Section 1: 8000 BC-1775 (Ch 1-6)

New Amsterdam

1. Dutch colony in North America (began on Manhattan Island by 1624), purchased by Peter Minuit from local Native Americans; Dutch were competent fur traders and merchants, creating ships to rival England 2. Wider Dutch holdings became colony of New Netherland; founded the most ethnically diverse colony (New Amsterdam) that became New York City

Powhatan Wars

1. Early in Jamestown, Native American-English relations deteriorated; went natives couldn't supply adequate corn, English raided Powhatan's (chief of Algonquian people) people 2. John Rolfe married Pocahontas (Powhatan's daughter), but when she died, Powhatan's successor assaulted 3.Jamestown, worsening relations Resistance of Powhatans against Virginians (last one in 1644), foretold history of relations between white European settlers and Native Americans

Capitalism

1. Economic system established by Renaissance bankers, money for investment was coined in incorporated in a new international market; 2. This system was the main motivation for acquiring private property and is a part of freedom in American society

John Cabot

Italian navigator who set a precedent for English overseas exploration, commissioned by British Crown; he landed in North America in 1497, and was responsible for first English toeholds in the New World

Francis Drake

Pirate who was most celebrated sea captain, seeking revenge against Spanish, sailing to Spanish Empire and plundering their ports (1577); sailed on Pacific Ocean and plundered more Spanish ships, arriving in 1580 with Spanish gold and spices acquired from the West Indies Ensued naval war in defeating Spanish Armada in 1588

The "Casta" System

Racial hierarchy developed in New Spain in which the peninsulares (born in Spain) and creoles (born in New World of Spanish parents) were at top (2% of population, followed by the "mestizos" (offspring of Spanish men and Indian women)-4-5% of population-and below them the "mulattos" (children of Spanish men and African women), followed by American Indians and Africans at bottom of hierarchy

Spanish Explorers

Several Spanish explorers were inspired by Cortés and Pizarro; Cabeza de Vaca lead an expedition to Florida, Gulf of Mexico, and into Southwest (1528-1537), Hernando de Soto explored Southeast, first European to cross Mississippi River (1539-1541)

Salem Witchcraft Trials

Several girls were accused of witchcraft and more than 100 people were eventually tried. The trials were significant because it exemplified how hysteria could overcome rational thought during a time of instability.

Key Concepts/Big Picture of Spanish, French and Dutch Colonization of the New World

1. Emerging Spanish Empire: Spain shifted emphasis from conquering to colonizing; established efficient government to manage New World empire (by subjugating Native Americans and African slaves) 2. Spanish Colonization Methods: Spanish colonization focused on mission system, and resulting exchange of culture and goods enriched Old and New Worlds but infected Native Americans with diseases 3. Competition with Spain: England, France, Netherlands attempted to compete with Spain's vast achievements, embarking on exploration and colonization efforts in New World French Settlement: French established large New World Empire (based on fur trade) from St. Lawrence River in 4.Canada, round gReat Lakes, down Mississippi River to Gulf of Mexico (main competitor with England for control of North America) 5. Dutch Settlement: Established colony in North America at New Amsterdam (ethnically and linguistically diverse), which was eventually absorbed by England

Cash-Crop Economy

1. Existed to small extent in Middle Colonies, but dominated in Southern colonies; enabled by climate, soil, long growing season (cultivation of tobacco, sugar, indigo, and rice) 2. Initially successful (expanded chattel slavery), then declined when climate did not cooperate; allowed for little flexibility to market prices (as opposed to northern economy, which produced more capital); additionally, by late 1600s, greatest cultural difference between the New England colonies and the southern colonies was the extent of literacy among White colonists (northerners exhibited higher literacy rate)

Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain

1. Ferdinand of Aragon, Isabella of Castille united Spanish nation, marriage ended rivalry of kingdoms; united forces of Spain to drive out Moors (Muslims) 2. Were patrons of Christopher Columbus, launched Spanish empire, established management precedents

Virginia

1. First colony of the original 13 that began at an ill-chosen site with ill-chosen goals; thousands of death occurred due to disease, starvation, Native American attacks, however, it grew from small settlement into colony with towns; 2. John Rolfe established foundation for economy in cash-crop agriculture (tobacco), birthplace of African slavery 3. House of Burgesses (colonial government) was established, colony went bankrupt and was later salvaged by William Berkeley (1642)

