese 18. use common sense

the phases of healing

1. inflammatory response phase 2. fibroblastic repair phase 3. maturation-remodeling phase

what are the 8 phases of healing

1. injury 2.ultrastructural change 3. chemical mediation 4. hemodynamic changes 5. metabolic change 6. permeability change 7. leukocyte migration 8. phagocytosis

body temp can be affected by 5 factors:

1. metabolic heat production 2. conductive heat exchange 3. convection heat exchange 4. radian heat exchange 5. evaporative heat loss

the 12 cranial nerves

1. olfactory 2. optic 3.oculomotor 4.trochlear 5. trigeminal 6. abducens 7. facial 8. vestibulocochlear 9. glossopharyngeal 10. vagus 11. accessory 12.hypoglossal

the 5 domains of AT

1. prevention 2. clinical eval and diagnosis 3. immmediate care 4. treatment, rehabilitation, and reconditioning 5. organization and administration 6. professional responsibility

the two parts of the on field inury assessment

1. primary survey 2.secondary survey

types of knee braces

1. protective 2. rehab 3. functional 4. neoprene

epiphyses

1. proximal and distal ends f a long bone 2. composed primarily of cancellous (spongy or trabecular) one that is surrounded by a layer of cortical bone. 3. wider surface area increases joint stability 4. articular (hyaline) cartilage covers the articular surface of the epiphysis

Minimizing the effects of jet lag:

1. readjust by setting up and going to bed one hour later for each time zone crossed. 2. drink plenty of fluids to avoid dehydration 3. traveling west: light meals early, heavy meals late; consume caffeine; exercise/ train later in day. 4. traveling east: heavy meals earlier; avoid caffeine; exercise/ train earlier in day.

what are the ten principles of conditioning?

1. safety 2. warm up/ cooldown 3. motivation 4. overload 5. consistency 6. progression 7. intensity 8. specificity 9. individuality 10. minimal stress

the parts of the shoe

1. shank: part of sole btw heel and metatarsal 2. last: the form on which the shoe is built- striagh, semi curved, or curved 3. heel counter: prevents foot from rolling side to side 4. shoe upper: arch support

what are the role of the skeletal system?

1. support the body weight 2. transfer body weight 3. body movement 4. muscle and ligament attachment 5. organ protection 6. bone marrow storage 7. mineral storage

techniques for coping with pain

1. tension reduction (relaxation methods that reduce muscle tension can also decrease awareness of pain0 benson and jacobson techniques) 2. attention diversion- divert attention away from injury, engage patient in mental problem solving 3. altering pain sensation- through imagination. ex- placing body part in cold water

methods to modify soft tissue healing

1. use of anti-inflammatory meds 2. therapeutic modalities 3. therapeutic exercise

Fitting of a football helmet

1. wet players hair to simulate playing condition Fitting Standard: 1. helmet should fit sung: no gaps between pads and head/ face. 2. cover base of skull; pads placed at back of neck should be snug, not uncomfortable. 3. helmet should not come down over eyes front of eyes ( front edge 3/4 inch/ 2 inch finger width above eyebrows) 4. ear holes should match 5. should not shift when annual pressure is applied; should not recoil on impact 6. the chin strap should be an equal distance from the center of the helmet; straps must keep helmet form moving up and down side to side. 7. cheek pads should fit snugly against face 8. face mask should. be attached securely to helmet; positioned 3 finger- width from nose.

Fitting of shoulder pads in Football:

1. width of shoulders is measured to determine the proper size 2. Inside shoulder pad should cover the tip of the shoulder in a direct lime with the lateral aspect of shoulder 3. Epaulets and cups should cover the deltoid muscle and allow movements required by specific position 4. Neck opening must allow athlete to raise arm overhead, but not allow pad to slide back and fourth 5. Split- clavicle shoulder pad- channel for top of shoulder must be in proper position. 6. Straps underneath arm must hold pads firmly in place, but not so they constrict soft tissue.

fibrocartilage

1.it has greater amount of collagen fibers 2. examples- interpubic disc and meniscus

Medullary (marrow) cavity

1.tube like space located within the diaphysis 2. contains bone marrow

shoe selection: toe box

1/2 - 3/4 inch distance b/w longest toe and front of shoe

How long does it take for the cardiovascular system to return to normal values in an athlete who has gone from sea level to high altitudes?

10 to 14 days

Which of the following best describes the recommended percentage of total calories from protein, fat, and carbohydrates for most physically active adults?

10-15% protein, 30% fat, 55-65% carbohydrates

at what rate should O2 be administered?

10-15l/min

how many thoracic vertebrae are there?

12 (T1-T12)

what is a normal respiration rate?

12-20 bpm

An athlete has lost 5 pounds (~2.2 kg) during the course of a practice. How much fluid must the athlete consume in order to return to normal hydration status?

120 oz (~3.5 L)

what is normal blood pressure?

120/80 mm Hg

what is the normal q-angle for males?

13 degrees

A basketball player who weighs 250 pounds (114 kg) is eating a regular, balanced diet. He is trying to build muscle and has started supplementing his diet with a commercial protein shake. What is a good range of daily total protein intake for this athlete?

135-195 grams per day

what is considered high blood pressure?

140/90

what is the normal q-angle for females

15 degrees

What is the maximum heart rate for an athlete who is 25 years old?

195

ankle of foot spica bandage size?

2 inch - 3 inch

Where does the achilles tendon injury usually occur?

2-3 cm above the area where the tendon attaches the gastrocnemius to the calcaneus

heart rate increases proportionally to excursive intensity; plateaus after?

2-3 mins

Chinstraps

2-snap, 4 snap, 6 snap 4- snap: preferred because it keeps helmet form timing forward and back

how much water does an average adult require?

2.5L/10 gasses of water per day

length of application if RICES on a finger

20 mins

__% of genital injuries result in permanent damage

20%

hypothermia :temperature loss through evaporation

20% of heat is loss thorough evaporation (66% though skin, 33% through respiratory tract)

emmetropia

20/20 vision

how many amino acids are there?

22

How long after a patient had failed a urine-specific gravity test can the patient retest?

24 hours

what is the recommended dietary amount of fiber?

25 g/day * average intake is 10-15 g/day

Glasgow Coma Scale total score ranges =

3 - 8 - coma 8 - severe head injury 9 - 12 - moderate head injury 13 - 15 - mild head injury

spiral spica bandage size?

3 inch - 4 inch

comminuted fx

3 or more fragments at fracture site

what are the vital signs you look at

3 primary vital signs: pulse, respiration, BP -LOC, -HR _breating rate _BP - temp -skin color - pupils of eyes -mvt -presence of pain

length of application if RICES on a ankle or arm

30 mins

What is the ACSM recommendation for preserving bone health in adulthood?

30 to 60 minutes of weight-bearing cardiovascular activity three to five times per week along with resistance exercises two or three times per week

for muscle re-educaiton, what frequency should be used?

30-50 PPS

Altitude Illness: Acute mountain sickness

33% chance for individuals who go to altitudes of 7,000-8,000 ft. Caused by tissue disruption in the brain that affects sodium/ potassium balance- can cause excess fluid retention within cells and subsequent occurrence of abnormal pressure.

Most good running shoes support ____ - ____ miles of running

350 - 550

how often should running shoes be replaced?

350-550 miles

how many coccygeal vertebrae are there?

4 (Co1-4)

What is the incubation period for mononucleosis?

4 - 6 weeks

how long is the inflammatory response?

4 days

shoulder spica bandage size?

4 inch- 5 inch

length of application if RICES on a thigh

45 mins

the normal aerobic capacity for most collage aged athletes is between

45-60 mL/kg/min

how many lumbar vertebrae are there?

5 (S1-S5)

how many sacral vertebrae are there?

5 (S1-S5)

tetany will occur at what freuqncy?

50 PPS

An athlete who is trying to gain weight should consume how many additional calories per day?

500 calories

groin support spica bandage size?

6 inch

During exercise what is the best-absorbed fluid and energy replacement formula?

6% carbohydrate-electrolyte solution with fructose and sucrose

Adult pulse

60-80 beats/minute (or 60-100)

About ___% of heat is lost through evaporation during exercise

65%

hypothermia :temperature loss through radiation

65% of heat produced by body is lost through radiation (head and neck - 50% of heat loss)

how many cervical vertebrae are there?

7 (c1-c7)

normal storke volume?

70mL/beat; only increased up to 40% of maximal HR

Altitude Illness: Sickle-cell trait reaction

8-10% of AAs have sickle-cell trait- abnormality of structure of RBCs and Hb content. when abnormal Hb molecules become deoxygenated as a result of high altitude, cells tend to clump (this process causes an abnormal sickle shape to RBC, with can be destroyed easily) Can cause an enlarged spleen, which in some cases has ruptured at high altitudes.

Child pulse

80-100 bpm

what is a normal pulse ?

80-100 bpm

To prevent overuse throwing injuries among high school baseball pitchers, what is the pitch limit per game?

90 per game, with a two-game limit per week

Which of the following best trains an athlete for increased power?

90% of one-repetition maximum

with what rectal temperature is mild hyperthermia?

< 104 degrees F

hypothermia: when does shivering cease?

< 85-90 F

BMI classifications

<18.5 = underweight 18.5 - 24.9 = normal weight 25.0 - 29.9 = overweight 30 and > = obese

high altitude cerebral edema (HACE)

>9000 ft - life threatening - increased cerebral edema -severe headache, hallucinations, bizzare behavior, Loss of coordination, paralysis -bring to lower altitude

Which is the best timing and composition for a pre-competition meal?

A bowl of wheat pasta with meat sauce, low-fat milk, and orange juice four hours before the game

Which of the following findings on a female student athlete's pre-participation examination would most likely impact her ability to begin training with the cross-country team?

A hemoglobin level of 25%

Fixed Budget

A method in which expenditures and revenues are projected on a monthly basis, thereby providing an estimate of cash flow.

Variable Budgeting

A method requiring adjustment of monthly expenditures so that they do not exceed revenues.

Line-item Budgeting

A method that allocated a fixed amount of money for each subfunction of a program

Lump-Sum Budgeting

A method that allocates a fixed amount of money for an entire program without specifying how the money will be spent.

Zero Based Budget

A model that requires justification for every budget line time without reference to previous spending patterns.

Which of the following provides the most cost-efficient and reliable support for an athlete with a history of ankle sprains?

A verified commercial ankle brace

The athlete's final profile lists the following deficits in her fitness: •Lacks upper-body strength •Lacks core strength Select all the exercises recommended for increasing core strength. a. Push jerk b. Front squat c. Hang clean d. Lat pulldown e. Abdominal crunch f. Shoulder press

A, B, C, F a. Push jerk b. Front squat c. Hang clean f. Shoulder press

The patient would like some recommendations for a low-fat diet. In the following list, select the sources of fat that are best to include as regular parts of this patient's diet. Choose all that apply. a. Olive oil b. Peanuts c. Salt pork d. Fish fat e. Whole milk f. Egg yolk g. Palm oil h. Pepperoni

A, B, D a. Olive oil b. Peanuts d. Fish fat

The athlete's final profile lists the following deficits in her fitness: •Lacks upper-body strength •Lacks core strength Select all the exercises that are best for increasing upper-body strength. a. Incline bench press b. Dumbbell alternating curl c. Lunge d. Seated row e. Back squat f. Triceps pushdown

A, B, D, F a. Incline bench press b. Dumbbell alternating curl d. Seated row f. Triceps pushdown

What factors are important for successful testing and administration of a fitness assessment? Select all that apply. a. Allow athletes to warm up. b. Allow athletes to ask questions about the testing. c. Encourage teammates to attend testing. d. Sequence testing so that aerobic testing is last. e. All tests should be done on the same day. f. Give test scores right after each trial g. Demonstrate the test.

A, B, D, F, G a. Allow athletes to warm up. b. Allow athletes to ask questions about the testing. d. Sequence testing so that aerobic testing is last. f. Give test scores right after each trial g. Demonstrate the test.

The athletic trainer plans to administer several tests of aerobic and anaerobic fitness. Of the following tests, which will evaluate the athlete's anaerobic capacity? Select all that apply. a. 40-yard (37 m) dash b. 12-minute run c. 300-yard (274 m) shuttle d. Hexagon test e. Bench press (1 repetition) f. Sit-and-reach test g. 1.5-mile (2.4 km) run

A, C, D, E, F a. 40-yard (37 m) dash c. 300-yard (274 m) shuttle d. Hexagon test e. Bench press (1 repetition f. Sit-and-reach

Which individuals are susceptible to heat-related illnesses? Select all that apply. a. Males b. Those with previous cold injury c. Young d. Those with febrile conditions e. Those with large muscle mass f. Those who weigh in g. Sleep-deprived individuals h. Those who have spinal cord injuries and are in wheelchairs

A, C, D, E, G, H a. Males c. Young d. Those with febrile conditions e. Those with large muscle mass g. Sleep-deprived individuals h. Those who have spinal cord injuries and are in wheelchairs

What types of things might the athletic trainer do to prevent hyperthermia? Select all that apply. a. Have athletes wear breathable wicking fabrics. b. Monitor each athlete's body temperature periodically throughout practice. c. Have athletes eat food high in fiber. d. Have the athletes consume large amounts of protein, caffeine, and fluids. e. Sit out all athletes with prior heat or cold injuries. f. Have athletes acclimatize at least two weeks in advance of practices. g. Weigh athletes before and after practice.

A, F, G a. Have athletes wear breathable wicking fabrics f. Have athletes acclimatize at least two weeks in advance of practices. g. Weigh athletes before and after practice.

fat soluble vitamins

A,D,E, K

Which budgeting model allows an organization to compare actual costs incurred to the allowed costs for each activity?

A. Zero based-Start at zero B. Spending Ceiling C. Fixed D.Variable

acetylsalicylic Acid

AKA aspirin - one of the most widely used analgesics, antiinflammatories, and antipyretics -associated with a lot of GI problems - should be avoided by atheltes in contact sports b/c it prolongs blood clotting

the most usable form of energy for muscular activity

ATP

how to assess level of consciousness

AVPU -alert -responds to voice -responds to painful stimulus -unresponsive

When does a football helmet need to be reconditioned?

According to manufacturer's warranty

Who must be educated regarding infection-control policies and procedures?

Administration, coaches, athletes, and custodians

Respiration rate adult vs children

Adult: 12-20 bpm Children 12 bpm

When putting together a fitness testing assessment, which tests should be done last?

Aerobic capacity tests

Which of the following is an intrinsic risk factor for injury?

Age

Airborne Direct Indirect Vector a. Coughing b. Mosquito bite c. Sexual intercourse d. Soiled gauze pads

Airborne = coughing Direct = sexual intercourse Indirect = soiled gauze pads Vector = mosquito bite

Which of the following is most likely to contribute to hypothermia?

Alcohol

Of the following drugs or substances, which predispose an athlete to heat illness?

Alcohol, caffeine, and asthma medications

ACDU scale

Alert, Confused, Drowsy, Unresponsive

Which items on a physical or health history form would be recognized as a concern for further investigation? a. Hemoglobinuria b. Blood pressure 160/70 Hgmm c. Anemia d. History of repeated episodes of diarrhea e. Absent testicle f. Controlled diabetes g. Furuncles

All except for F a. Hemoglobinuria b. Blood pressure 160/70 Hgmm c. Anemia d. History of repeated episodes of diarrhea e. Absent testicle g. Furuncles

What does the wet bulb globe temperature (WBGT) measure?

Ambient air temperature, humidity, and solar radiant energy

During the pre-participation physical examination, which of the following patients would the athletic trainer suspect has decreased joint stability?

An ectomorph

Which athlete is most likely to suffer a heat-related illness?

An overweight athlete who uses a wheelchair (from a spinal cord injury) wearing a cotton shirt and taking laxatives

Stages of Proliferation

Angiogenesis: is a transiet phase during which lots of new blood vessels are formed (which later diaper) Collagen Synthesis: collagenization is the process of manufacturing and laying down collagen in the wound space. Wound contracture: pulls the sides of the wound together in an attempt to close it.

During a high school basketball training camp, a young boy complains of knee pain after landing from a jump shot. He reports hearing a popping sound when the injury occurred. Which of the following is the most likely explanation?

Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tear

Compartments of the low leg

Anterior: Tib ant, EDL, EHL Posterior Superficial: Gastroc, soleus, plantaris Posterior Deep: FDL, EHL, popliteus, tibial a.v.n Lateral: peroneus longus and brevis. Peroneal n.

What methods or procedures can be undertaken to prevent skin irritation of an athlete's ankle as part of preventive taping?

Apply lace and heel pads, then put on underwrap

It has been determined that this is a first-degree ankle sprain. The athletic trainer elects to use this injury as an opportunity to teach a student how to tape an ankle. For this closed basketweave ankle taping, match each pattern of tape application with the correct number of pieces of tape and the direction in which they should be placed. Check your answers for feedback. As many strips as it takes anterior to posterior Three inferior to superior Two in a circular pattern Two laterally and anterior to posterior a. Stirrups b. Heel locks c. Figure eights d. Closing strips

As many strips as it takes anterior to posterior = d Three inferior to superior = a Two in a circular pattern = c Two laterally and anterior to posterior = b

Which eye condition is improved by wearing contact lenses?

Astigmatism

using a stethoscope to listen to movement of air or fluid within the body and characterizing the sound according to intensity, frequency, and quality. Commonly used to assess heart and lung function, circulatory impairment and bowel sounds

Auscultation

Preisner's Disease

Avascular necrosis of the scaphoid bone due to improper healing of fx and boor blood supply

How can an athlete who participates in an outdoor sport and is prone to anaphylactic shock brought on by bee stings help to prevent bee stings?

Avoid using deodorants and perfumes.

what is the formula to determine BMI?

BMI = (weight in lbs x 703)/heigh in inches squared

what components should be included in the cardiac assessment to identify risks of complications or sudden deaths

BP to determine if it is elevated pulse rate - pulse rates less than 60 (sometimes as low as 48) are common in athletes who are physically fit and exercise regularly Auscultation of the heart for evidence of murmurs or abnormal beats

In which sport(s) are athletes allowed to wear a padded fiberglass cast?

Baseball, softball, football, and soccer

When making a psychosocial referral, what are the most important personal characteristics to identify in a mental health caregiver?

Being open or receptive, encouraging, and action oriented

Match each athletic ability with the corresponding assessment. Check your answers for feedback. Bench press (1 repetition) Hexagon test Partial curl-up (75-max repetition) Sit-and-reach test Standing long jump 12-minute run 40-yard (37 m) dash 300-yard (274 m) shuttle a. Aerobic capacity b. Agility c. Anaerobic capacity d. Endurance e. Flexibility f. Muscular power g. Muscular strength h. Speed

Bench press (1 repetition) = muscular strength Hexagon test = agility Partial curl-up (75-max repetition) = endurance Sit-and-reach test = flexibility Standing long jump = muscular power 12-minute run = aerobic capacity 40-yard (37 m) dash = speed 300-yard (274 m) shuttle = anaerobic capacity

If a person were to represent herself as an athletic trainer before passing her BOC certification examination, what national standard has this person violated?

Both the BOC Standards of Professional Practice and NATA Code of Ethics

Which of the national standards prohibits an athletic trainer from gambling on an athletic activity in which he or she has direct influence?

Both the BOC Standards of Professional Practice and NATA Code of Ethics

What form of mental health therapy works best for a patient who is highly resistant and has low motivation for intervention?

Brief therapy, solution focused

deficiency that causes scurvy

C

As the athletic trainer begins the assessment of this patient, which pieces of information are health information that the athletic trainer needs to know? Choose all that apply. a. The patient's goal is to be healthy. b. The age at which the patient had her first menstrual cycle. c. The family history of this patient includes a mother with high blood pressure and a father with diabetes. d. The patient runs three miles three times per week. e. The patient does not consume alcohol. f. The patient does not use tobacco products. g. The patient's current blood pressure is 136/84. h. The patient does not monitor her diet. i. The patient has no health issues. j. The patient does not take any medications. k. The patient does not use any illegal drugs. l. The patient's total cholesterol level is 220 (borderline high) m. The patient's blood glucose tolerance level is 144mgdL.

