Set 1

Stroke volume is regulated by all of the following except ____________.

--> cardiac output

The contractility of heart muscle is its _______________.

--> contraction strength at any given fiber length

During moderate exercise cerebral blood flow

--> increases slightly.

A positive inotropic agent is something that _______________.

--> increases the contractility of myocardial fibers

The ______________ is equal to the hydrostatic pressure of the blood in the capillaries minus the hydrostatic pressure of tissue interstitial fluid outside the capillaries.

--> net filtration pressure

Production of angiotensin II indirectly ____________.

--> raises the blood volume

What type of receptors do norepinephrine and epinephrine bind to in the heart?

--> β1-adrenergic

How much filtrate do the kidneys produce per day?

180 L

If someone's heart has a stroke volume of 70 ml and a heart rate of 90 beats/min, the cardiac output equals _____________.

6.3 L/min

How much of the total body water is generally found in the blood plasma

6.7%

Contraction of the left ventricle of the heart at rest normally expels about ______ of the blood contained in the chamber.

60-70%

What is the resting cardiac rate for an adult?

70 beats/min

During maximal exercise, the skeletal muscles can receive as much as ____ of the total blood flow

85%

The mean arterial pressure of a person with a blood pressure of 128/68 would be

88

How much kidney filtrate is reabsorbed back into the vascular system?

98-99%

__________ is a steroid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex which stimulates kidney salt reabsorption in the kidneys.

Aldosterone

ADH would be considered a(n) ____________ regulator of blood flow.

Both extrinsic and hormonal are correct

Stroke volume is directly proportional to

Both preload and contractility

**___________ is a polypeptide vasodilator produced by the sweat glands.

Bradykinin

____________ inhibits norepinephrine reuptake thereby it induces vasoconstriction.

Cocaine

Left side heart failure may be caused by --> A. myocardial infarction. B. aortic valve stenosis. C. incompetent aortic and mitral valves. D. All of the choices are correct.

D. All of the choices are correct.

_____________ is used to treat congestive heart failure.

Digitalis

At rest, blood flow is greatest in the

GI tract and liver

Norepinephrine and epinephrine open ____ channels inducing a faster diastolic depolarization

HCN

The opposing forces that affect fluid movements across a capillary are known as

Starling forces

Secondary hypertension may result from

a renin secreting tumor.

Low blood pressure stimulates the secretion of the mineralcorticoid ______________.

aldosterone

The heart produced hormone, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), functions antagonistically to

aldosterone

Arterial blood pressure isinfluenced by --> A. vasoconstriction. B. cardiac rate. C. cardiac output. D. All of the choices are correct.

all

Hypertension may cause --> A. increased afterload. B. hypertrophy of the ventricles and valve defects. C. broken capillaries in tissues and organs. D. All of the choices are correct.

all

Sympathetic stimulation of the heart will --> A. increase the rate of diastolic depolarization. B. increase conduction rate. C. increase the strength of contraction. D. All of the choices are correct.

all

What allows cardiac muscle to have sufficient oxygen during systole? --> A. large amount of myoglobin B. many mitochondria C. many aerobic enzymes D. All of the choices are correct.

all

Edema could be caused by all of the following except ______________

an elevated level of albumin in the blood plasma

Angiotensin I is formed from the plasma protein ____ by the action of the enzyme ____.

angiotensinogen; renin.

Baroreceptors are specialized pressure receptors found in the ____________.

aortic arch

According to the classic view of the Starling forces, capillaries usually tend to absorb fluid ________________.

at the venular end

Expanded blood volume stimulates stretch receptors in the atria of the heart causing increased secretion of

atrial natriuretic peptide

Sweat glands can also secrete _____ that stimulates vasodilation of skin arterioles to help reduce body temperature.

bradykinin

What keeps the HCN channels open?

cAMP

Muscle length has a more pronounced effect on contraction strength in cardiac muscle than in skeletal muscle. This is because cardiac muscle has a greater sensitivity to

calcium

Since veins can distend more with pressure, they are called _____ vessels

capacitance

Which blood vessels have the highest cross-sectional area?