Plymouth Colony

1. First permanent New England colony (established in 1620-10 years after Jamestown) established by Separatists (Pilgrims), who, as opposed to the Puritans wanted to separate from Church of England rather than reform it 2. William Bradford obtained king's permission to settle in Virginia, but ship detoured, landing in New England; its occupants later devised the Mayflower 3. Compact (entailed government- "civil body politic" -and was first written "constitution" of English-speaking world) In 1691, incorporated into Massachusetts Colony

House of Burgesses

1. First representative assembly in Western Hemisphere (1619) established in virginia to protect property and rights of English colonists; Villages in virginia were "burgs" and elected representatives were "burgesses" (Thomas Jefferson drew from this as an example of the powers of legislation) 2. When royal governor William Berkeley came, agreed to share power with the existing colonial legislature

Puritanism

1. Founders of colonies in New England were part of Puritan movement; rooted in Protestant Reformation, seeking full reformation in England, desiring for the Church of England to be "purified" of Catholic practices (strived to reform the Church from within, not separate from it) 2. Inspired by Calvinism, emphasis on predestination, strict piety, community, and "original sin" (inherited sin)

Franchise

1. Franchise, or the right to vote was expanded as access to property was obtained easily by either moving west or through land grants to former indentured servants (prerequisite to vote in England was land ownership); 2. Thus, larger percentage of males were voters in American society than in English society

Giovanni de Verrazzano

1. Francis I hired Florentine Verrazano to claim land for France, embarked in 1523 toward Carolinas, then up to Nova Scotia; sparked French interest in claiming land in Canada and exploration 2. Only North American explorer killed and eaten by American Indians in 1528

Junipero Serra

1. Franciscan friar, priest, scholar lived in lat Spanish Empire in 18th Century, used mission system, was responsible for founding nine missions (would become California-spread civilization to this region) 2. His methods were a testament to Spain's harsh treatment of American Indians

Fur Trade

1. French established trading posts (St. Lawrence River and Great Lakes) in 1600s to trade furs with native groups; had few colonists, so hd to rely on diplomacy with American Indian groups, learned native languages, well versed in Native American protocols, married Indian women 2. Native Americans retained control of this land, French adjusted to Indian ways to maintain their colonial presence (was extremely rare)

Rene-Robert de la Salle

1. French explorer who followed up on Champlain's journeys, proved theory that Mississippi River flowed into the Gulf of Mexico (claimed this area for French king) and was thereafter granted power to found a colony there 2. In attempt to found colony, was killed by ship crew, but helped (along with Champlain) lay claim to largest European territory in North America

John Calvin

1. Frenchman, started as priest, later joined Protestant cause as legal scholar + minister in Geneva, Switzerland 2. Wrote "Institutes of the Christian Religion," asserting Protestant doctrine (emphasis on sovereignty of G-d in salvation); help form Presbyterian and 3.Congregational churches in English Reformation; student was John Knox Puritans were Calvinists in doctrine

Christopher Columbus

1. Genoese (Italian) explorer both accredited and blamed for disease, war, enslavement; patrons were sovereigns of Spain Isabella and Ferdinand; 2. Completed four voyages to Western Hemisphere, was a better promoter and explorer than administrator 3. Mismanaged Hispaniola and fell out of favor with Spanish Crown; explorations opened up Caribbean Sea + Central America to Spanish colonization (launching Spanish empire)

Maryland

1. George Calvert (Lord Baltimore) founded this colony along Potomac River north of Virginia as refuge for Roman Catholics facing persecution from Anglican Church; was the outpost of Catholicism in English Colonies 2. Baltimore stepped down due to influx of Protestants; however, Act of Toleration (1649) was later passed to permit all Trinitarian Christians freedom of worship

Martin Luther

1. German priest and scholar, launched Protestant Reformation (contested Roman Catholic Church doctrine), translated bible into German, lead to exploration, colonization of New World, and populating United States 2. As a result of Renaissance and Reformation, people of US strived for both reform and liberty of conscience alike

Triangular Trade

1. Goods shipped up and down Atlantic Seaboard; ships left northeast American seaports, arrived in Africa, Africans taken back to Britain, and from Britain back to American seaports 2. Profits from shipping built northern cities; with southerners charged to ship and receive items (at mercy of northerners)

Peter Stuyvesant

1. Governor of New Netherland, defended Dutch interests against France, while England established viable colonies; England absorbed his colony in 1664, renaming New Amsterdam the city of NEw York (became one of the original 13 colonies); 2. Some Dutch retained their property, contributing to diversity of New York

John Smith

1. He effectively saved Jamestown when the colony was on the verge of collapse in 1608. Smith's initiatives to improve sanitation and hygiene and to organize work gangs to gather food and build shelters dramatically lowered mortality rates among the colonists.