C, D, F, G, I, J, K L, M c. The family history of this patient includes a mother with high blood pressure and a father with diabetes. d. The patient runs three miles three times per week. f. The patient does not use tobacco products. g. The patient's current blood pressure is 136/84. i. The patient has no health issues. j. The patient does not take any medications. k. The patient does not use any illegal drugs. l. The patient's total cholesterol level is 220 (borderline high) m. The patient's blood glucose tolerance level is 144mgdL.

water soluble vitamins

C, b-complex- thaimin, riboflavin, niacin, b6, folate, b12, biotin, pantothenic acid - can't be stored int he body

In the cervical spine what is considered the atlas?

C1

what makes up the Atlantoaxial joint?

C1 and C2

In the cervical spine what is considered the Axis?

C2

Where does the brachial plexus arise from?

C5, C6, C7, C8 & T1

deep tendon reflex of brachioradials

C6

deep tendon reflex of extensor digitorum

C6

deep tendon reflex of triceps

C7

carbohydrates

CHO intake should account for 5-60% of total caloric intake ( most efficient source of energy)

Eating Disorder HS Athlete

Call Parents, Facilitate an initial intervention with the athlete and qualified personnel , Refer the athlete to qualified medical personnel

Patients with large waist circumference are at a higher risk for what type of disease?

Cancer

No pulse

Cardiac arrest or death

Irregular or gasping

Cardiac compromise

Neurogenic shock

Caused by general vessel dilation, which does not allow typical six liters of blood to fill system, decreasing oxygen transport

Frothy with blood breaths

Chest injury

Which of the following best describes the areas of a female's body that are used during skinfold measurement?

Chest, thigh, abdomen, triceps, suprailium, midaxilla, subscapula, and calf

What is the color of urine when an athlete is hydrated properly?

Clear to light yellow

What is the medical term that describes a dangerous increase in pressure within the muscles?

Compartment syndrome

Phases of Repair: Phases of Remodeling

Contracture: is the first process, is the collapsing of the capillary arcade. Restructuring: the second process,the collagen itself is restructured. This occurs concurrently with contraction. The collagen fibers are reorganized form the haphazard way the were laid down to parallel arrangement.

Breast protective devises should support:

Cooper's ligaments

How can the distance of a lightning strike be determined if a lightning detector is not available?

Count the number of seconds from the strike to the sound of thunder. The number of seconds divided by 5 equates to the number of miles.

What sport can an athlete participate in if he or she has an acute venous thromboembolism and is taking anticoagulants?

Cross country

What are the 5 C risk factors for CA-MRSA?

Crowding Contact Compromised skin Contaminated surfaces Cleanliness

Which type of glenohumeral shoulder stabilizer is best for a football player in hot, humid weather?

Cuff-type stabilizer

A patient with a forearm contusion requires a hard-shell pad. What is the best way to construct this pad to ensure pressure is taken off the area of the contusion during competition?

Cut a felt piece the size of the contusion. Heat the thermoldable plastic, place the malleable plastic over the felt, and wrap in place. Once it cools, remove the felt and cut a doughnut hole of softer foam; place it over the edges of the contusion. Cut foam to cover the plastic shell.

deficiency that causes rickets

D

What recommendations should the athletic trainer make to prevent the spread of skin diseases? Select all that apply. a. Athletes must shower before practices. b. Apply antibiotic ointment to lesions. c. All clothing and equipment should be disinfected weekly. d. Clean all locker rooms, showers, and practice facilities daily. e. Athletes must take supplements. f. Athletes must shower after practice. g. Cover all lesions.

D, F, G d. Clean all locker rooms, showers, and practice facilities daily. f. Athletes must shower after practice. g. Cover all lesions.

How often should weight room equipment be inspected for damage, loose screws, and cables?

Daily

What exercise most likely needs the support from a weight belt?

Deadlift with heavy load

hypovolemic shock

Decreased blood volume resulting in poor oxygen transport (shock b/c of blood loss)

This condition can be induced by sitting for long periods of time without activity.

Deep Vein Thrombosis

An athlete playing which football position is most likely to have a cervical spine injury resulting from head-down contact?

Defensive back

Which of the following football players should wear cantilevered shoulder pads?

Defensive linemen

Hammer Toes

Description: Hyperextension of the MTP & DIP joints and flexion of the PIP joint of the lateral 4 toes. Deviation: Contracture of the associated toe extensors & flexors; inability of the interosseous muscles to hold the proximal phalanx in the neutral position.

Claw Toes

Description: Hyperextension of the MTP joint & flexion of the PIP & DIP joints. Claw toes affect the lateral 4 toes. Deviation: Progressive contracture of the interosseous or lumbrical muscles (or both).

Dupuytren's Contracture

Development of nodule in the palmar aponeurosis that limits finger extension and eventually causes a flexion deformity

pulse definition

Direct extension of heart function

Which best describes the female athlete triad?

Disordered eating, amenorrhea, and osteoporosis

Of the following, which is most likely to cause an increased frequency of muscle twitches to potentially cause muscle cramps?

Diuretics

What is the best way to determine medical history and the nature of the current emergency of an unconscious patient?

Do a head-to-toe examination checking for grimaces or moans and a medical alert tag.

A patient asks the athletic trainer to modify a piece of equipment that does not fit properly. What should the athletic trainer do to limit liability?

Do not modify the equipment and do not allow the patient to play with the improperly fitted equipment.

Which of the following is an indication that an athlete is suffering from a chronic injury instead of an acute injury?

Dull ache when the body is at rest

Which form of stretching has been found to improve running performance?

Dynamic

What is the best way to prevent hyponatremia?

Eat foods with sodium.

How can athletic trainers assist in reducing the risk of overuse injuries in youth?

Encourage youth to participate in a variety of sports.

the form of alcohol found in alcoholic beverages, flavorings and some medications. It is a multi system toxin and CNS depressant

Ethanol

Which heat-loss mechanism is the most effective in warm, humid weather?

Evaporation

What must the athletic trainer check before administering an OTC medication?

Expiration date of medication

Which form of communication is best for interaction because it has the lowest risk of interference?

Face-to-face

In aging populations, which type of muscle fibers are lost most frequently?

Fast-twitch type IIa and type IIx fibers

A patient who is 18 years of age chooses to participate in athletics against medical advice. What law, act, or statute gives the patient the legal right to participate?

Federal Rehabilitation Act

Female BP

Females are usually 8-10 mmHg less than males

Athletes in which of the following sports are required by the NCAA and NFHS to wear mouth guards?

Field hockey, tackle football, ice hockey, and lacrosse

proper crutch fitting

First: 2-3 inches between the axillae and the axillary pads. Second: adjust the hand piece to ~30 degrees and the wrist is in a comfortable weight-bearing position. the three pint giant is preferred.

Which of the following would NOT contribute to the development of a heat-related illness during exercise?

Frequent water breaks

Divides the body or parts into anterior (front) and posterior (rear) sections - example: arm during backstroke in swimming

Frontal (coronal)

Which condition is likely to result from a sedentary lifestyle along with high intake of sugar?

Gallbladder problems

A patient with insulin dependency is moving to a high-altitude area to exercise. What must the patient know about glycemic control at high altitudes?

Glucose monitors have problems with reliability at high altitude.

This muscle originates below the iliac crest and inserts at the top of the greater trochanter

Gluteus medius

what is the common name for inflammation of the medial epicondyle on the inside of the elbow?

Golfer's elbow little leaguers elbow thrower's elbow

caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae and should be suspected with urinary infections

Gonorrhea

Grades of Strains

Grade 1- some fibers stretched/ torn; some TTP and pain with AROM; painful movement but ROM WNL Grade 2- several fibers have been torn, active contraction is very painful, palpable divot/ depression; swelling and possible discoloration due to capillary bleeding. Grade 3- complete rupture of muscle; significant impairment or total loss of movement; pain quickly subsides

types of 3rd party payers

HMO, PPO, POS, EPO, PHO, TPA, Mediare, Medicaid, workers comp, indemnity plans, capitation

HRR=?

HRmax-HRrest

L5 myotome pattern

Hallux Extension

An athlete with known diabetes mellitus has a hypoglycemic reaction during an athletic event. What should be done to begin treatment?

Have the athlete drink 4 ounces of juice or soda, then reassess in 15 minutes

During soccer practice, a player falls against the goal post and has a large laceration on his arm that is bleeding. Which of the following is the most appropriate immediate treatment of the injury?

Have the goalie apply pressure to the wound using a clean cloth while retrieving a pair of gloves

Which of the following is NOT an appropriate step to take when initiating treatment for cold injury to the feet?

Have the individual place the feet near a space heater to help gradually thaw the feet

Which exposed body part is most likely to lose body heat more quickly?

Head

What is an adverse effect of using growth hormones?

Heart disease

Rapid and strong pulse

Heatstroke & fright

HIPAA ( Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act)

Helps employees transfer their health insurance when they switch employers, ensures that their health info will remain private and give people more access to their own healthcare administration

The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) mandates that any employee who is at risk for exposure to blood-borne pathogens must be offered a vaccination for which of the following conditions?

Hepatitis B

How can tendons, ligaments, and fascia be encouraged to improve net growth?

High-intensity loading

What is the examiner looking for during the PPE when a client does the duck walk?

Hip, knee, and ankle motion

What positive test identifies a deep vein thrombosis?

Homan's sign

To prevent the spread of infectious disease, what type of cleaning agent should be used on wrestling mats?

Hospital broad-spectrum disinfectant

What are the 12 cranial nerves (in order)

I. Olfactory II. Optic III. Oculomotor IV. Throchlear V. Trigeminal VI. Abducens VII. Facial VIII. Vestibulocochlear IX. Glossopharyngeal X. Vagus XI. Accessory XII. Hypoglossal

What cranial nerve would you assess for smell?

I. Olfactory (ask athlete to close their eyes and identify the smell)

What cranial nerve would you assess for vision?

II. Optic (test visual acuity and ability to recognize color)

What cranial nerve would you assess for eye muscles and pupil response?

III. Oculomotor (use penlight, assess size, shape, reaction to light and accommodation of pupils)

What cranial nerve would you assess for upward movement of the eye?

IV. Trochlear (have person follow your finger in a vertical plane)

Boutonniere Deformity

Impairment: Extension of the MCP & DIP joints and flexion of the PIP joint; acutely, the PIP joint can be passively extended in those with boutonniere deformities but active PIP extension is absent. Pathology: A rupture of the central extensor tendon.

Volkmann's Ischemic Contracture

Impairment: Flexion contracture of the wrist & fingers (claw fingers) resulting in limited extension at these joints. Pathology: A decrease in the blood supply to the forearm muscles; Volkmann's contracture can occur after a forearm fracture, fracture or dislocation of the elbow, or forearm compartment syndrome.

Pdeudo-Boutonniere Deformity

Impairment: In pseudo-boutonniere deformities, passive & active PIP extension are limited. Pathology: A rupture of the volar plate.

Dupuytren's Contacture

Impairment: Involved fingers assume excessively flexed resting position. Inability to passively or actively extend MCP and PIP joints of the involved finger. Pathology: flexion contracture of the MCP and PIP joints is caused by a shortening or adhesion of the palmar fascia. Hereditary. Usually affects 4th and 5th.

contagious itchy bacterial infection of the skin, commonly on the face or hands causing clusters of blisters or sores

Impetigo

Mallet Finer

Inability to actively extend the distal phalanx. Assumes posture of flexion. Pathology: avulsion of the EDL tendon.

Jersey Finger

Inability to actively flex the DIP joint. Pathology: avulsion of the flexor digitorum profundus.

Which of the following best explains the increased dietary protein needs for a training athlete?

Increased need for tissue repair

What are the health risks associated with drinking sugared soft drinks at least twice per day?

Increased risk of insulin resistance and diabetes

When wrapping a hip flexor strain, what is the position of the patient who is being wrapped?

Involved leg is in a neutral position with the knee slightly bent

What happens to ATP storage with aerobic endurance training?

It increases.

How long does it take for a strenuously exercising athlete to deplete the glycogen content of the liver?

It takes about 2 hours.

deep tendon reflex of adductor

L2

deep tendon reflex of patella

L4

The sciatic nerve arises from?

L4, L5, S1, S2, & S3

Superficial reflexes of gluteal

L4, S1

Using the abdominal quadrants shown in the photo as a guide, choose one of the four quadrants for each of the organs listed.

Left kidney = ULQ appendix = LRQ gall bladder = URQ stomach = ULQ spleen = ULQ left ureter = LLQ right ureter = LRQ

Which of the following is considered an open kinetic chain exercise?

Leg (knee) extension on a machine

In training room design, it is important to have signage. Which of the following signs need to be in the training room?

Location of the AED

Respiratory shock

Lungs are unable to supply enough oxygen to circulating blood

Unhappy/Terrible Triad

MOI: valgus force with foot planted in slight ER Damage: MCL , ACL, and medial meniscus

What types of meals cause dehydration?

Meals high in protein and low in carbohydrate

BP defintion

Measured with sphygmomanometer indicating arterial pressure (and stethoscope)

divides the body or parts into right and left sections - example: movement of criterion arm during serve in tennis pulling arms upward

Median (mid-sagittal)

This nerve branches from the brachial plexus, travels down the arm and forearm through the carpal tunnel.

Median Nerve

What foods have a low glycemic index (less than 55)?

Milk and grapefruit

Regardless of sex, which intrinsic characteristics predispose a patient to overuse injury?

More explosive strength, tall stature, less static strength, ligamentous laxity, and large Q angle

At what point on the body mass index (BMI) scale is there often an increased risk of health problems associated with excess body fat?

More than 25

NOCSAE

National Operating Committee on Standards for Athletic Equipment

This committee researches and establishes standards regarding protective equipment.

National Operating Committee on Standards of Athletic Equipment (NOCSAE)

What professional can be involved in medical history review for the PPE?

Nurse

OSHA

Occupational Safety and Health Administration

Healing response: Phagocytosis

PMNs (polymorphonuclear neutrophils) are first on scene- good at killing bacteria, but not good at dealing with interstitial debris; eventually die off and create a toxic environment. -Mononuclear phagocytes/ Macrophages are next -Once debris is removed: - blood coagulates, exudates coagulates to form a network of fibrin to localize injury - epithelial cells migrate align edges of wound/ injury and fibroblast enter to regrow capillaries

Ape Hand

Palsy of the median nerve, thumb is pulled backward in line with other fingers by extensors

What is a PICO question?

Patient Intervention Comparison Outcome

Which of the following training activities is the best implementation of the SAID principle (specific adaptation to imposed demands) for a high jumper?

Performing plyometric depth jumps

What is the proper technique for cleaning medical instruments?

Place instruments in approved instrument-cleaning solution for a minimum of 10 minutes.

Which is the best instruction for using crutches to go down stairs?

Place the crutches on the first step down. The injured leg remains over the crutch tips, and then the non-injured leg swings through to the step down.

What piece of equipment is most likely to be carried by an athletic trainer to be used in conjunction with cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)?

Pocket mask

What is the primary method for developing both speed and agility?

Proper mechanics

What is the role of nutrition in tissue synthesis?

Proteins are basic building blocks of bones, muscles, and skin.

deep tendon reflex of achilles

S1

Which of the following is a sociocultural factor for disordered eating?

Sport type

Which of the following is an example of a complex carbohydrate?

Sweet potato

Superficial reflexes of lower abdominal

T11,12

By sport-specific rules, which sport(s) have bleeding time-outs?

Tennis and wrestling

inflammation of the lateral epicondyle is known as ____ and affects the extensor carpi radialis brevis muscle

Tennis elbow

When designing equipment, which factor can help reduce potential injury?

The absorption of energy

What is the best plan for an athlete who has been diagnosed with overtraining syndrome?

The athlete can be active but not in his chosen sport, and he must decrease activity by half.

The workspace station of the athletic trainer needs to fit the individual. Which best describes an ergonomically fit space?

The chair allows for the feet to touch the floor.

Which of the following best describes how to fit an ice hockey helmet?

The helmet should fit snuggly on the forehead, top, and sides of the head.

During the PPE, a patient is shown to have vision of 20/10. What does this mean?

The patient can read the letters on the Snellen eye chart on the 10-foot line while standing 20 feet from the chart.

When should the athletic trainer refer a patient for substance abuse?

The patient has a persistent desire but unsuccessful effort to control or cut down substance use and gives up activities because of substance use.

When performing a peer review of a patient's medical condition, which of the following is true regarding the patient's confidentiality?

The peer reviewers must hold all information derived from the medical case confidential.

Which of the following types of skin is most likely to be sunburned?

Thin and white in color

An athletic trainer may have been exposed to a bloodborne pathogen. How long must documentation of this exposure be kept?

Thirty years from the date of the end of employment

This nerve branches from the sciatic nerve, travels down the back of the leg, through the popliteal fossa at the back of the knee and terminates at the plantar side of the foot.

Tibial nerve

What special tests would be positive if a person is suffering from carpal tunnel syndrome?

Tinel's sign Phalen's test Oriental Prayer test

What is the primary purpose of research in injury surveillance?

To discover injury patterns and be able to modify rules and behaviors to prevent injury

What is the purpose of certification and licensure?

To protect the public

What is the purpose of obtaining baseline neurological screening of the brain?

To track a patient's recovery from injury

Divides the body or parts into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) sections - example: bat swing in baseball movement of criterion arm in bball jump shot movement of criterion arm in forehand drive (tennis)

Transverse (horizontal)

What special test evaluates for weakness of the gluteus medius?

Trendelenburg test

T/F ligaments are strongest in their middle and weakest at their ends.

True

T/F: Treatment for mononucleosis is mcnally supportive as there is no treatment for the virus

True treatment includes rest, acetaminophen or ibuprofen, and adequate fluid intake

Which of the following diseases or conditions requires the standard precaution that the athletic trainer wear a mask covering the nose and mouth?

Tuberculosis

How often should the athletic trainer educate tackle football players on the risks of head-down contact in a season?

Twice: once at the beginning and midway through the season

slater harris fx

Type 1: separation of the phys plate Type 2: separation of the growth plate and small part of metaphysis Type 3: fx of the phys Type 4: fx of prtion of physis and metaphysis Type 5: crushing force (growth deformity)

the types of acoustic modalities

US therapeutic ultrasound phonophoresis

This nerve branches from the brachial plexus and travel down the arm from the shoulder, traveling along the anterior forearm beside the ulna, to the palm of the hand.

Ulnar nerve

Which characteristic is a likely predictor of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)?

Unrealistic expectations about one's own abilities or distorted self-image

What cranial nerve would you assess for chewing and sensory examination?

V. Trigeminal (with eyes closed, person indicates the part of the face being touched)

What cranial nerve would you assess for lateral movement of the eyes?

VI. Abducens (have person follow your finger in a horizontal and vertical axis (W) check for nystagmus or deviation

What cranial nerve would you assess for the ability of a person to frown?

VII. Facial (have patient frown, smile and puff out cheeks, checking for symmetry)

What cranial nerve would you assess for balance and hearing?

VIII. Vestibulocochlear (tandem gait and Romberg's test. Hearing is checked with person's eyes closed and rubbing fingers together next to their ear. Have them identify which side they hear the noise. )

antioxidants

Vitamin C, E, and beta carotene

Which nutritional factor positively influences bone density?

Vitamin D intake

Select the answer that best describes the NCAA recommendation for reducing cold stress.

Warm up thoroughly.

When can the athletic trainer breach confidentiality?

When another person is in clear and imminent danger

When is the best time for an athlete to exhale during weightlifting?