capillaries

Which type of muscle has the greatest capillary density?

cardiac

The amount of blood pumped by one ventricle in one minute is called _____________

cardiac output

Any mechanism that increases heart rate is said to have a positive ______ effect

chronotropic

What is the main force that causes fluids to enter the venous end of a capillary?

colloid osmotic pressure in the capillary (blood plasma)

The ability to distend with pressure increases is called

compliance

Veins are said to have a higher ____ than arteries because they expand more easily and a higher ___________ because they contain more blood

compliance; capacitance

Intrinsic control of blood flow refers to the ________________.

control of blood flow by metabolic products of the tissues

As age increases, the maximum cardiac rate will

decrease

If cardiac output increases, the peripheral resistance must _____ for arterial blood pressure to remain constant.

decrease

The effect of acetylcholine binding to its receptors in the heart is a heart rate

decrease

Damage to the vagus nerve would

decrease responsiveness of the baroreceptor reflex

Increased blood pressure stimulates

decreased sympathetic outflow to the heart

myogenic

decreased tissue metabolism.

Which of the following is NOT a result of stimulation of atrial stretch receptors?

decreased water excretion

Arteriovenous anastomoses are found mainly in the ___________________.

dermis of the skin

The last Korotkoff sound occurs when the blood pressure is equal to

diastolic pressure.

Stroke volume is affected by all of the following EXCEPT

emotional stress.

The preload acting on a ventricle is equivalent to that chamber's _____________.

end-diastolic volume

The volume of blood in the ventricles at the end of diastole is known as the

end-diastolic volume (EDV).

When the arteriovenous anastomoses are stimulated by sympathetic nerve fibers, the superficial capillary loops are

engorged with blood.

Hypotension could be induced by

excessive atrial natriuretic factor secretion.

Venous return is increased by all of the following EXCEPT

exhalation

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) helps to lower blood pressure and is secreted by the _____________.

heart

During exercise, the cardiac output may rise to five times the resting value. In most people this is due mainly to an increase in ______________.

heart rate

During congestive heart failure

high blood Ca2+ causes cardiac arrest in systole

Essential hypertension may result from

high salt diet.

Blood flow would be increased by

histamines

When active areas of the brain receive excessive blood flow over their aerobic requirements, this is called

hyperemia

Edema would be induced by all of the following EXCEPT

hyperthyroidism

Net filtration would be decreased by -->

hypotension

Osmoreceptors regulating the release of ADH are found in the _______________.

hypothalamus

A person with a decreased blood pressure, rapid pulse, and cold clammy skin would be suffering from

hypovolemic shock

A decrease in total peripheral resistance would cause blood flow to

increase

In response to increased internal temperature blood flow to the skin will

increase

Reactive hyperemia is

increased blood flow after removal of constriction due to accumulated metabolic products.

Active hyperemia is

increased blood flow due to increased metabolism

Cardiovascular changes resulting from moderate exercise include

increased blood flow to the skin

Increased blood flow resistance is caused by

increased blood vessel length.

During exercise all of the following occur EXCEPT

increased oncotic pressure

Blood volume would be increased by

increased renin secretion.

During exercise, all of the following occur EXCEPT

increased vasoconstriction of coronary arteries

Which is NOT a symptom of preeclampsia?

increased vasodilation

According to the Frank-Starling Law of the heart, as contraction strength increases the stroke volume

increases

An increase in blood volume in the left atrium will ______ ADH secretion.

inhibit

Control of blood flow to skeletal muscles during exercise is mainly under _______ control

intrinsic metabolic

Essential hypertension

is the type of hypertension that most patients have.