Indentured Servitude

1. Impoverished English citizens who took free voyage to Virginia in return for 4-7 years of service to whoever paid their passage ("indentured," meaning torn, or patterned indentations on contract); at end of servitude, master was obligated to provide means for servant to establish themselves as a yeoman farmer (many did not survive, or masters sometimes refused to supply materials needed after servitude)

What was the Cahokia?

1. In 700 A.D. thriving culture based on cultivation of maize (corn) in today Illinois; Cahokians built largest city north of Mexico before Europeans 2. Inhabitant disappeared without a legacy, was a trade center connected to all of North America; however, civilization collapsed in 1300 A.D. 3. Constructed large pyramids, leader's tombs; Cahokia was evidence of lasting civilization in North America, most advanced North American Indians before European settlers arrived

Encomienda

1. Spanish Crown's method for organizing American Indian labor; Spanish settlers, "encomenderos," given grant (land and salary)and right to extract labor from local inhabitants; this system resembled Old World feudalism 2. In return for freedom of management, encomenderos send gold and silver back to crown; this system lead to brutal exploitation of natives

Prince Henry the Navigator

1. Third son of king of Portugal in 1394, founded school for navigation, cartography, and shipbuilding; 2. His shipbuilders developed a faster craft - the caravel, sponsored over forty voyages around coast of Africa (to dominate spice trade with India and debunk rumor that earth was flat)

Soil Depletion

1. Tobacco and corn stripped nitrogen from soil, forcing planters to clear more land to the west (pushed settlement across coastal plain, causing clashes with Native Americans) 2. Soil depletion remained a problem until legumes were planted to fix nitrogen in the soil, preserving its fertility

Who were the vikings?

1. Travelling Scandinavian warriors, originating in DEnmark, southern Sweden, Norway 2. Mostly farmers, their Germanic religion lead their path to violence and adventure 3. Designed ships; Erik the Red settled Greenland in late 20th CEntury, Leif Eriksson the east coast of Canada First Europeans to travel to North 4.America (in Newfoundland); settlement = not permanent; threatened by Skraelings

Henry VII of England

1. Tudor king of England who divorced Catherine of Aragon (daughter of Ferdinand + Isabella) to marry Anne Boleyn; 2. As Roman Catholic Church opposed this, launched English Reformation, severing ties with Rome, permitting printing of Bible in English 3. Guided succession of ENglish throne to Edward, he died, then his daughter Mary and Elizabeth held throne (responsible for enduring Spanish-English war)

What is the overview of north America?

1. Vast continent, nearly every type of biome; 2. Oldest mountains are Appalachians (the east) younger are the Rocky Mountains (west) from Canada to South america 3. Great Lakes and Grand Canyon 4. Two large rivers - Missouri (west) and Ohio (east), joining with tributaries to form Mississippi River, drains into Gulf of Mexico at New ORleans 5. Climates - range from arctic to arid southwest deserts (Death Valley = lowest, hottest, driest place on continent) 6. Large coastal plain near Atlantic = settlements, American Indians crossed Bering Strait to reach it, then adapted

King Philip's War

1. Violent conflict that ensued in 1670s, when New Englanders executed 3 Wampanoag (who had killed a Christian Wampanoag), and Wampanoag chief King Philip attacked Massachusetts towns 2. In this conflict, colonists destroyed many native villages, killing over 40% Wampanoag, markedly deadliest of wars of European settlement in North America (in terms of % on each side killed)

Key Concepts/Big Picture of English Colonization of the New World

1. Vitality of English Colonies: While English colonization began with failure, they eventually flourished, surpassing those of Spanish, Dutch, or French 2. Jamestown Precedent: Every English colony roughly followed pattern of the founding of Jamestown (impending collapse, then developing stable economy and self-government) 3. English Colonial Legacies: Each English colony contributed significant legacies to the future US (ex: Pennsylvania experiencing culture comprised of positive colonial legacies) 4. Native American-English Relations: Frequent conflicts ensued between English settlers and natives, resulting in wars and Indians were pushed inland from coastal settlements 5. England's Imperial Superiority: Following defeat of Spanish Armada (1588), and establishment of viable colonies (starting in 1607), England surpassed Spain as nation with potential to launch world empire