When the athlete is in the concentric phase of the lift

In a clinical setting, when can a client be billed for reimbursement?

When the athletic trainer corrects the form of the client doing exercise

What is the NOCSAE standard for football helmets regarding eye protection?

Wire face mask and a polycarbonate eye shield

When is heat syncope most likely to occur?

Within the first five days of practice before acclimatization occurs

Which sport has athletes who tend to be nutritionally compromised as a result of the need to strive for a lean body?

Wrestling and gymnastics

Increase in muscles temperature results in?

^ elasticity (degree muscles can be stretched), ↓viscosity (rate which muscles can change shape)

what is a ball and socket joint?

a ball and socket joint is ( multiaxial), rounded head and fits into a concavity, which permits movement on several axes (hip, shoulder)

processes

a collection of steps designed to direct the most important task of an organization

profession

a commitment to certain characteristics that set professionals apart from nonprofessional groups

Vision statement

a concise statement that describes the ideal statement to which an organization aspires

exertional hyponatremia

a condition involving a fluid/ electrolyte disorder that results in an abnormally low concentration of sodium in the blood.

medical insurance definition

a contract between an insurance company and a policy holder in which the insurance company agrees to reimburse a portion of the total medicine bill after some deductible is met by the policyholder

WOTS UP analysis

a data collection and appraised technique designed to determine an organization's ( weakness, opportunities, threats, and strengths underlying planning)

certification

a form of title protection, established by state law or sponsored by professional associations, designed to ensure that practitioners have essential knowledge and skills sufficient to protect the public

Gannt Chart

a graphic planning and controlled technique that maps discrete tasks on a calendar

torts

a legal wrong, other than breach of contract, for which a remedy will be provided, usually in the form of monetary damages.

exemption

a legislative mechanism used to release members of one profession from the liability of violating another professions practice act (PT, PA,etc.)

PERT (Program Evaluation and Review Techniques)

a method of graphically depicting the time line for and interrelationship of different stages of a program.

lump-sum budgeting

a parent organization provides an athletic trainer with a fixed sum of money and the authority to spend that money in any way he sees fit, requires an administrator to hold athletic trainers accountable after the fact

trauma

a physical injury or wound that is produced by an external or internal force

what is a pivot joint?

a pivot joint is (uniaxial), a round process of bone that fits into a bony ligamentous socket allows rotation. (atlantoaxial joint)

sclerotomic pain

a sclerotome is an area of bone or fascia that is supplied by a single nerve rot. its deep, aching, and poorly localized pain

a strong but slow pulse could mean

a skull fracture or stroke

code of ethics

a systemized set of standards or principles that define ethical behavior appropriate for profession; moral values determine the standard or principles

primary coverage

a type of health / medical/ accident insurance that beings to pay for covered expenses immediately after a deductible has been paid

neutrophils

a type of leukocyte

mission statement

a written expression of an organizations philosophy, purpose, and characteristics

Swan Neck Deformity

a. Impairment: Characterized by flexion of the MCP & DIP joints & hyperextension of the PIP joint b. Pathology: Can be caused by a wide range of pathologies, including volar plate injuries, malunion fractures of the middle phalanx, trauma to the finger flexor or extensor muscles, or rheumatoid arthritis.

Claw Hand

a. Impairment: Weakness & atrophy of the hand intrinsic muscles results in extension of the MCP joint & flexion of the PIP & DIP joints b. Pathology: Ulnar & median nerve involvement

Bishops Deformity

a. Impairment: Weakness & atrophy of the hypothenar, interossei, & medial 2 lumbricals causes the medial fingers to assume a resting posture of flexion in the PIP & DIP joints. Extension of these joints is limited. b. Pathology: Inhibition of the ulnar nerve; also known as "Benediction deformity."

Ape Hand

a. Impairment: Weakness & atrophy of the muscles of the thenar eminence results in overemphasis of the extensor muscles, which pull the thumb parallel with the fingers. Opposition & flexion of the MCP & IP are weakened. b. Pathology: Median nerve neuropathy

modulation

ability of the electrical stimulating unit to change ithe maginute or duration of a waveform - continuous, interrupted, or surged for biphasic, monophasic, or pulsatile currents

proprioception

ability to determine where you are in space

dysplasia

abnormal development of tissue

contracture

abnormal shortening muscle tissue (great resistance to passive stretch). Associated with a joint that develops unyielding scar tissue because of muscle injury

exudate

accumulation of fluid that penetrates through vessel walls into and joint extravascular space

drugs to reduce inflammation

acetylsalisic acid NSAIDs

Strategies for managing risk: Transference

activities associated with high financial risk but low frequency of activity ( catastrophic sports injury) or lower financial risk but high frequency (features, joints, injuries requiring surgery)

ADL

activities of daily living

exercise

activities the patient performs to being about a desired response.

Strategies for managing risk: Retention

activities with an acceptable level of risk that are viewed as part of the cost of doing business

indicates failure to acclimatize, may be mild to severe and often presents with headache, lethargy, nausea, confusion, unsteady gait, and dyspnea. occurs 6 - 24 hours after ascent

acute mountain sickness (AMS)

what are the symptoms of plantar fasciitis?

acute pain in heel - often first thing in the morning

insurance: riders

additional to standard insurance policy that provide coverage for conditions that are not normally covered

normal respiration for adults and children

adult: 12-20 kid: 15-20

a type of training utilized to increase the production of energy to meet demands of athletic activities, such as running, swimming and cycling

aerobic endurance training

Common Cold Injuries: Frost Nip- TX

affected areas can be treated with early sustained pressure of hand (without rubbing), by blowing hot breath on the spot, or by placing fingers in armpits

secondary survery

after no life threatening injury is established, takes a closer look at the injury, gatehrs info from patient, systematically assesses vitals and sx and allows for more detailed eval of injury

TX: for exertional heatstroke

agressive and immédiate whole-body cooling - cool environment, strip of clothing, immerse athlete in cool water bath (35-58 F); try to lower rectal temperature to 101F; call EMS

bluish skin indicates

airy obstruction or respiratory insufficiency

acetaminophen

aka tylenol - an effective analgesic and antipyretic but has no anti-inflammatory activity -often a replacement for aspirin because doesn't irritate GI system

football helmets

all helmets must have NOCSAE certification (not necessarily fail-safe, however- exterior warning label)

primary insurance coverage

all medical expenses are paid for by the institution (instituion pays a high premium for this type of coverage)

Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

all nerves outside the CNS

PNF stretching

all techniques involve some combination of alternating contraction and relaxation of both agonist and antagonist muscles and all use a 10 sec push phase followed by a 10 sec relax phase

local anesthetics

alleviate pain of movement when injected by a physician

Budgeting: Line item budgeting

allocates a fixed amount of money for each sub function of a program (difficult to move the money to another sub section of the program)

Budgeting: Lump sum budgeting

allocates a fixed mount of money for an entire program without specifying how the money will be spent; gives freedom to spend where it is needed most

Budgeting: Performance budgeting

allocates funds for discrete activities;not commonly used due to expense and difficulty of analyzing specific activities cost

types of synovial joints: Ball and socket

allow all possible movement (glenohumeral and hip joint)

misfeasance

an individual improperly does something that he or she has the legal right to do (ex: improper first aid)

Roux's law of function adaptation

an organ will adapt itself structurally to an alternation, quantitative, of function

neurosis

an unpleasant mental symptom in a person who has intact reality testing - anxiousness, depression, or an obsession

used to increase muscle mass and improve athletic performance

anabolic steroids

L4 myotome pattern

ankle dorsiflexion

Characterized by a profound fear of weight gain and severe restriction of food intake. Often accompanied by abuse of diuretics and laxatives. Can cause a delay or cessation of menses.

anorexia nervosa

What are the different types of eating disorders?

anorexia nervosa bulimia nervosa binge eating

what is the treatment for folliculitis?

antibacterial soaps and topical and oral antibiotics

Vitamin Excess: Vitamin D

appetite loss, weight loss, failure to grow

hydrotherapy

application of water

periodization

approach to conditioning that brings about the peak performance while reducing injuries and overtraining in the athlete through a conditioning programt hat is followed throughout the various seasons

amino acids

are basic units that make up proteins; most proteins are made up of approx 20 amino acids

amino acids from animals

are complete. plant proteins are not complete

proteins

are major structural components of the body ( intake should be 15-20% of total caloric intake)

Plastic lenses

are popular because they are light weight, can be made be made scratch resistant.

minerals

are stored in the body ( especially liver and bones)

apophyseal injury

are traction epiphyses in contrast to the pressure epiphyses of the long bones (severs disease, Osgood-Schlatter's disease)

Saturated fatty acids

are usually from animals (bad!)

dermatome

area of skin that is innervated by the sensory fibers of a single spinal nerve or cranial nerve

AOAP

as often as possible

heat syncope

associated with rapid physical fatigue during overexposure to heat. * caused by peripheral vasodilation of superficial vessels, hypotension, or a pooling of blood in extremities, which result in dizziness, fainting, and nausea

exertional hyponatremia: TX

athlete should be transported directly to medical facility

tinea pedis is commonly referred to as:

athletes foot fungal infection of the feet and toes

neoprene braces with medial/ lateral supports:

athletes who have injured collateral ligaments and want support

gradual acclimatization: identifying susceptible individuals

athletes with large muscle mass, overweight individuals (18% greater heat production), poor fitness levels, history of heat illness

purpose of cytokines

attract phagocytes to the site of inflammmation

Kienbock's Disease

avascular necrosis of the lunate due to torn ligament that carries blood supply to the bone

fluid and electrolyte replacement:

average adult doing minimal physical activity requires at least 2.5L of water

what equipment is required for baseball?

batting helmets, mouth guards, shin guards, chest protector, and protective mitt

effects of immobilization on ligament and bone

become weaker

gradual acclimatization

becoming accustomed to heat and also getting used to exercising in hot temperatures

good samaritan law

been enacted in most states to provide limited protection against legal liability to any individual who voluntarily choooses to provide first aid, should something go wrong

ante

before

liability

being legally responsible for the harm one causes another person

B

bilateral

S4 myotome pattern

bladder rectum

hemorrhaging

bleeding

What are the causes of a ruptured achilles tendon?

blunt trauma to the tendon excessive forced dorsiflexion of the ankle injury to a taut tendon

what is the function of bone?

body support, organ protection, movement (joint and levers), calcium storage, hematopoiesis ( form of blood cells)

what is a condyloid joint?

bondyloid joints are (biaxial) permits flexion and extension, abduction and adduction, and circumduction ( metacarpalphalangel)

non-expendable supplies

can be reused ( comparison wraps, scissors, neoprene sleeves)

expendable supplies

can not be reused ( tape, bandages, hydrogen peroxide)

ectopic calcification (myositis ossificans)

can occur in a muscle that directly overlies a bone 9quadriceps and brachial muscles) osteoid material that resembles bone rapidly accumulates. subside complete in 9-12 months or may mature into classified area.

which are the macronutrients?

carbs, fats, and proteins

no pulse means:

cardiac arrest or death

Mallet Finger

caused by a rupture of the extensor tendon from the distal phalanx, unable to extend distal phalanx

impacted fx

caused from fall of height (force directed up long axis). Requires immediate splinting by athletic trainer and traction by physician to ensue normal length pf injured limb.

Myofascial Trigger Points: Active

causes pain at rest; firm pressure usually elicits a "jump sign", tender to palpation with a referred pain pattern similar to patient's pain complaint (referred pain differentiates trigger point from tender pt)

osteoblast

cells forming bone together

Healing response: Inflammatory response phase

cellular injuries result in altered metabolism and liberation of materials of materials that initiate the inflammatory response.

What are symptoms of MRSA?

cellulitis or impetigo folliculitis, especially on face, appearing like severe pustular acne furunculosis below the hairline carbuncles involving hair follicles

ck.

check

what is the most common STD in the US

chlamydia

synarthrotic

classified as immovable

policies

clear and accurate written statements that ID basic rules and principles- to control and expedite deicsion making

ICD-9-CM (international classification of diseases)

coding systems applied to illness, injures, and other medical conditions to standardize the language associated with third party reimbursement

CP

cold pack

Common Cold Injuries: Frost Nip

commonly occurs when there is a high wind, severe cold, or both; most often affects ears, nose, cheeks, chin, finger and toes.

c/o

complains of

luxation

complete dislocations, presenting a total disunion of bone apposition

what should an athlete engage in to minimize injury and maximize performance?

conditioning

exercise is an essential factor in fitness for?

conditioning, injury prevention and injury rehabilitation

Medical insurance

contact between policyholder and insurance company to reimburse a percentage of the cost of the policyholders bills (usually after policyholder has paid a deductible)

localized response to contact with an allergen, resulting in a rash that may blister and itch

contact dermatitis

Insurance: policy

contract between an insurance company and an individual organization

what ligament do Sports Bras protect?

coopers ligament

managed care

costs of a healthcare provider's care are closely monitored and scrutinized by insurance carriers

dressing

covering, protective or supportive, that s applied to an injury or wound.

articular cartilage

covers ends of long bones; provides protection during movement, cushion against blows

If you are stuck in an open area during lighting, what position should you take?

crouch low with only feet touching the ground

CWI

crutch walking instruction

mesocycle

cycles within the macrocycle that last for several weeks or months - divided into transition, preparatory, and compeitition periods

Bishops Deformity

damage to the ulnar nerve, affect hypothenar a and intrinsic musculature of the 4th and 5th fingers

hypothermia :risk

dampness/ wetness further increase risk of hypothermia

venous bleeding

dark red with continuous flow

how long is the fibroblastic repair phase

day 4- week 6

DTR

deep tendon reflex

Common Cold Injuries: Deep frostbite

deep tissue are also frozen; medical emergency requiring prompt hospitalization. Tissue is initially cold, hard, pale, or white and numb. - rapid rewarming ( hot drinks heating pads, or hot water bottles at 100-110F) (during the process, tissue will become blotchy red, swollen, and very painful (later injury may become gangrenous, causing a loss of tissue)

Opperational planning

defines organizational activités in the short term, usually no longer than 2 years

what happens after yield point has been reached

deformation -> plastic changes

creep

deformation in the shape and/or properties of a tissue that occurs with the application of a constant load over time

plastic

deformation of tissues that exists after load is removed

osteoarthritis

degeneration of articular or hylaine cartilage (may be worn away to point of exposing, eroding, and polishing the underlying bone)

osteochondrosis

degenerative changes in the ossification centers of the epiphysis of the bone. Suggested cause is aseptic necrosis (circulation to epiphysis has been disrupted)

AROM/ dynamic flexibility

degree to which a joint can be moved by a muscle contraction (usually midrange)

PROM/ static flexibility

degree to which a joint may be passively moved to the endpoints in the ROM

The medial aspect of the ankle is stabilized by the:

deltoid ligament

periosteum

dense, white, fibrous membrane covers long bones (except at joint surface)

Dx

diagnosis

2 types of billing codes that must be used when filing an insurance claim

diagnostic and procedural codes

symptoms of iliotibial band syndrome include:

diffuse burning pain at lateral knee (usually after running or cycling for a few minutes) pain occurs earlier when inflammation increases

hypoesthesia

diminished sense of feeling

the two types of purchasing systems

direct buy and competitive bid

polarity

direction of current flow

D/C

discharge

hot dry skin indicates

disease infection overexposure to environmental heat

athletes with malignant hyperthermia should be?

disqualified from exercising in hot, humid environment.

Paronychia/Felon

distal finger infection caused by biting fingernails, small superficial cuts

astigmatism

distortion of vision

Myofascial Trigger Points: Latent

does not cause pain unless pressed upon, but may restrict movement or cause muscle weakness

hemostatic agnets

drugs that immediately inhibit bleeding

cause the muscle to lengthen, as occurs when lowering the weight

eccentric contraction

E

edema

cough meds

either supress cough (anittussives) or increases production of fluid in respiratory system (exptectorants)

Tissue properties: yield point

elastic limit of tissue

Tissue properties: mechanical failure

elastic tissue is exceeded, causing tissue to break.

properties of muscle fibers

elasticity, irritability, and conductivity

C7 myotome pattern

elbow extension/ wrist flexion

C6 myotome pattern

elbow flexion/wrist extension

ES

electrical stimulation

hyperthermia

elevated body temperature

types of synovial joints: ellipsoidal

elliptical convex head in an elliptical concave socket (wrist)

sharpey's fibers

emanate from the periosteum and penetrate the underlying bone

developmental supervision

emphasis collaboration between supervisors and supervises to help them solve problems and develop professionally

inspection production supervision

emphasis the use of formal authority and managerial prerogatives to improve employee efficiency and efficacy. ( focus on achieving goals and attainment of program mission)

shearing

equal but not directly opposite loads are applied to opposing surfaces forcing those surfaces to move in parallel directions relative to one another

Jaw pads

essential to keep helmet from racing laterally (fitting singly against cheeks)

What is the treatment for heat stroke?

evaporative cooling, rehydration, and immediate emergency transfer

hyperplasia

excessive proliferation of normal cells in the normal tissue arrangement

Tissue properties: strain

extent of deformation of tissue under loading

strain

extent of deformation of tissue under loading

Articular cartilage: elastic

external ear, eustachian tube

load

external force acting on tissues which cause internal reactions within the tissues

shoe selection: price

extra investment is worth the better performance and prevention of injury

joint sprain: grade 3

extremely painful, loss of function, severe instability tenderness and swelling

capillary bleeding

exudes from tissues and is a reddish color

negligence

failure to use ordinary or reasonable care, care that people would normally exercise to avoid injury

psychogenic shock

fainting - temporary dilation of blood bessels that reduce the normal amount of blood in the brain

who is most likely to suffer form her cramps?

fairly fit athlete who is not acclimated to the heat

impacted fx

fall from heigh, osseous tissue compressed

ribs 10-11 are classified as?

false ribs

FERPA

family educational rights and privacy. - law that protects the privacy to student educational records. - gives patients certain rights until 18

FH

family history

hypertropia

farsightedness

fast twitch fiber- type IIb

fatigue rapidly, short term, high intensity anaerobic activity

what are the macronutrients and their calorie equivalents

fats = 9 cals/gram (30% of the diet) carbohydrates = 4 cals/gram (55% of the diet) proteins = 4 cals/gram (15% of the diet)

medicare

federal health insurance program for the aged and disabled

Who are the most common victims of the date rape drug?

females

what occurs during clot formation

fibrinogen is converted fibrin. thomboplastin causes prothrombin to be changed to thrombin which causes the conversion of fibrinogen into a very sticky fibrin clot that shuts off blood supply to the injured area

granulation tissue is composed of

fibroblasts, collagen, and capillaries

meniscus

fibrocartilage- deepends articulationand provides shock absorption

first step in Oand A for AT

figure out why the program is needed and its goals -> mission statement -> WOTS UP analysis

ribs 8-12 are classified as?

flash ribs

muscle stiffness

fluid that collects in muscle during and after exercise are absorbed into the blood stream at a slow rate (muscle becomes swollen, shorter, and thicker; thus resists stretching) Tx: lite exercise, massage , passive mobilization

ruffinis corpuscles

found in joint capsules, ligaments, and skin and are sensitive to touch, tension, and heat

meissner's corpuscles

found in skin an activated by light touch

merkel's corpuscles

found in skin and respond to deep pressure

pacinian corpuscles

found in skin and respond to pressure

qid

four times a day

Fx

fracture

conversion

generation of heat from anotehr energy form such as sound, electricity,and chemical agnents (US, liniments, gels)

malignant hyperthermia

genetically inherited muscular disorder that causes hypersensitivity to anesthesia and extreme exercise in hot environments- causes muscle temperature to increase faster than core temperatures and causes symptoms similar to heatstroke

what determines the VO2 max?

genetics

this muscle controls abduction of thigh and allows the hip to rotate internally and externally; during running, it stabilizes the pelvis

gluteus medius

anaerobic metabolism

glycogen used after ATP is used which is then metabolizedin the cells to produce ATP (lactic acid is a byproduct)

CHAMPUS

government sponsored for members of the armed forces and their dependents

medicaid

government sponsored for the needy

medicare

government sponsored program for elderly people

national provider identifier (NPI)

govertment issued ID number for individual healthcare providers and provicer organizaitons - must be used in administrative and financial transactions, according to hipaa - requried by federal law to include NPIs on electronic transactions

acute exertional rhabdomyolysis: s/s

gradual onset of muscle weakness, swelling, and pain; presence of darkened urine and renal dysfunction; severe cases: sudden collapse, renal failure and death.

maximum aerobic capacity (VO2Max)

greater rate at which the body can be taken in and used

fibroblastic repair phase: revasculariation

growth of capillary buds into wounds is stimulated by lack of oxygen (after which wound can heal aerobically)

What can you feel for when palpating a patient?

hardness temperature swelling size mobility

HA

headache

parts of the physical exam

height, weight, body comp, BP, pulse, vision, skin, dental, ear, nose, throat, heart and lung function, abdomen, lymphatics, genitalia, maturation index, urinalysis, and blood work

tolerable uptake levels (ULs)

help individual avoid harm from consuming too much of a nutrient

Hx

history

How is the diagnosis made that a person has been drugged with rohypnol?

history and clinical examination

H/O

history of

Callus formation (keratoderma) is formed by:

hypertrophy of the stratum corner layer of the epidermis

examples of cryotherapy

ice massage, ice packs, ice slashes/ ice immersion, part go contrast therapy, cold whirlpool and vapocoolant spray

Golgi tendon organ

if a stretch is maintained for 6 sec, GTO responds to change in length and increase in tension by causing a reflex contraction of the antagonist muscle

anaerobic

if intensity is high enough that there is insufficient oxygen to meet demands

aerobic

if the intensity is low enough that oxygen can be supplied to meet demands

Hypothermia may be a result of:

immersion in cold water exposure to cold temperatures metabolic disorders (hypothyroidism, hypoglycemia, hypoadrenalism) CNS abnormalities (head trauma, Wernicke disease)

macrotrauma

impact injury or contact injury, is caused by a large insult and result in immediate tissue disruption

BOC Domain: 2. Examination, assessment and diagnosis

implementing system, evidence- based examinations and assessments to formulate valid clinical diagnosis and determine patients plan of care.

what is a saddle joint?

in saddle joints (biaxial), saddle shaped heads hermit mo cement in two different planes ( the thumb- carpometacarpal joint, trapezium and the first metacarpal)

urinalysis presence of nitrate

infection

BOC Domain: 5. Healthcare administration and professional responsibility

integrating best practice in policy construction and implementation, documentation, basic business practice to promote optimal patient care and employee well-being.