There is no mixing of blood layers or sounds from vessels during ____ flow

laminar

Pulmonary edema, shortness of breath, and fatigue are most likely to result from _________________.

left-sided congestive heart failure

Hydrostatic pressure is ______ and colloid osmotic pressure is ______ at the arterial end of a capillary.

lower, lower

A sphygmomonometer is used for __________.

measuring blood pressure

The cardiac control center of the _______ coordinates the autonomic innervation of the heart.

medulla oblongata

Acetylcholine binds to _______ receptors of the heart and causes the opening of ___ channels

muscarinic, K+

In response to increased ventricular filling

myocardial cells stretch

Cardiogenic shock can result from

myocardial infarction

Vascular smooth muscle can directly respond to changes in pressure. This type of control is called

myogenic

During systole, the ventricular myocardium gets its oxygen supply mainly from _______.

myoglobin

Nitroglycerine causes vasodilation of blood vessels due to its effects on levels of

nitric oxide.

The SA node depolarizes more frequently under the influence of ____________.

norepinephrine

The ejection fraction is

normally about 60% at rest.

Elephantiasis is caused by

obstruction of lymphatic drainage

Cardiac output would be increased by

positive chronotropic agents.

A condition in which there is a fall in blood pressure upon standing that is not compensated for by the baroreceptor reflex is called

postural hypotension.

Vasopressin induces renal water

reabsorption

Myxedema is a disease caused by hypothyroidism, which causes production of excessive amounts of glycoprotein in the interstital spaces. The effect of this on capillary fluid dynamics would be to cause ________________.

reduced osmotic return of fluid and thus accumulation of fluid in the tissues resulting in edema

The enzyme that converts angiotensinogen into angiotensin II is ____________

renin

Inhibition of the baroreceptor reflex would not allow for proper regulation of all but

respiratory rate.

Dangerously low blood pressure that results from infection is

septic shock

a severe infection could decrease blood pressure by causing _____________.

septic shock

The type of shock resulting from lipopolysaccharides is termed

septic shock.

The sounds heard during the last phase of blood-pressure measurement are

silence

The sounds heard during the first phase of blood-pressure measurement are

snapping sounds

Blood pressure is measured with a

sphygmomanometer

A(n) ___________ is a cylindrical support used to keep an artery open

stent

Cardiac output is equal to

stroke volume x cardiac rate

The Frank-Starling law of the heart describes the relationship between ___________.

stroke volume, end-diastolic volume, and contraction strength

Hypertension can be treated by all of the following EXCEPT

sympathetic agonists.

Norepinephrine is released from __________ nerves, causing heart rate to ______

sympathetic, increase.

The hydrostatic pressure of blood in a capillary is 19 mmHg and that of the tissue fluid is 1 mmHg, while the colloid osmotic pressure of the blood is 23 mmHg and that of the tissue fluid is 0 mm Hg, at this particular portion of the capillary, fluid is being _______ with a net force of __________.

taken up; -5 mmHg

During fight or flight reaction, the sympathetic nervous system causes vasodilation in skeletal muscle but vasoconstriction in the skin. It is able to achieve these opposite effects because ___________________.

the muscle arterioles have α-adrenergic receptors and the skin arterioles have β-adrenergic receptors

Coronary bypass surgery is performed

to limit myocardial ischemia

stroke volume is inversely proportional to

total peripheral resistance

Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors like captopril block the formation of angiotensin II, thus reducing

vasoconstriction

Dizziness during hyperventilation is due to a decrease in cerebral blood flow. The decreased blood flow is caused by

vasoconstriction

Endothelin causes

vasoconstriction

Blood flow is increased by

vasodilation

Nitric oxide (NO) causes

vasodilation

Sympathetic stimulation of cholinergic fibers in the arterioles of skeletal muscle will produce

vasodilation

Which blood vessels have the lowest pressure?

veins

Cardiac output may drop when one goes from lying to a standing position because of ________________

venous pooling

Of all the factors that can affect blood flow to a particular organ, the most effective and easiest to control from moment to moment is _____________.

vessel radius

At rest, both cardiac and skeletal muscle arterioles have a high peripheral resistance due to

α-adrenergic sympathetic stimulation.