Middle Passage

1. Was considered "necessary" to expansion of colonial American economy; as slave trafficking was a thriving industry in 1700s, European traders kidnapped Africans, sold them to European slave traders, and they were transferred to the New World under horrid conditions on a journey known as the "middle passage" (middle leg of triangular trade) 2. 20% Africans died on journey

John Winthrop

As governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, he was instrumental in forming the colony's government and shaping its legislative policy. He envisioned the colony, as a "city upon a hill" from which Puritans would spread religious righteousness throughout the world.

Scots-Irish

Before Acts of Toleration, Presbyterian Scots fled persecution to Ireland, and when it followed them to Ireland, they migrated to American colonies (welcomed especially in Carolina, NJ, Pennsylvania); were among first white settlers of the Appalachian Mountains and beyond

Jacques Cartier

First French explorer of Canada, learned from Giovanni de Verrazzano, made three voyages and responsible for naming Canada; In 1534, sailed up St. Lawrence River, spread rumors of presence of gold, and French realized treasure of Canada was fur

Coastal Plain

Geographical region extending from foothills of Appalachian Mountains to Atlantic Ocean; with fertile soil, it contributed significantly to success of 13 original colonies

Slave revolt in English Colonies

Two significant 18th Century slave revolts occurred in English colonies: one in New York in 1712 and the other on the Stono River in South Carolina in 1739, otherwise, did not occur until century later

Overview of Colonial "American" Society

1. 13 British colonies developed differently; distinct patterns of development occurred in southern, middle, and New England colonies (however shared aspects that distinguish them from Great Britain) 2. Southern Colonies: gravitated towards slavery-dominated economy (most significant in Virginia, Maryland, the Carolinas, Georgia); were most populous due to 20% African slaves 3. New England Colonies: Massachusetts, Rhode Island, CT, New Hampshire; developed diversified, thriving economies, but experienced decline in Puritanism (response to decline of Puritanism: Half-Way Covenant and Great Awakening) Middle Colonies: NY, NJ, Pennsylvania, Delaware; ethnic and economic diversity (Scots-Irish immigrated there); the middle colonies had widest variety of places of origin among its white population 4. Commonalities: most colonists practiced Protestantism (either reformed or loyal to Anglican Church), exercised social mobility (contrasted with rigid hierarchy in Great Britain) 5. Significant population/demographic changes occured in 1700s; while English immigration declined in 1700s, Irish, French, Swiss immigrated (two largest groups: Germans and Scots-Irish) 6. Colonists had colonial legislature, mercantilist trade rules, new religious + philosophical ideas lead to political break from British; most leaders in English colonies proved competent and shrewd in new challenges

Overview of Spanish, French and Dutch Colonization of the New World

1. 1500s and 1600s: Portugal, Spain, Holland, France, and England established colonies in New World; 2. First explorers sponsored by Spain and Portugal; Spain dominant role after Treaty of Tordesillas, and Spanish forces controlled much of Central and South America from native inhabitants (forced labor of American Indians = encomienda) 3. European settlement in New World = exchange of animals, plants, organisms (significant aspect of Columbian exchange: germs); Indians were majority in Spanish America but population reduced by 90% since 1492 4. Eventually, racially mixed population developed in 5.Americas, caste distinctions emerged from mixture of Spanish settlers, African slaves, American Indians In response to conquest, some American Indians fled, some engaged in violent resistance; Spanish colonizers most frequently interacted with the Pueblo Indians After Spain, France and the Netherlands established different types of colonies in North America; French and 6. Dutch colonies served as trading outposts (few colonists in French settlements, so had to rely on diplomacy with Native Americans); 6. During the period from 1492 to 1700, French activity in the Americas was primarily directed toward establishing trade with American Indians Dutch presence in New World: from 1590s; early 1600s, Dutch set sights on North America; commissioned expedition by Henry Hudson, funded by Dutch East India Company 7. Spain dominated New World in 16th Century, continued presence until 19th Century; France and Holland did not have comparable success

Council of the Indies

1. Advisory body of the Spanish government that responded only to the Crown in shaping aspects of Spanish Empire in New World; unique and superior to all other European imperial powers in its efficiency; was corrupt but it maintained control of empire for about 300 years 2. Kept records, dispensed information, dispatched civil and military employees, supervised activities of Roman Catholic Clergy in the Americas

What was Three-Sister Farming?