BOC Domain: 3. Immediate and emergency care

integrity best practice in immediate and emergency care for optimal outcomes.

work conditioning

intensive rehab offered 3 hours a day, for 3 days a week

work hardening

intensive rehab offered 8 hrs a day for 5 days a week

neuropraxia

interruption in conduction of the impulse downt he nerve fiber. brought on by compression or relatively mild blunt blows close to the nerve. results in temporary loss of function

iontophoresis

introduces ions into body tissues through direct electrical crrent - must output continuous monophasic current - tx inflammatory musculoskeletal conditions, scar modification, wound healing, treating edema, calcium deposits, and hyperhyrosis

Most sprains are______ injuries with tearing of the lateral ligaments

inversion

Healing response: Chronic Inflammation

involves replacement of leukocytes with macrophages, lymphocytes and plasma cells; these cells accumulative in a highly vascularized and innervated loose connective tissue matrix ini the area of injury

artificial ice pack

is a vinyl sheet divided into a series of cells 1x 1.5 (3x4 cm), the cells are filled with water and a group of cells are enclosed in a nylon covering. Are frozen in a freezer at 1F ( ~17C)

swelling

is an increase in tissue volume owing to extra fluid and cellular material in the tissue.

liability

is being legally responsible for the harm one causes another person.

crushed ice pack

is crushed ice, typically from an ice machine, in a plastic or cloth bag. Ice packs are typically 30F (-1C) to 32F (0C) when applied to the body. there the most effective types of clod modality because it goes thorough phase changes therefor extract great amounts of heat from the body.

Phase 8 of the healing process: phagocytosis

is the process of digesting cellular debris and other foreign material into pieces small enough to be removed from the injury site via lymph vessels.

___ is a disturbance in the circadian rhythm of walking and sleeping when traveling from one time zone to another

jet lag

cardiac dysrhythmia

jet lag

what is circadian dysrhythmia

jet lag

tinea cruris is commonly referred to as:

jock itch

zero-based

justify every expense without reference to previous spending patterns, it requires ATs to evaluate each subfunction of the program and rank it according to how important it is to the accomplishment of the overall mission

urinalysis presence of hemoglobin after exercise

kidney disease

examples of light therapy

laser, light therapy, infrared

tort

legal wrongs committed against the person or property of another- also serves as a deterrant by sending a messageto the community as to what is unacceptable to conduct

duration

length of time that the current is flowing - pulse width or pulse duration

isometric exercise

length ofmuscle remains constants while tension develops toward a max force against an immovable resistance

codeine

less potent than morphine, it is a cough suppressant in small doses

epiphysis

located at the end of long bones (bulbous shape- muscle attachments)

shoe selection: shoe uppers

made of some combo of nylon and leather; should be lightweight, quick drying and well ventilated.

Starches: complex carbohydrates

made up of long chain of glucose units (rise, Potatoes, bread)

diaphysis

main shaft of long bone (hollow, cylindrical, covered by compact bone)

ethical design making: ethical egoism

make decisions that result in greater benefit to yourself

Which of the following is TRUE regarding the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA)-mandatory medical examination of student athletes?

mandates that all student athletes undergo a complete medical examination within six months of starting any type of required preseason conditioning, practice, or competition.

express warranty

manufactures label statement that product is safe ( i.e label on football helmet)

examples of mechanotheraoy

massage, mobilization, intermittently compression, continuous passive motion, traction, whirlpool, and ultrasound

Factors limiting flexibility: fat

may act ad a wedge between two lever arms, restricting movement (i.e abdomen fat and trunk flexion)

urinalysis presence of ketones

may indicated diabetes

what are benefits of antioxidants?

may prevent premature aging, certain cancers, heart diseases, and other health problems.

How is skeletal maturity assessed?

measurement of the hand and wrist as well as weight/height for age

globe temperature

measures the sun's radiation and has black metal casing around the end of a thermometer

Documentation: Focus Charting

medical record that registers a patient complaint date, the health care practitioners actions, and the patient response

what are .fibrocartilage disk referred to as?

meniscus

B6 function

metabolism of protein production of hemoglobin

Documentation: Narrative charting

method of recording the details of a patients assessment and treatments using a detailed, prose- based format.

MOD

moderate

An infectious disorder caused by the Epstein-Barr virus

mononucleosis

health insurance

more comprehensive; reimburse cost of preventative as well as corrective medical care

fats

most concentrated source of energy; some dietary fat is. needed to make food more flavorful and for fat- soluble vitamins.

erythromycin

most effective with strep

Water

most essential nutrient; accounts for 60% of bodyweight.

concave on convex

move bone in same direction as desired movement

antagonist muscle

muscle being stretched in response to contraction of agonist

myotomes

muscles innervated by motor fibers froma specific spinal nerve

essential amino acids

must be obtained through food

essential nutrients

must be supplied by the diet

closing laceration protocol

must be sutured or steer-stripped to close the wound gap, thus allowing healing by primary union. For best results, these procedures should be done within 4- 6 hours after the wound occurs.

shoe selection: sole

must provide shock absorption and must be durable

NC

neurological check; no complaints

phagocytes

neutrophils, macrophages, and leukocytes that ingest microorganisms, other cells, and foreign particles

Frostnip affects the:

nose, ears and distal extremities

Initial symptoms of carpal tunnel syndrome include:

numbness tingling/burning (esp palm/thumb/index/middle fingers) eventual weakening/inability to grip Compression increases when wrist is flexed symptoms may worsen during sleep

paresthesia

numbness, prickling, or tingling

transverse fx

occur in a straight line nat right angles to the bone shaft; caused by direct blow

depressed fx

occur most often in flat bones, falling and strking head on hard surface

ORIF

open reduction internal fixation

constricted pupils indicate

paitent using a CNS depressant drug

Drop Wrist Deformity

palsy of the radial nerve (paralysis of extensor muscles)

secondary insurance coverages

pays the remianing medical bills once the personal insurance has made its paymenet (most of these require large prepayments before the isnurance takes effect-deductible

infestation with lice is known as:

pediculosis

a technique in which fingers of one hand are laid flat against the skin and tapped with the finger tips of the opposite hand, causing sound to resonate.

percussion

purpose of leukocytes

phagocytize most of the foreign debri during the inflammatory stage

conductive heat exchange

physical contact with other objects can result in a heat gain or loss (i.e. a football player standing on turf will experience an increase in body temperature)

whats is a plane joints?

plane joints ( usually uniaxial) permit gliding or sliding movements

inflammation of the fascia along the bottom of the foot

plantar fasciitis

Heel cups can be used for?

plantar fasciitis, heel spurs, Achilles tendonitis and heel bursitis

S2 myotome pattern

plantar flexion/ knee flexion/ hip extension

S1 Myotome pattern

plantarflexion/eversion/knee flexion/ hip extension

Football helmets warning

players must be read the warning label aloud but the equipment manager and athlete has to sign a form

PT

point tender

what is most eye protection made out of?

polycarbonate plastic

insurance: deductible

portion of any claim that is not covered by the insurance provider; the amount of expenses that must be paid out of pocket before an insurance will cover any expense

A procedure that allows the examiner to identify potential health problems related to an athlete's participation in sports

pre-participation examination

Rx

prescription

penicillins and cepthalosporins

prescriptions meds used with skin and systemic infections

Systolic BP

pressure at the peak of ventricular contraction (120)

what is 3rd party reimbursements

primary mechanism of payment for medical services in the US. policy holder's insurance company reimburses health care professionals for services performed

exertional hyponatremia: S/S

progressively worsening headache; nausea and vomiting; swelling of hands and feet; lethargy, apathy or agitation; low blood sodium (<130 mmo1/L) can compromise CNS

administering

providing a single dose of medication for immediate use by patient

dispensing

providing the patient with a durg in a quantity sufficient to be used for multiple doses WE CANNOT DO THIS

overtraining

psychological or physiological breakdown which could result in musculoskeletal injury, fatigue, or sicknesss

cerebral function

questions that assess general affect, level of consciouness, intellectual performance, emotional status, thought content, sensory interpretation, and language skills

acute tenosynovitis

rapid onset articular crepitus, and diffused swelling

RICES

rest, ice, compression, elevation, stabilization

what are symptoms of tinea cruris?

scaly, itching, erythematous rash that may contain papule or vesicle ad is usually bilateral and symmetrical

ergonomics

scientific study of human work

spending-reduction model

seen with sports medicine programs in financial crisis, the athletic trainer should identify the services that could be cut without seriously affecting the program

septic shock

severe bacterial infection

Murphey's Sign

short 3rd knuckle due to dislocated lunate

STG

short term goals

flat bone

skull, ribs, scapula

types of synovial joints: gliding

small amount of gliding back and fourth or sideways (joints b/w carpal and tarsal bones, intervertebral jts)

direct buy

smaller purchases or emergency

damage to a joint, with a partial rupture of the supporting ligaments, usually caused by wrenching or twisting, related to a fall

sprain

Gamekeepers thumb

sprain of the ulnar collateral ligament of the MCP joint of the thumb, MOI is usually valgus force to the thumb

deep somatic pain

stems from structures such as tendons, muscles, joints, periosteum, and blood vessels

What are symptoms of turf toe?

stiffness pain swelling at injury site pain with active flexion and extension of great toe

strain

stretch, tear, or rip in muscle, fascia, or tendon

protein pump inhibitors

suppress gastric acid secretion - used for treatment in erosive esophagitis

What are the symptoms of heat stress?

swollen hands and feet, itchy skin, sunburn, heat syncope (pale moist skin, hypotension) and heat cramps

Electronic data interchange (EDI)

system whereby insurance claims can be submitted electronically; also known as paperless claims system

What are the symptoms for heat stroke?

temperature greater than 106. may result in seizures, neurological damage, multiple organ failures and death.

what happens to ligaments that are immobilized for several weeks?

tend to decrease in tensile strength and also exhibit weakening o the insertion of the ligament to bone

osteoclast

the break down of bone

fats

the most concentrated source of energy- primary source of energy. needed for normal growth and development

agonist muscle

the muscle that contracts to produce the movement

Tissue properties: Load

the outside force or forces acting on tissue

Third-party reimbursement

the process by which medical vendors receive reimbursement from insurance companies for services provided to policyholders

Phases of Repair: Epithelialization

the process of developing a membranous tissue covering (epithelium) over exposed tissue or organs is called epithelialization.

tid

three times a day

x

times

when assessing body fat using the skin fold measurement component, where should measurements be taken?

triceps biceps suprailiac subscapular areas

T/F Tears most commonly occur in muscle belly, musculotendinous junction, or bony attachment.

true

Ribs 1-7 are classified as?

true ribs

BID

twice a day

US

ultrasound

UK

unknown

Rehabilitative braces:

used following surgery to allow for controlled progressive immobilization (hinges)

Articular cartilage: Fibrous

vertebral disk, pubic symphysis, and menisci of knee joint

optic nerve

vision

Vitamins: water-soluble

vitamin C and B- complex vitamins

what are the current parameters

waveforms modulation intesity duration frequency polarity electrode setup

What symptoms may a person with mononucleosis present with?

weakness, headache, fever, persistent sore throat, enlarged lymph nodes in neck and axillae, enlarged tonsils, generalized red macular rash, enlarged spleen

What safety measures can be taken against hypothermia?

wearing appropriate clothing warm-ups to increase circulation begin exercises slowly & avoid slippery surface remove wet clothing promptly avoid accumulation of moisture in clothing wearing clothes in layers ensure head and neck are well covered wearing mittens/gloves moisture wicking socks (wool/polupropylene) avoid alcohol

WBAT

weight bearing as tolerated

steady-state

when amount of drug taken is equal to the amount that is excreted, usually occur after the half lives have occurred

Type of Torts: malfeasance act of commission

when an individual commits an act that is not legally his to perform

Type of Torts: nonfeasance act of omission

when an individual fails to perform a legal duty

misfeasance

when an individual improperly does something they have legal right to do

avascular necrosis

when bone has poor blood supply, bone will died and proper healing will not take place

when is someone mildly dehydrated?

when fluids lost are <2% noormal body weight

when is heat loss evaporation impaired?

when relative humidity reaches 65%, it is virtually impossible when the humidity reaches 75%

mechanical failure

when the ability of the tissue to withstand stress or stain is exceeded

bending

when two force pairs act at opposite end of a structure

where is the bone the weakest?

where the long bone suddenly changes shape and direction

Whp

whirlpool

when is shock likely?

with severe bleeding, fractures, or internal injuries

WNL

within normal limits

functional knee braces:

worn during and following rehab period to provide support during fictional activities

commuted fx

≥3 fragments at fx site. caused by hard blow or fall in awkward position. Difficult healing situation because of displaced bone fragments (soft tissue b/w them - incomplete healing)

malfeasance

"act of commission", the indivudal commits an act that is not legally his or hers to perform

nonfeasance

"act of omission", the individual failts to perform a legal duty (ex: failure to refer)

NSAIDS

- anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, and analgesic properties - used for reducing pain, stiffness, swelling, redness, and fever associated with local inflammation - pros: fewer side effects and longer duration of actions -NSAIDs are associated with an increased risk of adverse cardio events like stroke, MI, and hypertension

drugs that increase rate of heat illness

- anticholinergeics and antihistamines - decongestants

assumption of risk in a suit

- asserted as a defence to a negligence suit - the individual assumed the risk by producing the document signed by that individual or his/her parents or guardian, providing that the risk of the activity was known or undertood. - it is very subjective and varies interpretations by courts (esp wit minor)

The PPE should perform the following functions:

- athletes at risk of injury or death - disqualify athletes from participation in sports only if there are compelling safety concerns or other reasons - meet regulatory and insurance requirements in order to protect the organization from liability

Hepatitis B virus def

- attacks liver -> lifelong infection, cirrohis of liver, cancer, liver disease, failure, or death -spread from unprotected sex/sharing needles

catastrophic insurance

- benefits begin when the expencses have reached 25,000 and then are extended for a lifetime - in high schools, insurance kicks in when med, rehab, and transportation costs exceed 10,000 not covered by other insurance benefits

factors that limit flexibility

- bony structure - excessive fat - skin - muscles and their tendons - CT surrounding the joint (ligaments) neural tissue tightness

tendinosis

- breakdown of tendon - no infammation -sensitive to teh touch and sometimes a tender lump will appear - more common in middle or older age people -tx- strengthening exercises and stretches

gordon's reflex

- calf of the muscle is squeezed adn there is extension of great toe or all the toes

shortwave diathermy physiological effects

- capable of producing temp increases in deeper tissues - high frequency electrical current - used to treat bursitis, capsulitis, osteoarthritis, and muscle strains - can go about 2 inches deep

Hepatitive A virus

- causes inflammation of liver but does not lead to chronic disease - transmitted by fecal or oral routs, close personal contact, or ingetion of contaminated food or water - dark urine, light stool, fatigue, fever, janidce

thaimin sources

- cereal products - pork - peas - dried beans

acute exertional Rhabdomyolysis

- characterized by sudden catabolic destruction and degeneration of skeletal muscle accompanied by leakage of myoglobin and muscle enzymes into the vascular system - gradual onset of muscle weakness, swelling, and pain , presence of darkened urine and renal dysfunction - associated with people with sickle cell trait - refer to physician immediately

2 types of muscle spasms and definitons

- clonic: alternating involuntary muscular contractio and relaxation in quick succession - tonic: rigid muscle contraction that lasts a period of itme

point of service plan (POS)

- combination of HMO and PPO - based on HMO structure but allows people to go outside of the HMO to obtain services (only with certain conditions and circumstances)

oxidizing agents

- commonly used ex: hydrogen peroxide - kills backertia - has ability to clease the infected cutaneous and mucous membranes

frostbite

- constant exposure to cold for many hours - skin redness, swelling, tingling, and pain in toes and fingers

pulsatile current

- contain 3 or more pulses grouped together - interrupte for short periods of time and repeat themselves at regular intervals - used during Russian

heat stroke

- core temp >104 - life threatening emergency - CNS abnormalities- altered consciousness, seizures, confusion, emotional instability, irrational behavior, decreased mental acuit - flushed, hot skin, decreased sweating, shallow fast breathing, rapid strong pulse, nausea, vomiting, headache, dizziness, decreased BP, and dehydration

general health insurance

- covers illness, hospitalization, and emergency care - primary and secondary insurance coverage

osteochondritis

- degenerative changes in the ossification centers of the epiphyses of bones - one cause could be aseptic necrosis which circulation to the epiphysis has been disrupted

biphasic current

- direction of current flow reverses itself once during each cycle - used for pain modulation or muscle contraction

establishing negligence

- duty of care - why the conduct of the defendant fell short of the duty of care -the resultant damages

niacin functions

- energy from carbs, fats and proteins

riboflavin functions

- energy from carbs, fats, and proteins

signs of burnout

- excessive anger - blaming others - guilt - being tired and exhausted all day - sleep problems - high absenteeism - family problems - self- preocupation

factors that impede healing

- extent of inury - edema -hemorrhage - poor vascular supply - separation of tissue - muscle spasm - atrophy -corticosteroids -keloids and hypertrophic scars -infeciton -humidity, climate,a nd oxygen tension - health, age, and nutirion

HIV s/s

- fatigue weight loss muscle or joint pain painful or swollen glands night sweats fever

hepatitis B virus s/s

- fatigue, weakness, nausea, abdominal pain, headache, fever, dark urine, and possible jaundice

exertional hyponatremia

- fluid/electrolyte disorder that results in an abnormally low concentration of sodium in the blood - from ingesting too much fluid - worsening headache, nausea and vomiting, swelling of hands and feet, lethargy, apathy, agitation, and low blood sodium - transport immediately to medical facility and mut be clard by physician

vitamin C function

- formation and maintenace of CT - tooth and bone formation - immune function

staleness

- from training too hard and long without rest - emotinoal problems from worries, fears, anxieties -deterioration in standard of performance, chronic fatigue, apathy, loss of apetite, indigestion, weight loss, inability to sleep - increase catecholamine release

Third party administrators (TPA)

- function as a pseudo insurance company- used to administer services and pay claims for self-insured group plans - provide services such as billing and assist with controlling utilization without financial risk

vitamin K sources

- green, leafy vegetables - normal bacteria that live in intestines

if puplis react different

- head injury - drug or alochol poisoning

dilated pupils indicate

- head injury - shock - heat stroke -hemorrhage -ingested a stimulant drug

for strength gains, what paraemters should be used?