1. Americans boosted population by growing maize, beans, and squash together; 2. crops benefited from proximity, improved American Indians' diet

Amerigo Vespucci

1. Born in 1454, embodiment of Renaissance, employed by Medici family of Florence, he travelled to Spain, Portugal, and NEw World 2. Explored coast of South America in three voyages; 3. First modern person to calculate longitude, concluding how far west he had sailed, and thus wrote letters about geography used by other Europeans 4. Contracted malaria, but German scholar created map based on his letters, naming both North and South America after him

Anne Hutchinson

1. Bostonian who taught doctrines deemed heretical by the Puritans; was put on trial for heresy (held an antinomian view of Christianity, similar to Quakerism), stressing importance of G-d's grace, divine revelation, and refused to stop teaching these doctrines; pioneer of religious liberty 2. Was Banished from Massachusetts Bay and lived in Rhode Island

Who were the Iroquois?

1. Confederacy of six separate tribes centered in New York (Mohawk, Seneca, Cayuga, Onondaga, Oneida, Tuscarora) - "people of the long house" United in military alliance against Huron tribe 2. Matriarchal society - women ran government (except concerning trade and war); most developed societal structure at time of European arrival 3. Were useful allies to British in colonial times

Columbian Exchange

1. Contact between Europeans and Native Americans that resulted in exchange of animals, plants, and diseases 2. Europeans brought: meat, fruit trees, grains, olives, grapes, sugarcane, honey bees, coffee bean and they discovered metals that impacted world economy 3. Europeans received: potatoes, tomatoes, squash, peppers, maize (corn), peanuts, vanilla, cocoa beans and infected the native people with smallpox, influenza, diphtheria, and typhus (Africans were immune)

Pennsylvania

1. Deemed most "American" colony of the 13, contained diverse society and Philadelphia (largest colonial city), and a diversified economy 2. Mason-Dixon Line: border between Pennsylvania and Maryland (symbolic North + South border) 3. Quaker refuge, peaceful relations with Native Americans; when Quakers refused armed conflict for the king, Penn family lost control of its own colony

Proprietors

1. Dignitaries who were either friends of English king or had done exceptional service to the king; granted large plots of land in colonial America (ex: Penn and Calvert families) 2. Established governments for colonies, tried to attract colonists; testament to tradition of private property rights and how little the monarchy valued the land

Protestant Reformation

1. Dissatisfaction with Roman Catholic Church practice + doctrine, peaked in early 16th century; lead by Martin Luther; 2. Further sparked Counter-Reformation, launched Inquisition and Society of Jesuits to protect Catholicism John Calvin and John Knox spurred religious movements for freedom in 3.America (ex: Puritanism); ideas of Protestantism = seminal to American society

Bartolomé de las Casas

1. Dominican friar, priest, scholar who criticized Spain for plight of the American Indians; lobbied Spanish Crown for reforms of treatment towards American Indians (attempted first "utopian community" in Western Hemisphere) 2. Several used this rationale to justify African slavery as means to aid American Indians

Overview of English Colonization of the New World

1. In most of century after Columbus's journeys to the New World, England was not active in colonizing + exploring America's; most of 1500s, England was second-rate power to Spain; 2. In 1400s, Wars of Roses kept England in disunity, and in 1500s, religious conflict ensued, and attention toward subduing Ireland was attributed to its late start in exploration 3. By end of 1500s, England set it sights on the Americas; Francis Drake inspired overseas adventures, government authorized Humphrey Gilbert and Sir Walter Raleigh to establish colonies in North America (failed) 4. British colonization differed from Spanish model; while Spanish Crown funded directly, English colonies were funded privately by joint-stock companies, and later, British Crown granted charters, but eventually, almost all colonies were taken over directly by the Crown 5. First permanent English colony = Jamestown (Virginia) in 1607, nearly collapsed, were not prepared to establish a community (only find silver and gold); gave rise to tobacco exportation used in southern colonies of British North America; establishment of tobacco cultivation for export was why Jamestown colony succeeded when all previous English attempts at colonizing New Wold had failed 6. 1620-1640 = founding of New England colonies, first settlers were Puritans (driven by religious reasons; drew more families than in south (more diverse economies) 7. English Colonization slowed down during English Civil War (mid 1600s), then founded Carolina (1663), New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania (1681), and Georgia (1732)

Who was Marco Polo?