- high frequency biphasic current - frequency of 50-60 pps with a surge of 15 seconds on and 50 seconds off

ligament healing

- immediately after injury, ~72 hrs thee is a loss of blood from damaged vessels and attraction of inflmmatory cells - next 6 weeks, vascular proliferation w/ new capillary growth begins to occur along with fibroblastic activity, forming a fibrin clot - gradually there is a decrease in fibroblastic activity, decrease in vascularity, and max increas in collagen density of a scar - maturation of a scar may require at least 12 mos

Neuron Structure: axon

- impulse away form cell body - single fiber with end branch

hepatitis E virus

- inflammation of liver - transmitted through fecal and oral routs -waterborne disease - self limit followed by revovery with mortality rates btw .5-4%

hepatitis D virus

- inflammation of liver and are prone to developing hepatitis an cirrhosis -transmiited by sexual activity, injected drugs, or needlesticks 0 mostly likely to infect ppl who are already infected with HBV

muscle healing

- initially, hemorrhage and edema followed by almost immediate phagocytosis to clear debris -within a few days, proliferation of ground tissue, then fibroblasts begin producing a gel-type matrix that surrounds the CT - collagen fibers undergo maturation and align themselves along tensile force - time required for rehab is lengthy -occur mostly in large producing muscles - at least 6-8 weeks to heal

crack

- instant effects - intense stimulaiton of the CNS predisposing the user to cardiac failure or respiratory failure, making it extrmely dangerous

Neuron Structure: myelin sheath

- insulation around some nerves - produced by Schwann cells in the PNS - fatty material - speeds up conduction of action potential

autonomic nervous system

- involuntary - effector- glands, cardiac, muscle and smooth muscle - subdivisions: * sympathetic nervous system * parasympathetic nervous system

frost nip

- involves ears, nose, cheeks, chin, fingers, and toes - occurs when there is a high win, severe cold, or both - skin initially firm but then blisterse 24-72 hours after

capital vs nonconsumable capital equiment

- items used for a number of years - nonconsumable = things not taken out of AT room- ice machines, tx tables, combo units - capital equipment- crutches, coolers, training kits

hepatitis C virus s/s

- jaundiced abdominal pain (UR Quadrant) loss of apeitite nausea fatigue muscle or joint pain dark urine

alcohol

- kill bacteria immediately 0 acts independelty on skin as an antiseptic and astringent

grade 2 joint mob

- large amplitude glide in mid-range of movement - when spasm and pain are lmiting factors

anxiety disorder sx

- lasts 6 mos or longer - sweating, increased HR, increased BP, stomach discomfort, chills, dry mouth, difficulty concentrating, irritability, sleep disturbances - panic attacks and phobias

niacin sources

- liver - meat -poultry - peanut butter -legumes -enriched breads and cereasl

vitamin A sources

- liver - milk -egg -yolk - deep green and yellow fruits and vegetables

effects of immobilization on joints

- loss of normal compression -> decrease in lubrication of joint -> degenraiton - articular cartilage is deprived of its normal nutrition

sodium

- maintenance of fluid balance

workers compensations

- mandated by the states laws and benefits for injured workers

what is part of a PPE

- medical history - physical examp - height - weight - body comp - BP - cardio exam - orthopedic exam

riboflavin sources

- milk -liver -fruits and veggies - enriched breads and cereals

calcium

- most abundant mineral in the body - essential for bone and teeth formation, muscle contraction, and conduction of nerve impulses - if too low -> osteoporosis

facial

- motor nerve of facial expression -taste -control of tear, nasal, sublingual salivary, adn mubmaxillary glands

creatine

- naturally occuring organic compound synthesized by the kidneys, liver, and pancreas -obtained from ingesting meat and fish -integral role in energy metabolisms - improves exercise recovery vecause its a lactic acid buffer

frequency

- number of waveforms being emitted by the estim unit in 1 sec (PPS, Hz)

loose endfeel

- occurs in extreme hypermobility (previously sprained ankle)

Neuron Structure: neurilemma

- outer membran Schwann cells - not found in CNS cells

Release of Beta-endorphin pain control

- painful stimulationt aht goes along the a-gamma and c fibers release and opiate like chemical called beta-endorphin from the hypothalamus - known to have strong analegsic effects -ex: acupuncture

heat exhaustion

- pale skin, profuse sweating, stomach cramps, nausea and vomiting, headache, persistant cramps, dizziness with loss of coordination -internal temp <104 and no sign of CNS dysfunction - immediately remove from play and put in shaded area, lie down with legs elevated , and remove excess clothes

burnout

- physical and emotional exhaustion that leads to negative self concept, negative attutudes, and loss of concern for feelings of others -frequent headaches, GI disturbances, sleeplessness, and chronic fatigue, feelings of depersonalizaiton, increased emotional exhaustion, reduced sense of accomplishment, cynicism, and depressed mood

centers for medicare and medicaid services (CMS) ruling

- physicians are not able to bill medicare for tx provided by ATs - federal gov does not recognize ATs as providers of rehab services for medicare patients, no matter what age - AT will most likely NOT be resonsible for following up on insurance claims filed with 3rd party payers

how to fit crutches

- place tip 6 in from outside of shoe and 2 in in front - 1 inch between crutch and armpit - elbows bent at about 30deg

diarthrotic joints/ synovial joints

- presence of capsule or ligaments - capsule is lined with synovial membrane -opposing bone surface contains hyaline or articular cartilage - presence of a joint space (cavity) containing synovial fluid.

Vitamin E purpose

- prevents destruction of polyunsaturated fats caused by exposure to oxidizing agents - protects cell membranes form destruction

descending pathway pain control

- previous experiences, emotional influences, sensory perception, and other facors could influence the transmission of pain messages and thus the perception of pain - causes release of the 2 neurotransmitter-like substances, enkephalin and norepinephrine into the dorsal horn which blocks or inhibits the synaptic transmission of impuses from A-gamma and C afferent fibers to 2nd order afferent neurons

indications for electricity

- produce depolarization of sensory nerve = pain modulation - produce depoliarization of motor nerve fibers= muscle contraction - stimulate or alter healing process at cellular level - create electrical field on skin to transport ions benefitical to the healing process into deeper target tissues

HGH human growth hormone

- produced by pituitary gland -can increase muscle mass, skin thickness,CT, body length and weight and decreased body fat -more difficult to detect in urine

vitamin K function

- production of blood clotting substances

professional liability insurance

- protects against damages that may arise from injuries occurring on their property (general liability insurance) - main concernt is whether supervision was reasonable and if unreasonable risk of harm was perceived by the individual who was injured - covers negligence in a civil case

Health Maintenance organization (HMO)

- provide preventative measures and limits where the individual can receive care - determine feeds using a capitation system, which lmits the amount that will be reimbursed for a specific service - permission must be obtained before can go to antoehr provier - pay 100% of medical costs as long as go to approved list of health care proviers (doesnt pay for anything outside of approved list) - no deductables, but have a copay

malignant hyperthermia

- rare, genetically inherited muscle disorder that causes hypersensitivity to anesthesia and extreme exercise in hot environments - muscle breakdown - muscle temps increase fster than core temp - breakdown may damage the kidneys and cause acute renal failure - fatal if not treated immediately - should not compete in hot, humid environments

what occurs during the maturation-remodeling phase

- realignment and remodeling of the collagen fibers that make up scar tissue according to the tensile forces to which that scar is subjected - decrease in type 3 collagen to type 1 pain will dictate rate of progression - should progressively be exposed to increasing loads

about vitamins

- required in very small maounts - regulators of body processes

gate control theory

- sensory from A-beta fibers override/inhibit the pain info carried from the A-gamma and C fibers - pain info is not transmitted and never reaches sensory centers in the brain -occur at spinal cord level

apophyseal injury examples

- sever's disease and osgod schlatters -avulsion conditions

grade 4 joint mob

- smal amplitude glide at end ROM - used when resistance is limiting factor

grade 5 joint mob

- small amplitude at end ROM -manipulation - used when minimal resistance limits the end of the range

grade 1 joint mob

- small amplitude glide at beginning ROM - used when pain and spasm is a limiting factor

ephedrine

- stimulant that has been used as an ingredient in diet pills, rec drugs, and OTC meds - similar to amphetamine - have caused heart attacks, stroke, tachycardia, depression, convulsions, etc

oppenheim's reflex

- stroke from just below the patella to the foot 0 should cause extension of the great toe

glossopharyngeal nerve

- swallowing -salivation - gag reflex - sensation from tongue to ear

vagus nerve

- swallowing -speech - regulation of pulmonary, cardiovascular, and GI functions

hypoglossal nerve

- tongue movement - speech -swallowing

Neuron Structure: dendrites

- tree like appearance - impulse to cell body - receptor receive stimuli

fast twitch fibers

- type 2, fast oxidative glycolytic - produce quick, forceful contractions but have a tendency to fatigue more rapidly - useful in short term, high intensity activities, anaerobic activities

narcotic analgesic drugs

-derived from opium or synthetic opiates -ex: morphine and codeine - for management of moderate to severe pain

Baseball/ Softball helmet (batting)

-ear flap can provide additional protection -each batter on deck must have a helmet with a NOCSAE stamp

blood doping

-endurance, acclimatization, and altitude create an increased demand for RBCs to meet increased aerobic demands

effects of PA on pharmokientics

-exercise decreases absorption after oral administration of a drug -BUT exercise increases absorption of a drug of intramuscular or subcutaneous administration b/c of increased blood flow to the muscle

vitamin D sources

-exposure to sunlight -fortified dairy products - eggs and fish liver oils

oculomotor nerve

-eye movement -opening of eyelid - constriction of pupil -focusing

phonophoresis

-method of transporting meds through skin using mechanical vibrations prodcued by US generator - predominantly used to introduce hydrocortisone into tissues - proposed for treating painful trigger points, tendinitis, and bursitis

shock s/s

-moist, pale, cool, clammy skin -weak and rapid pulse - increased and shallow respiratory rate - decreased BP - urinary retention and fecal incontinence

unsaturated fats

-mono and poly - liquid - from plants

anticoagulants

-most common: heparin and coumarin derivatives -prolongs the clotting time of blood

indemnity plan

-most traditional plan of billing for health care. - fee-for-service plan that allows the insured party to seek medical care without restrictions on utilization or cost- charges the patient or 34d party payer for services provided

accesssory nerve

-swallowing - innervation of sternocleidomastoid muscle

Ice Hockey Helmets

-they must withstand high-velocity impacts (hits by sticks or pucks) but also high-mass-low-velocity forces (produce by running into boards or falling on ice) - needs to have a hard exterior shell and energy-absorbing liner

antiemetics

-used to treat nausea and vomiting affect the mucosal lining of stomach

drugs used to control bleeding

-vasoconstrictors -hemostatic agents - anticoagulants

Face Guards: Football

-↓ face injury (lacerations, nose fx, eye injuries, etc) -Atleast 2 bars; bar attachments should be flush with helmet; 3- inch space b/w top of face guard and lower edge of helmet; more than drilling on each side (drilling by factory- authorized reconditioned)

how many years does a plaintiff have to file for negligence under the statutes of limitations?

1-3 years, (some states allow an injured person file a suit up to 3 years after the minor turns 18 )

for opiate pain contorll theory, what should the frequency be?

1-5 pps

how many ribs are there total?

12

When did was the NATA formed?

1950

when was NATA formed?

1950

when did drug testing athletes start?

1968 olympics

FERPA (Family Educational Rights and Privacy Acts)

1974, federal law requiring student authorization to release educational records to third party and ensuring access for student to their records ( also called Buckley Amendment)

screw home mechanism

5 degree of tibial external rotation that occurs during terminal knee extension

Total warm up should last about? (dynamic)

5-20 mins * should not be started within the next 15 mins after

What is the CPT code for an evaluation?

97005

normal body temp

98,2-98.6

Normal temperature

98.6

what is normal body temperature?

98.6 degrees

Which of the following fluids can transmit an infectious disease? Select all that apply. a. Placental blood b. Sweat c. Vaginal secretions d. Ear wax e. Blood f. Saliva g. Seminal fluid h. Nasal mucus

A, C, E, F, G a. Placental blood c. Vaginal secretions e. Blood f. Saliva g. Seminal fluid

A wrestler has a lesion on his arm. The area around the wound is red, painful, and swollen. Question 25 Select which information is important for the athletic trainer to know in order to determine the significance of the lesion. Select all that apply. Select which information is important for the athletic trainer to know in order to determine the significance of the lesion. Select all that apply. a. The athlete indicates the lesion occurred a few days ago. b. The athlete is not coughing. c. The athlete indicates he is feeling sick. d. The athlete does not have a headache. e. The athlete indicates that the lesion started small, but now it's really painful. f. The athlete indicates he has not had any treatment for this lesion. g. The athlete indicates he has not had anything like this before. h. The athlete indicates he has been in contact with other wrestlers since having the lesion.

A, C, E, F, H a. The athlete indicates the lesion occurred a few days ago. c. The athlete indicates he is feeling sick. e. The athlete indicates that the lesion started small, but now it's really painful. f. The athlete indicates he has not had any treatment for this lesion. h. The athlete indicates he has been in contact with other wrestlers since having the lesion.

A 25-year-old female patient has asked the athletic trainer to design a comprehensive nutrition program for maintaining good health. She weighs 175 pounds (79.3 kg) and is 5 feet 10 inches (82.8 cm) tall. The client has a body mass index of 25.1. Question 13 Which of the following pieces of information are additional anthropometric baseline information that the athletic trainer needs in order to assess this patient? Choose all that apply. Which of the following pieces of information are additional anthropometric baseline information that the athletic trainer needs in order to assess this patient? Choose all that apply. a. The patient's waist-to-hip ratio is .60. b. The age at which the patient had her first menstrual cycle c. The family history of this patient includes a mother with high blood pressure and a father with diabetes. d. The patient runs three miles three times per week. e. The patient does not consume alcohol. f. The patient does not use tobacco products. g. The patient does not know her current blood pressure. h. The patient does not monitor her diet. i. The patient has no health issues. j. The patient is not familiar with any of her family members' heights and weights k. The patient's lean body mass is 122.6. l. The patient's waist circumference is 36 inches (91.4 cm)

A, K, L a. The patient's waist-to-hip ratio is .60. k. The patient's lean body mass is 122.6. l. The patient's waist circumference is 36 inches (91.4 cm

Sets the standards for eye protection for racquet sports as well as non-racquet sports to reduce the risk of eye injury.

American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM)

Which medical conditions are exacerbated by cold environments?

Anorexia, exercise-induced bronchos

Match the skin color with the likely condition. Use each skin color only once. check your answers when you've finished.

Bright red = Carbon monoxide poisoning or heatstroke Pallor = Decreased circulation White translucent waxy = Frozen skin Dark red pupil = High blood pressure Jaundice = Liver disease Cyanotic = low oxygen levels

What instructions should an athletic trainer give to educate patients on the prevention of periodontal disease?

Brush and floss daily and have teeth professionally cleaned

caffeine

CNS stimulant and diuretic -stimulates gastric secretion -increases mental alertness

what happens when fibrin clot is broken down

CT is converted to granulation tissue

A patient needs a diet to prevent the trigger of diarrhea. What substances and foods should be eliminated from the patient's diet?

Caffeine, fructose, lactose, and sorbitol

examples of elector therapy

EMS, iontophoresis, TENS, and diathermy

What is the best way to prevent infectious diseases among athletes?

Each athlete has his or her own water bottle.

What are the three types of heat-related illnesses?

Heat stress Heat exhaustion Heat stroke

Trigger Finger

Impairment: Results of stenosing tenosynovitis that leads to the formation of a nodule in a flexor tendon, most frequently affecting the flexor digitorum profundus or flexor pollicis longus. Normal flexion & extension of the MCP joint is affected as the nodule passes proximal to the A1 pulley during flexion (shown above) and distal to this pulley during extension. FInger will hesitate and then "snap" as the nodule is wedged beneath the pulley, often resulting in an audible pop as it passes through the opening.

Which is the best condom to use for preventing the spread of sexually transmitted diseases (also known as sexually transmitted infections)?

Latex with a reservoir tip

What are the classifications of Le Fort Fractures?

Le Fort I - horizontal (low downward force) Le Fort II - pyramidal (low or mid maxilla force) Le Fort III - transverse (force to bridge of nose or upper maxilla)

At what age is peak strength most likely attained in untrained males and females?

Males between 20 and 30 and females by 20

A genetic disorder of the connective tissue that may put athletes at risk. Connective tissues such as tendons, ligaments, heart valves, and blood vessels, are often defective and weak

Marfan's Syndrome

When can a multiple adaptor be used safely with electrical modalities?

Never

To prevent overuse injuries in pediatric patients, how much of a weekly increase in training should occur?

No more than a 10% increase in training time, distance, repetitions, and intensity per week

How often should an athlete who participates in wrestling have weigh-ins in the off-season?

No more than once per week

A patient has a mild form of congenital heart disease. What limitations will this patient have in athletic participation?

No sport restrictions

Which sport, if any, should an athlete with an active case of herpes be disqualified from?

No sports with mats or contact sports until not contagious

During the PPE, what is the predictability of future cardiac events if an electrocardiogram is performed?

Not likely to detect future events regardless of the use of the electrocardiogram.

what test identifies a positive it band friction syndrome?

Ober's test Noble's test

What are the training guidelines when the temperature is 80 to 90 °F (26.6-30 °C) with humidity less than 70%?

Observe overweight athletes for signs of heat illness.

A coach has requested information about the status of an athlete's injury. What should the athletic trainer do with such a request?

Obtain written authorization from the athlete to disclose the information.

How often should coaches review film of football games to educate athletes regarding their head contact position?

Once a week

An athletic trainer who has been convicted of a felony can apply for reinstatement of membership after what period of time?

One year after final ruling, court decisions, or completion of sentence or parole

Which muscle fibers experience adaptation in response to resistive exercise?

Only those involved in the resistive exercise

Weight-bearing forces on bone cause which type of cells to activate to increase bone size?

Osteoblasts

Which of the following strengthening exercises requires a spotter?

Overhead triceps extension

What condition is associated with adrenal exhaustion?

Overtraining

Of the following, which best describes an effective asthma management plan based on the NATA position statement?

Patient goals, proper use of peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) monitoring, guidelines on medications based on peak flow meter (PFM) readings, emergency contact numbers, and avoidance of triggers

What is the treatment of choice for lice?

Permethrin 1% (Nix)

This nerve branches from the sciatic nerve and travels down the leg.

Peroneal Nerve

condition characterized by a very high arch, which can be genetic or acquired through trauma or neuromuscular disease

Pes cavus or claw foot

According to the BOC Standards of Professional Practice, under whose medical direction is an athletic trainer?

Physician

Of the following braces, which is most appropriate for preventing medial collateral ligament sprains in collision sports?

Prophylactic lateral knee brace

A patient with sickle cell trait requires recommendation for preseason training and conditioning. What recommendations or accommodations are necessary to ensure the safety of this patient?

Provide gradual progression of exercise and longer recovery time between bouts.

What is the best way to determine maturation of pediatric patients?

Puberty

When taping an ankle to prevent inversion, what is the direction of the heel lock on the lateral side of this ankle?

Pulled posteriorly from the inferior portion of the calcaneus going toward the Achilles tendon

This nerve branches from the brachial plexus and enervates the dorsal surface of the arm and hand, including the thumb and fingers, 2, 3, and 4.

Radial Nerve

A patient with a suspected eating disorder comes to the athletic trainer for assistance. What is the best course of action to care for this patient?

Refer the patient to a disordered-eating specialist for assessment.

This drug is a CNS depressant that causes muscle relaxation, slurred speech and reduces inhibitions. The effects occur within 20 - 30 minutes of ingestion but may persist for 8 - 12 hours

Rohypnol

Altitude Illness: Acute mountain sickness S/S

S/S- headaches, nausea, vomiting, sleep disturbance , and dyspnea (unpleasant breathing) for up to 3 days.

superficial reflexes of plantar

S1,2

deep tendon reflex of hamstring

S2

these fractures involve the cartilaginous epiphyseal plate near the ends of long bones in children who are growing

Salter-Harris fractures

Shallow breaths

Shock

Which of the following is the best description of static neck stretching of the sternocleidomastoid muscles?

Sitting with the head and neck upright, turn the head to the right and then left using submaximal concentric muscle action.

A pre-participation exam should occur no more than how many weeks before the start of the season?

Six weeks before the start of season training

Common Cold Injuries: Frost Nip- S/S

Skin appears very firm with cold, painless areas that may peel, and blister in 24-72 hours.

For which of the following sports does NATA neither endorse nor discourage use of helmets or headgear?

Soccer

the principles of overload

Specific Adaptations to Imposed Demands when the body is subjected to stress and overloads of varying intensities, it will gradually adapt over time to overcome whatever deamnds are placed on it

The SAID Principle

Specific Adaptation to Imposed Demands- when the body is subject to stress and overloads of varying intensities, it will gradually adapt over time to overcome to whatever demands are in place

Enlarged Liver -Hepamegaly

Sports Contraindicated - Gymnastics

What are the personal qualities of an Athletic Trainer?

Stamina and ability to adapt, empathy, sense of humor, communications, intellectual curiosity, ethical practice, professional membership.

A patient with limited range of motion in the hamstring muscle needs a stretch to perform at home to improve flexibility. Which of the following best describes an effective hamstring stretch?

Standing with affected leg on a table that is hip height, then leaning forward toward elevated leg

Which of the following conditions has a genetic component?

Substance abuse

caused by the spirochete Treponema palladium. has an incubation period of 3 weeks

Syphilis

superficial reflexes of cremasteric

T12, L1

superficial reflex of upper abdomina

T7,8,9

A patient with iron-deficient anemia will require what form of nutrition?

Taking oral iron supplements with vitamin C

What is the most common assessment tool for sexual maturity?

Tanner's 5 stages of assessment

what does the immune system consist of

Tcells and Bcells

Laundry bins with wheels are preferred over stationary baskets in facilities. What is the reason for wheeled bins rather than stationary ones?

They are more ergonomically oriented

What is a concern associated with using BMI to assess athletes who have high lean body mass?

They can be classified as obese based on the index.

T/F: Annual updates are required by the NCAA before participation in intercollegiate sports programs

True

T/F: The athletic trainer should ensure that a procedure is in place to check the field before use

True

T/F: traveling north to south has no effects on the body?

True

when does clot formation occur

about 12 hours after injury and ends at bout 48 hours after injury

How much of ethanol is metabolized in the liver?

about 90%

damage to superficial layers of skin, such as with road burn or ligature marks

abrasion

normal adult and child pulse

adult: 60-100 child: 80-100

ACDU

alert confused drowy unresponsive another way to assess LOC

What is the treatment after warming and debridement of clear blisters from hypothermia?

aloe vera cream every 6 hours to blistered areas dressings, separation of digits tetanus prophylaxis

microtrauma

also known as overuse, cyclic loading, or friction injury, is caused by small or low grade stress that wears away the tissue over time. Microtrauma is classified as chronic injury.

Muscle Spasm: clonic

alternating involuntary muscular contraction and relaxation in quick succession

assumtion of risk

an AT assumes the risk of participating in an activity when he or she knows and understands the dangers of that activity and voluntarily chooses to expose those dangeers (waiver)

the distal tibia and fibula is stabilized by the:

anterior and posterior tibiofibular ligaments

Fixed budgeting

appropriate process for sports medicine programs in financially stable environments, requires an AT to project both expenditures and program income, if any, on a month by month basis to determine total program costs and revenues for the fiscal year

standard of reasonable care

assumes that an individual is neither exceptionally skillful nor extraordinarily skillful nor extraordinarily cautious, but is a person of reasonable and ordinary prudence.

Altitude Illness: Pulmonary Edema

at altitudes of 9000-10000 ft. lungs accumulate a small amount of fluid w/I alveolar walls. Most individuals: fluids absorb in a few days ( for some, continue to collect and forms pulmonary edema)

increased cardiac output

at rest: 5L/ min blood pumped through heart (exercise: increase to 20-30L/min)

estimated average requirement (ERA)

average daily nutrient intake level estimated to meet requirement of half the healthy individuals in a particular age group

Strategies for managing risk: Avoidance

avoid risky activity (especially when negative consequences of activity have high cost)

tissue that is separated from its base and lost without adequate base for attachment

avulsion

Types of neurons: efferent (motor) neurons

aways form CNS

what is the treatment for chlamydia?

azithromycin 1 g orally in one dose OR doxycycline 100 mg orally twice daily for 1 week avoid sexual contact for 1 week

what do the fibroblastic cells do?

begin to synthesize an extracellular matrix. begin producing collagen fibers that are deposited in a random fashion throughout the forming scar

How can you tell hypothermia is occurring?

begins with shivering as the body's core temperature drops

fiber

believed to reduce colon cancer and coronary artery disease, blood cholesterol levels, and lowered incidents of obesity, constipation, colitis, appendicits, and diabetes

Tissue Stress: Stretching

beyond yield point leads ti ruoture of soft tissue or fx ( sprains, strains, avulsion fx)

affects 2-5% of females and includes grossly overeating, often resulting in obesity, depression and shame

binge eating

calcium

bone and teeth formation blood clotting muscle contraction nerve function

Wolf's law

bone in a healthy person will adapt to the load under its placed

longitudinal fx

bone splinting along its length, often result of jumping and stress directs up long axis

linear fx

bone split along length

Phase 6 of the healing process: permeability changes

both histamine and bradykinin increase the permeability of small blood vessels (the same ones involved in hemodynamic changes)

Tissue properties: viscoelastic

both viscous and elastic properties, allowing for deformation

what sports should athletes with one eye be excluded from:

boxing wrestling full-contact martial arts

central nervous system (CNS)

brain and spinal cord

osteoclasts

breakdown or reabsorbs bone tissue

Performance budgeting

breaks the functions of a sports medicine program into discrete activities and appropriates the fund necessary to accomplish these activities (examples: pregame team preparation, rehabilitation, injury treatment, administration, patient education, and emergency first aid)

bacirtracin

broad spectrum as an antibacterial agent

open spaces surrounding areas of sports activity within a facility. needed because athletes leave the playing area at high speed

buffer zone

what are benefits of vitamins c?

building bone, teeth, maintaining connective tissue, and strengthening the immune system.

osteoblast

builds bone

binge eating followed by vomiting, often along with use of diuretics, enemas and laxatives. gastric acids can damage throat and teeth

bulimia nervosa

Football pads: cantilevered

bulkier (blocking and tackling), front and rear panels have been extended

insurance: copayment

capped contribution defined in the policy and by an insured person each time a medical service is accessed. It must be paid before any policy benefit is payable by an insurance company

equations for cardiac output

cardiac output= increased stroke volume x decreased heart rate

Strategies for managing risk: Reduction

careful development, implementation, monitoring, and evaluation of policies and procedures and reduce risks.

Occurs when the median nerve is compressed within the compartment formed by ligaments and bones, between the forearm and the hand.

carpal tunnel syndrome

Exertional heatstroke

characterized by CNS abnormalities and potential tissue damage resulting from significantly elevated body temperature

Phase 3 of the healing process: Chemical mediation

chemical mediators; such as histamine, bradykinin, and cytokines, are activated by ultrastructural changes. They signal the rest of the body that cells have been damaged, there by mobilizing the body resources to respond.

counterirritants

chemical reaction on skin that can inhibit pain sensations by rapid evaporation which causes a cooling action - causes local increase in blood circulation, redness, and a rise in skin temp

halogens

chemical substances used for their antiseptic and disinfectant qualities ex: betadine

ethical design making:utilitarianism

choosing a course of action that benefits the greatest number of people

fasciitis

chronic inflammation of fascia that supports and separates muscle

neuritis

chronic nerve problem. minor nerve problems to paralysis

CPT ( current procedural terminology)

coding systems applied to specific medical procedures to standardize the language associated with third party reimbursement

extracellular matrix contains protein fibers

collagen, elastin, ground substance, and fluid

sulfur dioxide (SO2)

colorless gas that is component of burning coal or petroleum, lungs to rid themselves of foreign matter, shortness of breath, coughing, fatigue, and increased susceptibility to lung diseases.

carbon monoxide poisoning (CO)

colorless, orderless gas; reduced Hb ability to transfer oxygen and restrict release of oxygen to the tissue; interferes with performance in exercise and also virus psychomotor, behavioral and attention-related activities

synovial joint

composed of 2 or more bones that articulate with one another to allow mtoin in 1 or more places. surfaces are lined with hyaline cartilage - capsule is lined with synovial membrane

Claw Hand

compression of both median and ulnar nerves

causes the muscle to shorten, as occurs when the muscle is used to lift a weight, as with a bicep curl

concentric contraction

crushable chemical pack

consist of thin-walled vinyl pouch of a liquid packed within a stronger, larger vinyl pouch of dry crystals. when squeezed with sufficient force, the smaller inner pouch is broken leaking fluid into the larger, outer pouch is broken, leaking its fluid into the larger, outer pouch.

Phases of Repair: Proliferation

consist of three major events: angiogenesis ( growth of new blood vessels), collagen synthesis (also known as collagenization), and wound contraction (the drawing together off new wound edges)

Phases of Repair: Remodeling

consist of twi processes the cause the scar to become smaller, more pale (in light-skinned people), and stronger: contraction and restructuring.

occurs when friction or pressure causes damage to underlying vessels

contusion

metaplasia

conversion of one type of tissue into a form that is not normal for that tissue

how do you treat heat syncope?

cool the athlete and hydrate

What is the treatment for heat exhaustion?

cool the body and replace sodium and fluids, must be prompt in order to prevent heat stroke. careful monitoring (reactions may be delayed)

Flash to Bang:

count # of seconds from sighting of lightning to hearing the thunder, divide by 5. - flash to bang count 30: lightning 6 miles away (inherit danger) - count of 15: lightning is 3 miles away ( everyone should leave and seek shelter) * 30 mins must pass since last lightning strike before resuming play.

accident insurance

covers accidents on school grounds while the student is in attendance or accidents that occur int eh workplace - coverage is limited, does not require knowledge of falut,a nd the amount pay is limited

Contact Lens: corneal type

covers just the iris of the eye

Contact lens: scleral type

covers the whole entire front of the eye

Fraud

criminal misrepresentation for the purpose of financial gain

tanner's 5 stages of maturity assessment

crucial stages for collision and high intesntiy non contact sport= stage 3

consumable capital equipment

crutches, coolers, and kits

narcotic analgesics

depress pain impulses and the individual's repsiratory center

morphine

depresses pain sensations to a greater extent than most drugs - very dangerous because its ability to depress respiration and because of its habit-forming qualities

procedures

describes the process as to how something gets done

erros ad omission liability insurance

designed to cover school employees, officers, and the district against suits claiming malpractice, wrongful actions, errors and omissions, and acts of negligence

errors and ommissions liability insurance

designed to cover school employees, oficers, and the district against suits claiming malpractice, wrongful actions, errorors and ommisonts, and acts of negligence

Cycling helmets

designed to protect the head during one single impact (football, hockey, and baseball helmet are more durable) - many states require cycling helmets, especially by adolescents.

Carcadian dysrhythmia (jet lag)

desychronization of the athletes biological and physiological time clock. Refers to the physical and mental effects caused by traveling rapidly across several time zones.

DRG

diagnostic related group- system of classification used by medicare and other insurers to classify illness according to diagnosis and treatment

Documentation: Computerized documentation

difficult to maintain confidential ( harder to safeguard digitally stored data)

psychosis

distrubance in which there is a disintegration in personality and loss of contact with reality that is characterizzed by delusions or hallucinations

mesocycle

division of macrocycle ; may last for several weeks or even months

primary survey

done intially and determines the existence of potentially life threatening situations (loc, airway, breathing, ciruclation, severe bleeding, shock

potency

dose of the drug required to produce a desired therapeutic effect

nonnarcotic analgesics and antipyretics

drugs designed to suppress all but the most severe pain, without patient losing consciousness

Altitude Illness: Pulmonary Edema S/S

dyspnea (shortness of breath), cough, headache, weakness, sometimes unconsciousness.

pantothenic acid function

energy from carbs, fats, proteins

what is the mineral magnesium needed for?

energy-supplying reactions

wolff's law

every change in the form and function of a bone is followed by certain definite changes in its internal structure

what does the term therapeutic exercise indicate?

excersises that are used in rehabilitation program

Cohesive Elastic Bandage:

exerts constant, even pressure (2 layers of nonwoven rayon, separated by strands of spandex material)- coated with a substance that makes bandage adhere to itself ( nothing needed to hold in place)

Budget: Fixed budgeting

expenditure and revenues are projected on a monthly basis, thereby providing an estimate of cash flow; most appropriate for large, well-established sports medicine clinics during economic certainty

Neck protection

experts in cervical injury consider the major value of commercial and customized cervical collars to be mostly a reminder to the athlete to be cautious rather than to provide definite restrictions.

policies

express an organization intended behavior relative to a specific program subduction

Budget: Spending-reduction model

financial crisis model: requires reallocation of institutional funds, resulting in reduced spending levels of some programs. should identify areas that could be cut without serious impact.

count the seconds from the lightning to the sound of thunder an divide by 5

flash-to-bang method

types of synovial joints: Hinge

flexion and extension

monophasic current

flows in 1 direction from posiitve pole to negative pole - used for pain modulation or muscle contraction to produce ion movement

arterial bleeding

flows in spurts and is bright red

What are the symptoms for heat exhaustion?

flu-like aching, nausea, and vomiting, headaches, dizziness, and hypotension with cold clammy skin and diaphoresis. excessive sweating and temp <106 degrees

bacterial infection of the hair follicles, often on the face, resulting in pustules, erythema, and crusts that are painful and itchy

folliculitis

B12 cources

foods of animal origin

what equipment is required for football?

football helmet, mouth guard, shoulder, hip and tailbone padding, thigh guards

gradual acclimatization should last?

for a 7-10 day period

diagnostic code

for all procedural billing (in ICD- international classifcation of diseases). specifies conditions of injury

what is water needed for?

for energy production, and normal digestion, temperature control, elimination of waste products

competitive bid

for expensive purchases

Tissue Stress: bending

force on a horizontal beam/bone that places stress within structures causing it to bend or strain

Tissue Stress: Shearing

force that moves across the parallel organization of tissue ( blisters, abrasion, vertebral disk injury)

tension

force that pulls or stretches tissue

Tissue Stress: Tension

force which pulls or stretch tissue ( muscle strain and ligaments)

capitation

form of reimbursement used by managed care providers. make standard payment each moth regardless of how much service is rendered

licensure

form of state credentialing, established by statute and intended to protect the public, that regulates the practice of at race or profession by specifying who may participate and what duties they may perform.

CMS 1500

form that private-practice clinics should use when filing a claim; originally developed for medicare

iron

formation of hemoglobin

fiber

forms the structural parts of plants and is not digested by humans

Sugars: monosaccharides

found in fruits, syrup, and honey ( ex- glucose)

diarthrotic

freely movable

where should you splint?

from 1 joint above the fx to one joint below the fx

reye's syndrome

from administration of aspirin to a child

transition period

from after last competition - early part of off season

saturated fats

from animals

radiant heat exchange

from sunshine (effects greater in sunlight than in shade); on a cloudy day, the body emits radiant heat energy (thus radiation may result in decreased body temp)

____ is a superficial freeze injury that is reversible

frostnip

vitamin C sources

fruits and veggies

neurogenic shock

general dilation of blood vessels within the cardiovascular system, can no longer supply oxygen to the body

tendinitis

has a gradual onset, diffuse tenderness because of repeated microtrauma, and degenerative changes (swelling, pain)

trans fatty acid

have physical properties resembling saturated fatty acids; increase risk of heart disease by boosting levels of bad cholesterol (Should be avoided)

Vitamin Excess: vitamin A

headache, nausea, loss of hair, dry skin, diarrhea

HIPAA

health insurance portability and accountability act. - regulates how health care providers share healthcare informationw ith others. - gaurantee patients have acess to their medical records

medicaid

health insurance program for people with low incomes and limited resources - funded by federal gov and individual states

vestibulocochlear nerve

hearing and equilibrium

convective heat exchange

heat loss or gain depending on temperature of circulating medium (cool breeze versus circulating air being hotter than body temperature)

if a patient presents with a rapid and strong pulse this may indicate?

heatstorke or fear

a rapid stronger pulse rate could mean:

heatstroke severe fright

flushed or red skin could mean:

heatstroke sunburn allergic reaction high bp elevated temp

elastin

helps in recovery from defomration

for retardation of muscle atrophy, what parameters should be used?

high frequency biphasic current with a frequency of 30-60 pps

what are disadvantages of contact lenses?

high in cost, corneal irritation due to dust, may become dislodged after bodily contact

what parameters should be used for muscle pumping to stimulate circulation?

high monophasic voltage with frequency of 20-40 pps

can lead to acute neurological damage, causing seizures, coma and death

high-altitude cerebral edema (HACE)

can lead to acute respirator distress and death

high-altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE)

what is a hinge joint?

hinge joints (uniaxial) petit flexion and extension only (elbow)

L2 myotome pattern

hip flexion

what are important in limitng amount of exudates/swelling?

histamine, leukotrienes, and cytokines

HPI

history of present illness

medullary (marrow) cavity:

hollow tube in the long bone diaphysis; contains a yellow, fatty marrow

Physician hospital organizaiton

hospitals work directly with employers to provide services

bioavailability

how completely a particular drug is absorbed by the system and available to produce a response

cardiac output

how much the heart can pump in 1 min

long bones

humerus, ulna, femur, tibia, fibula, phalanges

exertional hyponatremia is caused by?

hyper hydration, or lack of sodium in the diet, or excessive replacement of water w/o sodium

Myofascial Trigger Points

hypersensitive nodule found within a taut band of skeletal muscle and/or fascia (found most commonly in muscles involved in postural support; may also be caused by acute or repetitive trauma that stresses fibers)

coopers ligaments

in boobs

glucose not needed immediately is stored as glycogen where?

in the muscle and liver (later converted to glucose for transfer to blood to meet the body's energy needs)

where is ATP produced?