1. In prominent Venetian merchant family, went with father along Silk Road through Mongolia to China ( 24-year journey: 1271-1295) 2. Was received by Mongol leader Kublai Khan in his court 3. Dictated book Discourse Concerning Various Experiences; this propelled european city-states to search for routes in order to access to Far East

Spanish Armada

1. Invasion fleet of more than 100 Spanish ships that set out for England in 1588; Francis Drake attacked from behind, Spanish ships were trapped, and a storm destroyed more of their ships 2. This was significant victory; military conflict (when colonization commenced) between England and Spain was the most severe out of any other European powers

What was the concept of reciprocity?

1. Key to good/bad European-American Indians relations was reciprocity; was common value system in North American Indian tribes; 2. Involved both gifts and war alike; routinely declared war on each other; 3. Europeans exploited this system by trading goods to native Americans for property rights

What was the Bering Strait?

1. Land Bridge on ocean separating North America from Asia, made migration possible from Siberia; 2. After it was submerged, Eskimos and Aleuts crossed ocean in boats, and from here, American Indians spread across entire Western Hemisphere 3. Several American Indians migration directly to South aMerica by sea

Hernando Cortés

1. Lead the expedition to explore Mexico for Spain; in 1519, subdued two Indian American tribes (through advanced weaponry), and reduced influence of expanding Aztec Empire (with help of American Indian allies); 2. Held talks with Moctezuma in Tenochtitlan, Aztec Empire (eventually destroyed Aztec Empire, opening transfer of gold and silver; Aztecs of Mexico had most advanced civilization upon the arrival of Europeans in the New World

Francisco Pizarro

1. Legacy of most brutal acts against Indian Americans of South America; arrived in 1520, took Atahualpa captive, held him for ransom (gold and silver), and when supplied, killed him ruthlessly anyway 2. Conquered and ruled rest of Peru until assassinated by own men in 1541

Missions

1. Main method of Spanish colonization; entailed peaceful interaction with American Indians; friar or priest founded them as farming villages and converted localcs 2. Church erected at town center, clergymen sought to educate American Indians and assimilated into culture

Portuguese Explorers

1. Many Portuguese explorers followed Prince Henry; 2. Bartolomeu Dias travelled to Cape of Good Hope in Africa (1486), Vasco de Gama travelled to India (1497-1498), Pedro Cabral travelled to Brazil in 1500

Massachusetts Bay Colony

1. Massachusetts Bay Company founded Puritan colony in 1629 (its establishment spurred Great Migration of Puritans to New World); communities of Puritans seeking refuge from persecution settled in Boston, Salem, etc. 2. Puritan colonies (ex: Connecticut and New Hampshire) adopted legislature similar to House of Burgesses, called a General Court; immediate result of Puritans' relocation of the Massachusetts Bay Company to North America was that a joint-stock company was converted into a self-governing colony (was funded and governed by stockholders and settlers)

Lord De la Warr

1. New governor and captain of Virginia, arriving in Jamestown in 1610; held militaristic rule, setting colony back on track from collapse, and gave Virginia Company land to virginians as their own private property 2. This abridgement of company orders formed basis for American dream and capitalism

Key Concepts/Big Picture of the Motives and Methods of European Exploration

1. North American Continent: The continent of North America before settlement = sparsely populated, variety, vast distances, untapped natural resources 2. First Settlers: First settlers of North America: came from Asia via Bering Strait, dispersed over Western Hemisphere after Ice Age, established culture, but not civilizations (except in Central and South America) 3. Age of Exploration: Rise of nations, resuscitation of trade, Renaissance sparked European curiosity, courage, and competition to embark on voyages for exploration, to found colonies and find New World's riches 4. Religious Reform: Protestant reformation = stimulated change beyond religion, motivated religious dissenters to travel to New World for religious freedom according to the dictates of their consciences 5. Motives of Spanish Empire: Beginning with Columbus, Spanish explorers + colonizers established largest European Empire since Roman Empire by motives of personal service to G-d, personal glory, and wealth (silver and gold)