in the muscles tissue form glucose and glycogen

cardiogenic shock

inability of heart to pump enough blood to the body

hemiplegia

inaiblity to move 1 side of body - could be do to head injury or stroke

Dietary reference intake

includes Recommended daily allowance AND upper limits. general term for a set of reference values used to plan and assess nutrient intakes of healthy people. These values, which vary by age and gender

Fiber: soluble

includes gums and pectins( oatmeal , legumes, some fruit)

greenstick fx

incomplete break in bone that have not completely ossified; often occurs on convex bone surface while concave surface remain intact.

greenstick fx

incomplete fx

psychomotor drugs

increase turnover rate of catecholamines which have a strong effecton the nervous and cardiovascular system, metabolic rates, temp, and smooth muscles (amphetamines and nonamphetamines) ex: cocaine -type of stimulant

hyperesthesia

increased sense of feeling

psychogenic pain

individual feels pain but the cause is emotional rather than physical

Factors limiting flexibility: skin

inelastic scar tissue may form at the site of a tearing incision or laceration , which does not stretch well

trochlear nerve

inferieor and lateral movement of eye

Phase 1 of the healing process: Injury

inflammation is initiated by an injury, an occurrence that impairs the structure or function of tissue and thereby alters the cells ability to carry out its normal homeostatic mechanisms.

myositis

inflammation of muscle tissue (more specifically, fibrositis or connective tissue inflammation)

tenosynovitis

inflammation of synovial sheath surrounding a tendon

neuritis

inflammation of the nerve

periostitis

inflammation of the periosteum (often contusions) manifest as skin rigidity over underlying muscles

acute synovitis

inflammation of the synovial membrane

what is the immediate treatment for a heat cramp?

ingestion of large quantities of fluids, mild prolonged stretching with ice massage.

carminatives

inhibit gas formation and aids in its expansion

frequency of application of RICES

initial application: 5-10 mins right after the injury Second application: 30-60 mins later

what findings may result in an athletes exclusion of sports

injuries latent conditions such as cardiac abnormalities physical disabilities that pose a danger to the person or others renal disease uncontrolled hypertension staph infection/MRSA disagreement among physicians failure of reasonable accommodations to eliminate risk contagious disease that poses a risk to others

what injuries of the lower extremity are most common?

injuries to the knees and ankles

pale /ashen skin indicates

insufficent circulation shock fright hemorrhage heat exhaustion insulin shock

UB-92/CMS 1450

insurance claim form that hospitals should use

disability insurance

insurance designed to protect an athlete against future loss of earnings because of a disabling injury or sickness

Self-Insurance

insurance of oneself or ones interests by maintaining a fund to cover possible losses rather than by purchasing an insurance policy

secondary coverage

insurance that begins to pay for covered expenses only after all others sources of insurance coverage have been exhausted; also known as excess insurance

insurance: premiums

invoiced cost of n insurance policy

spasm end feel

involuntary muscle contraction that prevents motion bcause of pain (Back spasm)

dynamic and ballistic stretching

involves a bouncing movement in which repetitive contractions of agonist muscle are used to produce quick stretches of the antagonist muscle

Common Cold Injuries: Superficial Frostbite

involves only the skin and subcutaneous tissue. Skin appears pale, hard, cold, and waxy; palpating will reveal a sense of hardness but with yielding of underlying deeper tissue structures. - when rewarming: the area will feel numb; the will sting and burn; may later produce blisters/pain

superficial frostbite

involves the skin and subcutaneous tissue, skin is pale, hard, cold, and waxy, immerse area in warm water

female athletes develop amenorrhea when their body attempts to conserve stores of _____

iron

clotting

is a multistage process that results in fibrin and platelets, both of which are blood components, closing a damage blood vessel.

Cool Down

is a period that enables the body to cool and return to a resting state ( should last 5-10 mins)

gel pack

is a reusable type of cold pack, consisting of water mixed with a antifreeze, such as alcohol, and a gel substance, in a vinyl pouch bag. The alcohol keeps the water from freezing solid, and the gel gives it body so the water does not slosh around in the pack. they are cooled in a freezer about 1F (-17C) They are dangerous!

catastrophic insurance

is designed to provide lifelong medical, rehabilitation, and disability benefits for the victim of devastating injury (takes effect after 25,000 in medical bills have been reached)

edema

is the accumulation of fluid portion of blood in tissue

negligence

is the failure to use ordinary or reasonable care.

occur without muscle movement, as when attempting to push or pull an immovable object, tightening the muscle, or holding an object out in front of the body so that the weight pushes down but the muscles' opposing force keeps the object stable

isometric

Contractions involve movement of the muscle when pushing or pulling. Usually balance concentric and eccentric contractions

isotonic

urinalysis presence of protein

kidney disease

where are the most common locations of bursitis

knee, shoulder, elbow

tear in the skin resulting from blunt force

laceration

the point at which aerobic activity becomes anaerobic

lactate threshold

power

large amount of force generated quickly

electrode set up

large electrodes disperse current over a large area

This ligament connects the femur to the fibula

lateral collateral ligament

abducens

lateral movement of eye

Photochromic lens

lenses will become colored tinted when exposed to UV rays

Football pads: Noncantilevered:

less restrictive on shoulder motion ( QB, receivers)

what is the recommended dietary amount of fats?

less than 30% of total calories should be from fat ( less than 10% should be saturated fat)

what is released in the inflammatory response phase?

leukocytes and other phagocytic cells and exudates are delivered to injured tissue - tends to localize or dispose of injury byproducts (blood and damage cells) through phagocytosis

product liability

liability of any or all parties along the chain of manufacture of any product for damage caused by the product ( manufacture of component parts, assembling manufacturers, wholesaler and retail store owner)

malpractice

liability- generating conduct associated with the adverse outcome of patient treatment.

endosteum

lies the medullary cavity

____ kills about 100 people per year, and injuries 400-500

lightning

scope of practice

limitations fo what the AT can and cannot do determined by individual states

cartilage healing

limited healing capacity. at approximately 2 months, normal collagen has beenformed

Licensure

limits AT to those who have met minimal requirements established by state board.

yelowish skin indicates

liver disease or dysfunction

what are negative side effects of anabolic steroids for men

liver disorders cardiovascular disorders increased aggressiveness and libido decreased sperm count gynecomastia (breast development)

what are negative side effects of anabolic steroids for women?

liver disorders cardiovascular disorders increased aggressiveness and libido inhibition of formation of follicles and irregularities of menstrual cycle, including amenorrhea hypertrophy of the clitoris acne hair loss and male pattern balding with increased facial hair breast atrophy masculinization of body, features, and lowering of voice

osteocytes

located within the lacunae (small cavities within a bone)

what is considered low fold and high volt?

low volt: 0-150 high volt : >150

the cycles of periodizaiton

macro cycle mesocycle transition period

dehydration (mild hydration)

mild hydration is defined as loss of <2% of body weight

Sugars: disaccharides

milk sugar (lactose) and table sugar (sucrose) are combinations of monosaccharides

use of NSAIDs and soft tissue haeling

minimize pain and swelling and may enhance a return to full activity. some may interfere with inflammatory process and delay the healing process

major components of a rehab program

minimizing swelling contorlling pain reestablishing neuromuscular control enhancing core stability increasing muscular strength and endurance improving ROM regaining balance postural control maintaining cardiorespiratory endurance incorporating functional progressions

Phase 4 of the healing process: hemodynamic changes

mobilize and transport blood borne defense components to the injury site and secure their passage through vessel walls into the tissue.

fast twitch fiber- type IIa

moderate resistance to fatigue ; short term, high intensity anaerobic activity

examples of thermotherapy

moist heat packs, warm. whirlpool, paraffin wax path, ultrasounds, pulsed shortwave diathermy and ultraviolet.

slow twitch fiber - type I

more resistan to fatigue; longer time to generate contraction; long duration, aerobic activity

Factors limiting flexibility: neural tissue

morphological changes in neural tissue may result from acute compression, chronic repetitive micro trauma, muscle imbalance joint dysfunction, or poor posture (causes irritation, inflammation)

expendable vs non expendable budgeting

most ATs spend their b udget on expendables (reusable supplied- tape, bandages)- injury prevention, first aid

traction

most commmonly used in treating spinal nerve root impingment

water

most essential of all nutrients. most abundant in the body. necessary for temperature controll and elmination of wastes, energy production, and normal digestion - should drink about 2.5 L a day

ethical design making:formalism

most likely to followed by ATs who see a clear professional duty that they believe should be implemented universally

Factors limiting flexibility: muscles and their tendons (and fascial sheaths)

most often responsible for limiting ROM; over time it is possible to increase the elasticity, or the length that a given muscle can be stretched

convex (moving) on concave (stationary)

move bone in opposite direction of desired motion

Altitude Illness: Pulmonary Edema TX

move to lower altitude ASAP and give oxygen (rapidly resolves)

empty end feel

movement is beyond anatomical limit - pain occurs before end range (complete lig rupture)

diapedesis

movement of white blood cells out of small arterial walls

isometric contraction

muscle contracts to increase tension, no change in length of the muscle

concentric contraction

muscle shortens in length ad it contracts to overcome or move some resistance

heat cramps

muscle spasm related to excessive loss of water and several electrolytes ( sodium, chloride, potassium, magnesium, and calcium) but especially sodium.

malignant hyperthermia if rectal temperature remains longer than 10-15 mins after exercise during this period what can occur?

muscle tissue is destroyed and breakdown products may damage kidneys

myofascial pain

myofascial trigger points- hyperirritable and causes radiating pain from an active trigger point

Equipment reconditioning and recertification:

national operating committee on standards for athletics equipment (NOCSAE) has established voluntary test standards to reduce head injuries by establishing minimum safety requirements for helmets and face masks. Followed by the NCAA and NFSHSA

Vitamin Excess: Vitamin E

nausea, and diarrhea, interferes with vitamin K absorption

myopia refers to:

nearsightedness

thiamin function

needed for release of energy from carbs, fats, and proteins

magnesium

needed in energy supplying reactions

mechanoreceptors

nerves that provide info about relative position of joint and found in fibrous baspule and ligs

most frequent type of nerve trauma

neuropraxia produced by direct trauma

NP

no pain

S3 myotome pattern

none

T1 myotome pattern

none (finger abduction and adduction)

inhibits pain transmission between first and second order neurons

norepinephrine

vitamin D purpose

normal bone growth and development

zinc

normal growth development

metabolic heat production:

normal metabolic function causes production of radiation of heat; level of increase in body heat depends on intensity of physical activity

fluid and electrolyte replacement: Normal sweat loss

normal sweat loss during hour exercise: 1 hour exercise: 0.8-3L/hr (average of 1.5 L/hr) - when body weight drops by 1-2% , individual starts to feel thirsty

contrecoup fx

occur on opposite side to the point at which the trauma initiated

blowout fx

occur to the wall of the eye orbit as a result of a blow to the eye.

oblique fx

occur when one end of the bone receives sudden torsion while other is fixed or stabilized (angle)

intrinsic ligaments

occur where the articular capsule has become thickened in some places

exertional heat exhaustion

occurs from environmental heat stress and strenuous physical exercise

contusion

occurs from sudden traumatic blow to body

transverse fx

occurs in a straight line, direct blow (bending)

shock definition

occurs when a diminished amount of blod is available to the circulatory system. not enough oxygen =carrying blood cells are avialbale to the tissues so with shock comes wide spread tissue death

prep period

off season has 3 phases 1. hypertrophy endurance 2. strength 3. power

depressed fx

often in flat bones; caused by falling and striking body part on unyielding surface or by being hit with hard object

tetrahydrogestrione (THG)

often used in anabolic steroids because thought to be undetectable on drug tests

innuctions

oily or medicated substances that are rubbed into the skin and result in local or systemic reaction

qd

once daily

Phase 7 of the healing process: leukocyte migration

once the leukocyte migration have assed to the outside of the vascular wall, leukocyte migration to the injury site occurs. this occurs in a concentration limited fashion, meaning that the number of leukocyte is highest at suites where the greatest tissue damage has occurred and is lowest where there is little or no tissue damage.

most often occur with blunt force against the globe causing a rupture through the floor or the orbital bone or a direct blow to the orbital rim

orbital fractures

Documentation: Problem - Oriented medical record

organizes information around a patients specific comoplaint

visceral pain

originates from internal organs, diffused at first andt hen localized

what are the treatments for patients who are pes cavus?

orthotic arch support special shoes stretching to relax taut muscles severe cases: surgical repair

what are the common causes of plantar fasciitis?

overuse excess pressure on the heel poorly fitting shoes high arch/flat feet

Registration

paid fee for being placed on an existing list of practitioners

delayed-onset muscle soreness (DOMS)

pain becomes most intense 24-48 hours after and then gradually subsides so that muscle is pain free by 3-4 days after (leads to increase muscle tension, swelling, stiffness, and inflexibility)

joint sprain: Gade 2

pain moderate loss of function, swelling, slight to moderate instability

Myofascial Trigger Points: Tender point

pain only at a site of palpation

symptoms of a DVT include:

pain or aching in the calf, especially on activity swelling

referred pain

pain that is felt at one point of the body other than its origin

what are symptoms of tendinitis?

pain with movement edema dysfunction decreased range of motion

muscle cramps

painful involuntary skeletal contractions

what are the sings and symptoms of dehydration/ electrolyte depletion?

pale skin, profuse sweating,stomach cramps, with nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, headache, president muscle cramp, dizziness, loss of coordination,

What are the symptoms of hypothermia?

pallor cold skin drowsiness alteration in mental status confusion severe shivering

Articular cartilage: Hyaline cartilage

part of nasal septum, larynx, trachea, bronchi, articular ends of bones

subluxation

partial dislocation in which an incomplete separation between two articulating bones occur

PWB

partial weight bearing

static stretching

passively stretching a given antagonist muscle by placing it in a maximal position of stretch and holding it there for an extended period of time (30-60 sec, 3-4 mins)

PMH

past medical history

personality disorder definitions

pathological disturbance in cognition, affect, interpersonal functioning, or impusel contorl- usually can be traced to an event in adolescence - paranoia, OCD, PTSD

Product liability claim can be based on : Strict Liability

patient using its products is injured, regardless of the foreseeability of risk or the care manufacture took to prevent an injury

fibroplasia defition

period of scar formation - from first few days to 6 weeks

what are symptoms of lice?

persistent itch, irritation, excoriation, and sometimes secondary infection

shoe selection: heel counters

prevents foot form rolling side to side at heel strike

What should be included in the medical history?

previous hospitalization/surgeries current or chronic illnesses and medical conditions current medication and history of illicit/illegal drug use (Epi-pen, allergies) exercise-induced symptoms history of hypertension history of neurological disorders, pinched nerve, seizures, head injury history of menses, including onset, last period and frequency ortho injuries, past or present

Fiber: insoluble

primarily cellulose (whole grain breads, bran cereals)

What are the three phases of syphilis?

primary secondary tertiary

cardiac output is the?

primary determinant of the maximal rate of oxygen consumption

Phase 5 of the healing process: metabolic changes

primary injury and the bodys response to it, caused additional ultrastructural damage in the site. this additional insult is called secondary injury because it occurs as a result of primary injury. Thus the total injuries include tissue debris from both primary and secondary injury.

what are the treatment options for syphilis?

primary, secondary, early tertiary: benzathine penicillin G 104 million units IM in one dose tertiary: benzathine penicillin G 2.4 million units IM weekly for three weeks

smog

produced by combination of carbon monoxide and sulphur dioxide (emanates from combustion of fossil fuel such as coal)

Product liability claim can be based on : breach of warranty of fitness

product is food to be unfit for the purpose for which it was intended

folate/ folic acid function

production of genetic material

B12 function

production of genetic material. maintains CNS

what happens during fibroblastic repair phase

proliferative and regenerative activity leading to scar formation and repair of the injured tissue follows the inflammation

BOC Domain: 1. Injury and illness prevention and wellness promotion:

promoting health lifestyles behaviors with effective educational and communication to enhance wellness and minimize the risk of injury.

elasticity

properties which allows a tissue to return to normal following defomration

Mouth Guards

protect teeth and intraoral mouth guard absorbs the shock of chin blows and helps prevent possible cerebral concussion; minimize lacerations to lip and cheek and mandible fx.

sovereign immunity

protects the AT. states that neither the governemnt nor any individual who is emploted by the government can be held liable for negligence (ats mnostly working in colleges)- varies from state to state

neoprene sleeves:

provide some support for patellofemoral conditions

Good Samaritan law

provides limited protection against legal liability to any person who voluntarily chooses to provide first aid

purpose of synovial membrane

provides lubricaiton, shock absoprtion, and nutrition to the joint

procedure

provides specific directions for members of an organization to follow

what are the two types of corrective vision surgeries?

radial keratectomy (RK), laser institu keratomileusis (LASIK)

What is the treatment for freeze injuries?

rapid rewarming with warm water bath (104-106 degrees), 10-30 minutes or until the frostbitten area is erythematous (red) and pliable

Muscle Spasm: reflex

reaction caused by trauma of the musculoskeletal system

springy block endfeel

rebound at end point (meniscus tear)

types of synovial joints: saddle

reciprocally concave on convex (carpometacarpal joint of the thumb)

Equipment reconditioning and recertification: Recommendations of NOCSAE

recommendations periodically reconditioning and rectifying used helmets (every 2 years if no warranty)

adequate intake (AI)

recommended average daily intake level based on experimentally developed estimates of nutrient intake that are used when the RDA cannot be determined

dry bulb temperature (DBT)

records from standard mercury thermometer

what are the sings and symptoms for exertional heatstroke?

rectal temp > 104, flushed and hot skin with sweating about 75% of the time, shallow and fast breathing, rapid and strong pulse, nausea, vomitng, diarrhea, headache, dizziness, weakness, decreased BP and

heat rash

red, raised rash with sensation of prickling and tingling during sweating; usually occur when skin is continuously wet with unevaporated sweat; generally localized to areas covered by clothing; continually toweling body can help prevent rash from developing.

what are the 5 sings of inflammation?

redness (rubor), swelling (tumor), pain (dolor), increased temperature (calor), and loss of function (functio laesa)

sx of inflammatory response phase

redness, swelling, tenderness and pain, increased temp, and loss of function

omega 3 fatty acids

reduce the likelihood of diseases ( heart disease, stroke, hypertension)

BOC Domain: 4. Therapeutic Interventions

rehab an reconditioning injuries, illness, and general medical conditions with the goal of achieving optimal activity level based on core concepts using the applications of therapeutic exercise, modality devices, and manual techniques.

stiffness

relative ability of a tissue to resist a particular load

reciprocal inhibition

relaxation of antagonist muscle during contractions

histamine

released from injured mast cells -> vasodilation and increased cell permeability

treatment for exertional heat exhaustion

remove from activity, remove clothing , lie down with legs elevated, cooling efforts, rehydration, or IV fluids, AT should monitor the HR ,BP, and core temp

What is the treatment for heat stress?

remove from heat, cool, hydrate, and replace lost sodium

dehydration TX

repack fluids and move to cool environment (sports drink that contains CHO and electrolytes). should not return to activity until normal body weight (fluid replacement should not exceed fluid loss)

fluid and electrolyte replacement: prevention

replace fluids (do not rely on thirst as an indicator)

Budget: spending-ceiling model

requireds justification only for those expenses that exceed those of the previous budget cycle (aka incremental model) often rests in falling behind due to prices of supplies rising faster than inflation

Budget: Variable Budget

requires adjustment of monthly expenditures so that they do not exceed revenues, rarely used by schools based programs (very difficult to estimate cost in advance)

Budget: Zero-based budgeting

requires justification for every budget line item without reference to previous spending patterns; requires documentation of actual program needs and development of priority ( rank each item)

spending ceiling model

requires justification only for expenditures that exceed those of the previous budget cycle

aerobic metabolism

requires oxygen, burns the lactate using oxyygen, removing it and creating far more ATP than the anaerobic sytem

line-item budgeting

requires that ATs list anticipated expenditures for specific categories of program sub functions (example: expendable supplies, equipment repair, team physician services, and insurance)

Variable budgeting

requires that expenditures for any given time period be adjusted according to revenues for the same period, it is rarely used in school-based programs

eccentric contraction

resistance is greater than the muscular force being produced, and muscle lengthens while continuing the contract

what is the treatment for plantar fasciitis?

rest until symptoms subside night splints orthotics stretching exercises for achilles tendon/plantar fascia strengthening exercises for lower leg for stabilization

effects of immobilization on cardiorespiratory system

resting HR increases Stroke volume , max O2 uptake, and vital capacity decrease

State certification

restricts the performance of AT functions to only those certified

Common Cold Injuries: Frostbite- chilblains

result for prolonged and constant exposure to cold for many hours. Skin redness, tingling, swelling, and pain in toes and fingers. Caused by problems of peripheral circulation.