Samuel de Champlain

1. One of searchers for rumored Northwest Passage, ship captain, and French cartographer; explored far as cape Cod, fixating search up St. Lawrence River, and as far west as the Great Lakes; 2. Shaped New France; founded Quebec and Montreal, formed alliance with Hurons (against Iroquois) and became governor of Montreal

William Penn

1. Only man to partake in founding a total of three original 13 colonies; aided in formation of East and West Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Delaware; converted to Quakerism, lobbied English government for this sect of Christianity 2. Forged peaceful relations with Native Americans, proposed unifying British colonies under central government, and advocated for government of the people; 3. Established principle of religious toleration in Pennsylvania

What were the crusades?

1. Pope Urban II launched crusades in 1095 (military campaigns) to wrest Palestine back from Muslims; 2. Eight or more campaigns occured in the 11th, 12th, and 13th centuries, were unsuccessful; 3. However, these campaigns stimulated first travel + trade since decline of 4.Roman EMpire (encouraged goods long absent from European trade) This renewed trade laid foundation for Renaissance

Plantation System

1. Portuguese established new large-scale commercial agricultural method; and European settlers establish large land holdings, on which they sought wealth through exploitation of African slave labor

Joint-Stock Companies

1. Private ventures separate from the Crown that governed themselves (decisions were based on profits rather than welfare of colonists); 2. Economic arrangements (forerunners to modern corporations) where English colonies were backed by advertising share in profits if English citizens purchased stock in the companies; these private companies minimized individual risk to any one planter or group of planters, setting political and economic precedents

John Locke

1. Prominent English political philosopher at time of founding of the American colonies built on ideas of Thomas Hobbes about the Social Contract; Locke theorized that governments should preserve life, liberty, and property, with balance of powers 2. Wrote Fundamental Constitution for Carolina (1669), codifying distribution of land, easy citizenship standards, and religious freedom

Pope's Rebellion

1. Pueblo medicine man named Pope created alliance between tribes of Pueblo to form resistance against Spanish rule (were persecuted for practicing native religion); coordinated attack by over 17,000 Pueblo Indians; 2. Achieved independence of American Indians of New Mexico, but were eventually subjugated again

Roger Williams

1. Puritan minister who was a pioneer of religious liberty, disputing with Puritan authorities about separation of church and states (one of the first Europeans in practice to advocate for this) 2. Banished from Congregational Church for his views; ultimately founded new colony, Rhode Island, in 1638, and became father of Baptist churches in America

Renaissance

1. Rediscovery of several ancient Roman works of law, literature, and art; flourishing of scholarship, individualism, and humanism, "rebirth" 2. This period ended European medieval period, renewed trade occurred, and desire for reform of Catholic Church spurred Protestant Reformation 3. Transformed Western Civilization, lead to founding colonies in New World

Piedmont

1. Region between coastal plain and Appalachian mountains (from Alabama to New Jersey)-French for "foothills"-that is separated from coastal plain by fall line; 2. While large-scale agriculture is difficult, allowed freedom of movement (indentured servants established subsistence farms), contributed to social mobility 3. Movement of colonists into Piedmont led to English-NAtive American conflict, and conflict between struggling farmers on Piedmont and coastal plain plantation owners arose (Bacon's rebellion)

Jesuits

1. Religious order founded by Ignatius Loyola, main instrument of Catholic Counter-Reformation; made up strong contingent of missionaries to people of Central and south America, and eventually expanded into North America; were recalled by Spanish Crown to prevent them from gaining independence

Sir Walter Raleigh

1. Renaissance man who curried favor with Elizabeth I by fighting Irish and Spanish and establishing colonies in Virginia 2. Published Discourse Concerning Western Planting (explained rationale for English colonization), defended realm from Spanish, and later attacked Spanish and was beheaded for it

Viceroy

1. Representative position just beneath Crown in hierarchy of Spanish Empire that was ultimately sent to govern four divisions of New World; men were rotated or removed to prevent allegiance against Crown 2. Each served as both head of civil government and commander in chief of Spanish military forces in the region

Repartimiento

1. Series of reforms completed in 1549 for governance of Spain's New World Colonies; arose in response to brutal "encomienda" system, Crown had direct control over governance, as it was concerned over autonomy of the "encomenderos" in the New World 2. Stipulated that American Indians were entitled to wages, were legally free, limited Indians' work to 45 days per year

Treaty of Tordesillas

1. Signed as a result of dispute between Portugal and Spain; king of Portugal negotiated treaty with Ferdinand and Isabella; signed in 1494, with Pope Alexander VI's sanction that gave portugal access to Brazil 2. Under the Pope, England, France, and the Netherlands were banned from New World; spurred rivalry against Christians

What is the Overview of the Motives and Methods of European Exploration?