RTP

return to play

If an athlete with sickle cell disease experiences chest or abdominal pain and pain in the joints, he or she may be at immediate risk for which of the following complications?

rhabdomyolysis

Muscle Spasm: tonic

rigid muscle contraction that last a period of time

Product liability claim can be based on : Negligence

risk of injury from use of product was foreseeable and company did not exercise due care in reducing or eliminating risk

this drug is commonly referred to as the date rape drug or roofie

rohypnol

what motions occur in the Atlantoaxial joint?

rotation

types of synovial joints: pivot

rotation about an axis (cervical atlas and axis, proximal ends of radius and ulna)

what are the cardinals signs of inflammation

rubor -redness calor- hot edema- swelling dolor- pain funca laesa- function loss

spiral fx

s- shaped separation , common in football and skiing sudden rotation of the body with foot planted)

spiral fracture

s-shaped separation, body is suddently rotated in teh opposite direction (torsion)

the principles of conditioning

safety, warmup/cool down, motivation, overload, consistency, progression, intensity, specificity, individuality, minimize stress

How is mononucleosis spread?

saliva and airborne droplets (occurs most often in teenagers and young adults)

trigeminal

sensation to the face -mastication

muscle spindles

sensitive to change in legnth of muscle

muscle spindle

sensitive to change in muscle length; stimulation results in reflex contraction to resist stretch

GTOs

sensitive to change in tension of muscle

free nerve endings

sensitive to extreme mechanical, thermal, or chemical energy

extrinsic ligaments

separates from capsular thickening, located outside joint

diastasis

separation of 2 articulating bones

avulsion fx

separation of a bone fragemnt from its cortex at an attachment of al igament or tendon, powerful twist or stretch of a body part

avulsion fx

separation of a bone fragment at an attachment of ligament or tendon. Usually occur as a result of a sudden, powerful twist or stretch of a body part.

statute of limitations

set aa specific length of time that individuals may sue for damages form negligence

statues of limitations

sets a specific length of time that individuals may sue for damages from negligence - some states require than an injured miror must file suit at least 3 yeras after the minor reaches an age of 18 - usually ahve 1-5 years to file suit

anaphylactic shock

severe allergic reaction caused by foods, insect stings, or drugs, tx is an epi pen

metabolic shock

severe illness suh as diabetes goes untreated, extreme loss of body fluid

symptoms of tinea pedis include:

severe itching with vesicles or erosion of instep and with peeling maceration and fissures between toes dry, scaly, mildly erythematous patches on plantar and lateral foot surfaces

dermatomic pain

sharp and well localized

cutanous pain

sharp, bright, and burning, can have fast or slow onset

what equipment is required for soccer?

shin guards, cleats

what does a rapid but weak pulse rate mean?

shock bleeding diabetic coma heat exhaustion

low bp could mean?

shock, heart attack internal organ injury

if a patient presents with rapid and weak pulse this may indicate ?

shock, bleeding , or heat exhaustion

Sugars

should account for less than 15% of total caloric intake

shoe selection: arch support

should be made of some durable yet soft supportive material and should smoothly join with insole

Point-of-service plan (POS)

similar to PPOs, except that primary care physicians are assigned to patients to coordinate their care

oblique fx

similar to spiral fx, one end of bone is fixed while the other end has a torsion or shearing force (axial compression, bending, and torsion)

insurance: exclusion

situations or circumstances specifically not covered by an insurance policy

phosphorus

skeletal development tooth formation

inert ( non-contractile)

skin, joint capsule, ligaments, facia, cartilage, dura mater, and nerve roots

What can an athlete do to minimize the effects of travel?

sleep well the night before hydrate well prior to boarding the plane avoid drinking juices, sodas, caffeinated beverages and alcohol during flight eat and sleep on schedule that coincides with home time if possible remove shoes, stretch, and walk about periodically to improve circulation schedule rest time during the day if necessary

amphiarthrotic

slightly movable

olfactory nerve

smell

How can you prevent callus formation?

soaking feet and using callus files to reduce thickness wearing double socks to cushion the sole of the foot wearing properly fitted shoes applying emollients to feet and hands to prevent friction and keep skin supple wearing protective gloves, tape, or moleskin to protect palms from friction

joint sprain: Grade 1

some pain, minimum loss of function, mild TTP, little or no swelling, no laxity

exemption

state realizes that AT perform functions similar to those of other licensed professional

sovereign immunity

states that neither the government nor any individual that is employed by the government can be held liable for negligence

Hilton's Law

states that the joint capsule, the muscle moving in that joint, and the skin overlying the insertion of the muscles have the same nerve supply.

phosphocreatine

stored in skeletal muscle and is used during anaerobic activity to prouce ATP with the assistance of the enzyme creatine kinase

overstitching of a part of the musculature that causes microscopic tears in the muscle or tendon, usually resulting from excess stress or overuse

strain

cantilevered shoulder pads

strap that extends from the front to the back of the shoulder pads that causes the shoulder pads to arch above the tip of shoulder, dispersing the pressure onto the pads rather than on the shoulder- restrict motion more

flourine

strengthens bones and teeth

PNF

stretching techniques that involve combos of alternating contractions and stretches

bandage

strip of cloth of other material used to cover a wound or hold a dressing in place - Gauze- roller bandage for holding dressing in place, padding to prevent blisters, sterile pads. -cotton cloth- used primarily for cloths ankle wraps and for triangular/ cravat bandages.

chaddock's reflex

stroke from lateral malleolus to the small toe - should cause extension of great toe

babinksi reflex

stroking the llateral plantar surface of the foot, the toes should extend and splay

contractile

structures of muscle, tendon, or bony insertion

antisepctices

substances that can be placed on living tissue for the express purpose of either killing bacteria or inhibiting their growth

disinfectants

substances that combat microorganisms but should be applied only to nonliving objects

Bursitis

sudden irritation can cause acute bursitis; overuse of muscles or tendon as well as constant external compression/ trauma may result in chronic bursitis.

What are signs and symptoms of Marfan's Syndrome?

tall, thin stature with loose joints, with the long bones disproportionately long scoliosis flat feet pectus carinatum (pigeon chest) or pectus excavatum (funnel chest) long, narrow face with high-arched roof of mouth and crowding of teeth dislocation of lenses of eyes and sometimes retinal detachment, myopia aortic valve disorders with heart murmur stretch marks abdominal/inguinal hernia sleep apnea (rare)

chronic tenosynovitis

tendons become locally thick-end, with pain and articular crepitus present during movement

cerebellar function

test coordinated movements

standard of reasonable care

that an individual will brin g acommonsense appraoch to the situation and will exercise duty of care- assumes a person of reasonable and ordinary prudence

duty of care

that it existed between the person and injured person

muscular strenth

the ability of a muscle to generate force against resistance- max force applied during a single max contraction

kinesthesia

the ability to detect movement

Flexibility

the ability to move a joint or series of joints smoothly and easily throughout full range of motion

muscular endurance

the ability to perform repetitive muscular contractions against some resistance

cardiorespiratory endurance

the ability to perform whole body, large muscle activities for extended periods of time

cardiorespiratory endurance

the ability to perform whole-body large muscle activities for extended periords of time

what are macronutrients

the absorbable components of food

practice

the action that takes place in response to administrative problems (i.e. procedures that state that machines should be calibrated once a year)

symptoms of frostnip are:

the affected parts feel numb and aches/throbs becomes hard and insensate as the tissue freezes results in circulatory impairment, necrosis of tissue, and gangrene

metabolism

the biotransformation of drugs into water soluble compounds that can be excreted from the body - most metabolize in the liver with some occurring in the blood and kidneys

Usual, customary, and reasonable (UCR)

the charge consistent with what other medical vendors would assess

macrocycle

the complete training period

macrocycle

the complete training period - can be broken into preseason, in season, and post season

Hypothermia occurs when:

the core body temperature falls below 95 degrees

comparative negligence

the degree to which a plaintiff contributed to the harm caused by a defendant. Example: failing to follow instructions, failing to perform rehabilitation. Courts determine the degree (%) to which the AT and plaintiff contributed to the harm.

Tissue properties: stress

the internal reaction or resistance to an external load

stress

the internal resistance of the tissues to an external load

product liability

the liabilty of any or all parties along the chain of manufacture of any product for damage caused by that product

accessory motion

the manner inwhich an articulating joint surface moves realtive to another such as spin, roll, and glide

muscular strength

the maximum force that can be applied by a muscle during a single maximal contraction

pharmokinetics

the method by which drugs are absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and eliminated or excreted by the body

clinical supervision

the process of direct observation of an employees work, with emphasis on measurements of specific behaviors, and the subsequent development of plans to remediate deficiencies in performance

training effect with cardiorespiratoy exercise

the stroke volume increases while exercise heart rate is reducd at a given standard exercise load

what are the minerals sodium and potassium important for?

the transmission of nerve impulses

electrotherapy

the use of electricity

drug vehicle

therapeutically inactive substance that transports a drug

what are the benefits of vitamin Folate and B12 ?

they are important for normal blood flow

Ice Hockey Helmets: stamp of approval

they must have a stamp of approval from the Canadian Standards Association (CSA)

With water soluble vitamins are used to regulate metabolism of CHO, proteins and fats?

thiamin, riboflavin , niacin, biotin, and pantothenic acid.

plasters

thicker than ointments used to relieve pain, increase circulation, and decrease inflammation

dehydration S/S

thirst, dry mouth, headache, dizziness, irritability, lethargy, excessive fatigue and possibility cramps

what is Epstein Barr Virus?

this is a member of the herpes group and causes infectious mononucleosis

acute exertional rhabdomyolysis

this is characterized by sudden catabolic destruction and degeneration of skeletal muscle accompanied by leakage of myoglobin and muscle enzyme into the vascular system.

Phases of Repair: hemostasis and inflammation

this phase is the same as hemodynamic, leukocyte migration, and phagocytosis pages of the inflammation response. Hemostasis is the arrest or stoppage of bleeding.

Phase 2 of the healing process: Ultrastructural changes

this refers to the breaking down and eventual disruption of the cellular membrane and its organelle.

deep frostbite

tissues are frozen, immediate hospitalization, tissues are cold, hard, pale, and numb, rapid rewarming is required

why does vasodilation occur?

to bring important plasma formation and neutrophils to the injured area

intermittent compresion

to control or reduce swelling after 1 acute injury for pitting edema -most effective when combined with cold to reduce edemal

What is the function of a Warm Up?

to prepare the body physiologically for upcoming physical work by gradually stimulating the cardiorespiratory system to a moderate degree to increase blood flow to muscles and increase muscle temperature

what is the leading preventable cause of death?

tobacco use

spray coolants

topical anesthetics to the skin ex: fluromethane, inhibit pain impulses for short time

What is the treatment for tinea cruris?

topical antifungal ointment 2x daily for 4 weeks

Types of neurons: afferent (sensory) neurons

towards CNS

types of mechanical modalties

traction massage intermittent compression

apophyses

traction epiphyses- serve as origins or insertions

speed play

training technique for cross country running. AKA fartlek. individual must run for a specific period of time but specific speed and pace are not identified

acute-onset of muscle soreness

transient, develops during/ after exercise, and accompanies fatigue

sodium and potassium

transmission of nerve impulses

cool clammy skin could indicate

trauma shock heat exaustion

hypovolemic shock

trauma in which there is blood loss, without enoguh blood in in the circulatory system, organs are not properly supplied with oxygen

joint sprain

traumatic twisting that results in stretching or total tearing os stabilizing connective tissues

What is the most common running-induced bursitis?

trochanteric bursitis

characterized by pain in the lateral hip that radiates down the lateral thigh.

trochanteric bursitis

T/F: Contacts do not cloud during temperature changes, can be tinted to reduce glare.

ture

this injury occurs in runners who push off the foot or athletes who jump frequently, engage in martial arts or play on artificial turf

turf toe

serrated fx

two bony fragments have a sawtooth fx line- internal damage

serrated fx

two bony fragments have saw- tooth, sharp-edged fx line; usually caused by direct blow.

slow twitch fibers

type 1, slow oxidative fibers - dense with capillaries and rich in mitochondria and myoglobin - red in color so carry more oxygen - more resistance to fatigue - associated with long duration, aerobic type activities

Equipment reconditioning and recertification: Condition of helmet determined by-

type of helmet, amount, and intensity of usage.

Preferred provider organization (PPO)

type of insurance plan that provides financial incentives to encourage policyholders to use medical vendors approved by the company

health maintenance organization (HMO)

type of insurance plan that requires policyholders to use only those medical vendors approved by the company. All medical services are coordinated by a primary care physician, who acts as a gatekeeper to specialty services.

Documentation: Charting by exception

type of medical record that notes only those patient response that vary from predefined norms (makes records keeping more efficient and less time consuming, inappropriate for recording initial injury evaluation, has many potential uses for recording treatment and rehab; requires strict treatment protocols)

sympathomimetic drugs

type of stimulant - act on adrenergic receptors from nerve endings -acting indirectly on catecholamines ex: ephedrine which can cause mental stimulation and increased blood flow - often found in cold remedies

amphetamines

type of stimulant -powerful drugs - must be injcted, inhaled, or taken as tablets -among most abused drugs used to enhance perfomance -can produe euphoria - behavior could become mroe irrational

Fee-for-service / indemnity plan

type of traditional medical insurance whereby patients are free to seek medical services from any provider; plan covers a portion of cos covered procedures and patient is responsible for the balance

registration

types of state credentialing that requires qualified members of a profession to register with the state order to practice (some allow a grace period during which AT may practice without being registered)

UB

universal billing - codes similar to CPT but used in hospitals

cryotherapy

use of cold (usually between 32 F and 70 F; 0C and 21 C

light therapy

use of electromagnetic radiation

biotin function

use of fats

mechanotherapy

use of motion, force or pressure

ergogenic aid

use to describe any method, legal or illegal, used to enhance athletic performance

dynamic splint

used for to provide long duration tension on healing structures (usually a tendon) so that it can return to normal functio.

corticosteroids

used primarily for chronic inflammation of musculoskeletal and joint regions - primary admin is injection - type of NSAID

Protective knee brace:

used prophylactically to prevent injuries to MCL in contact sports (little data to support)

what is an elbow figure 8 bandage spica?

used to secure a dressing in cubital fossa or prevent full extension; 3 inch wrap; athlete flexes elbow b/w 45-90 ° of flexion.

sympathomimetics

used to treat EIB (albuterol)

procedural code

uses CPT code- to ID specific medial procedures used in treating a patient

thermotherapy

uses of superficial and deep heat (usually between 98.6F and 109.4 F; 37 C and 43C

wet bulb temperature (WBT)

uses wet wick or piece of gauze wrapped around end of thermometer that is swung around in the air

Factors limiting flexibility: bony structures

usually bony prominences stop movements at normal endpoint (or OCD in elbow limits ROM)

unsaturated fatty acids

usually from plants and are liquid at room temperature (GOOD!)

non-consumable capital equipment

usually not removed from ATR (ice machine, tx table , modalities)

What steps can you take to prevent heat loss?

utilize WBGT provide adequate hydration 16 fl oz before/8 fl oz every 20 mins during/ and 16 fl oz for every 1 lb lost during activity Allow time for acclimatization (7-10 days) Monitor for signs of hypothermia 10 min break every hour Promote evaporation (change wet t-shirts) Provide shelter

what test would be positive for a LCL injury?

varus stress test

what is Klenbocks disease

vascular necrosis or osteocondritis of the lunate

irregular bone

vertebral column, and skull

Vitamins: Antioxidants

vitamin C, Vitamin E, and beta-carotene

Vitamins: fat soluble

vitamine A,K,D,E ( found in fatty portions of foods and in oils; possible to consume excess amounts and show the effects of vitamin poisoning

increased stroke volume

volume of blood pumped in each beat

blowout fx

wall of eye orbit as the result of blow to eye

should be the first part of any training exercise, performed for 15 - 30 minutes to increase circulation and muscle elasticity and prevent injury

warm-up exercises

Warming the air next to the body Exhaled moisture Loss of heat to the environment because the body is hotter than the air Transfer of heat when there is a temperature difference between the body and an outside surface a. Evaporation b. Conduction c. Radiation d. Convection

warming the air next to the body = convection exhaled moisture = evaporation loss of heat to the environment because the body is hotter than the air = radiation Transfer of heat when there is a temperature difference between the body and an outside surface = conduction

atrophy

wasting away of muscle tissue ( main cause is immobilization, inactive, or loss of nerve stimulation)

evaporative heat

water is transported to surface via sweat glands, where it evaporates, taking large quataties of heat with it ( body highly dependent in sweat if air temperature > body temperature)

micronutrients

water, minerals and vitamins * these are necessary for regulating normal body functions.

Which direction of travel seems to cause more problems with jet lag?

west to east

When should emergency medical treatment be initiated for a person who has ingested ethanol?

when the person exhibits an altered mental status, nausea and vomiting, semi-conscious or unconscious

When does frostbite occur?

when the tissue begins to freeze, usually signaled by burning pain and numbness in the affected area

examples of hydrotherapy

whirlpool and aquatic therapy pools, and ice slush/ ice immersion

biotin sources

widely found in foods

pantothenic acid sources

widely found in foods

Tissue Stress: compression

with enough energy, crushes tissue (force can no longer be absorbed) ex: contusion

short bones

wrist and ankle

y/o

years old

Metabolic shock

Occurs when illness goes untreated (diabetes) or when extensive fluid loss occurs

Rapid & weak pulse

Shock, bleeding, diabetic coma, or heat exhaustion

Strong & slow pulse

Skull fx or stroke

DeQuervian's Disease

also known as Hoffmans Disease Stenosing tenosynovitis in the thumb, first tunnel becomes contracted and narrowed (EPB and EPL pass though the tunnel)

cc

chief complaint

Handlebar Palsy

compression of the ulnar nerve in the Tunnel of Guyon

FWB

full weight bearing

Bennets Fracture

fx of the 1st metacarpal

Boxer's Fracture

fx of the shaft of the 5th metacarpal

HP

hot pack

HTN

hypertension

stat

immediately

cardiogenic shock

inability of heart to pump enough blood

Swan Neck Deformity

injury to the volar plate of the PIP from a severe hyperextension force

Diastolic BP

is the amount of pressure/force against the arterial walls during the relaxation phase of the heart. (In between beats, 80)

MAEEW

moves all extremities equally well

NKA

no known allergies

NSA

no significant abnormality

NWB

non weight bearing

Boutonniere Deformity

occurs from a rupture pf the extensor expansion dorsal to PIP joint, DIP into extension and PIP into flexion

septic shock

result of bacterial infection where toxins cause smaller vessels to dilate

Anaphylactic shock

result of severe allergic reaction

R/O

rull out

Jersey Finger

rupture of the flexor digitorum profundus tendon from insertion on distal phalanx, most often occurs to the 4th finger

psychogenic shock

shock caused by a sudden, temporary reduction in blood supply to the brain that causes fainting

Sx

signs and symptoms

SLR

straight leg raises