1. With migration of native people, they developed complex social structures; adapted to environment, transformed it 2. Southwest, cultivation of maize (corn) enabled economic development and social diversification 3. People of Great Basin and Great Plains developed more mobile lifestyles (lack of natural resources) 4. Along Atlantic seaboard, mix of agricultural and hunter-gatherer economies 5. Agriculture = permanent settlements In late 1400s and 150ss Europeans embarked on overseas exploration, settlement; causes: a. Religious wars - in 12th and 13th centuries, these shook stability of European feudal society, thus desire to trade foreign goods b. Black Death - weakened feudal system, contributed to its demise 6. Trade routes increased economic power, shifted priorities 7. Europeans engaged in trade with Middle East, India, China, were interested in preventing Italian power 8. Renaissance humanism (14th-15th centuries) generated curiosity about world, inspiring people to explore 9. Invention of printing press (Johannes Gutenberg) helped spread information, inspired new discoveries 10. Protestant Reformation - most important religious movement, led by Martin Luther and John Calvin 11. Counter Reformation - renewed sense of spirituality in Catholic Church, lead to Jesuit movement (Catholic order) 12. Developments in maritime technology - compass, astrolabe, quadrant, hourglass, portulanos, caravel ship- 13. Age of exploration and colonization brought people together, and global system supplanted earlier local and regional systems; 17. Native Americans traded with the French and the English as a means of maintaining autonomy

Headright System

A method of inducing people to settle in the colonies in the 17th century. They would be granted tracts of land based on the number of people (usually indentured servants) they brought to the colonies.

Northwest Passage

All European nations that founded colonies in North America sought this nonexistent route to Asia; Explorers were dispatched up and down Atlantic seaboard to find it, as there was competition to claim a shorter route to trade with India and China

Primogeniture

Condition of English common law that all property of English noblemen was to passed down to firstborn son; as a result, second and third sons set sights on life in colonial America (land was plentiful), whose downfall was refusing to do manual labor in Jamestown

Elizabeth I

Daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn, became queen in 1558, ending strife over religion (between Anglican Church and Puritans), thus unifying the country and strengthening military Refused to marry Spanish Philip II, thus initiated war with Spain, won war and died in 1603

Diversified Economy of Colonial America

Diversified economy existed in middle colonies and New England (not cash-crop economy due to geography); northerners were involved in harvesting furs, lumber, etc, were merchant shippers; this diversified economy in north permitted flexibility in responding to market trends

Charter

Document received by English colonies from British government that permitted settlement and specified conditions of settlement; stipulated that colonists were Englishmen with same rights as Englishmen in England

Patronships

Dutch method of organizing aristocratic society; granted feudal estates in Hudson River Valley to those who could bring fifty settlers there

Coureurs de Bois

Meaning "runners of the woods"; referred to fur trapping settlers in New World who established thriving fur trade with various American Indian tribes (in trans-Appalachian river region)

Denominations

New sects of christianity that differed over points of doctrine; through such splits, dozens of new denominations of Christianity formed

Chattel Slavery

Originally treated more like indentured servants, legal status of African Americans became that of chattels ("property"); were placed on par with livestock or buildings, devoid of all human rights (House of Burgesses later rendered cruelty toward slaves illegal, but they were still reduced to chattel)

Sources of Capital

Sources of investment for all colonists (from proprietors to craftsmen, to freed indentured servants) were obtained from Banks in London and joint-stock companies to establish American economic networks

Congregational Church

The denomination of Christianity descended from the original Puritan churches in America; emphasized self-government apart from hierarchy of the Anglican Church; Puritanism entailed notion that each church member attested to G-d's grace through a conversion experience

Black Legend

The exaggerated anti-Spanish accounts of treatment of American Indians (written by non-Spanish Europeans); display sadistic and deliberate cruelty by Spain, providing ideological justification for English involvement in New World (cast English in positive light); such accounts reflect anti-Catholic perspective, used to justify acquisition of Mexican territory after Mexican War