Set 1
Stroke volume is regulated by all of the following except ____________.
--> cardiac output
The contractility of heart muscle is its _______________.
--> contraction strength at any given fiber length
During moderate exercise cerebral blood flow
--> increases slightly.
A positive inotropic agent is something that _______________.
--> increases the contractility of myocardial fibers
The ______________ is equal to the hydrostatic pressure of the blood in the capillaries minus the hydrostatic pressure of tissue interstitial fluid outside the capillaries.
--> net filtration pressure
Production of angiotensin II indirectly ____________.
--> raises the blood volume
What type of receptors do norepinephrine and epinephrine bind to in the heart?
--> β1-adrenergic
How much filtrate do the kidneys produce per day?
180 L
If someone's heart has a stroke volume of 70 ml and a heart rate of 90 beats/min, the cardiac output equals _____________.
6.3 L/min
How much of the total body water is generally found in the blood plasma
6.7%
Contraction of the left ventricle of the heart at rest normally expels about ______ of the blood contained in the chamber.
60-70%
What is the resting cardiac rate for an adult?
70 beats/min
During maximal exercise, the skeletal muscles can receive as much as ____ of the total blood flow
85%
The mean arterial pressure of a person with a blood pressure of 128/68 would be
88
How much kidney filtrate is reabsorbed back into the vascular system?
98-99%
__________ is a steroid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex which stimulates kidney salt reabsorption in the kidneys.
Aldosterone
ADH would be considered a(n) ____________ regulator of blood flow.
Both extrinsic and hormonal are correct
Stroke volume is directly proportional to
Both preload and contractility
**___________ is a polypeptide vasodilator produced by the sweat glands.
Bradykinin
____________ inhibits norepinephrine reuptake thereby it induces vasoconstriction.
Cocaine
Left side heart failure may be caused by --> A. myocardial infarction. B. aortic valve stenosis. C. incompetent aortic and mitral valves. D. All of the choices are correct.
D. All of the choices are correct.
_____________ is used to treat congestive heart failure.
Digitalis
At rest, blood flow is greatest in the
GI tract and liver
Norepinephrine and epinephrine open ____ channels inducing a faster diastolic depolarization
HCN
The opposing forces that affect fluid movements across a capillary are known as
Starling forces
Secondary hypertension may result from
a renin secreting tumor.
Low blood pressure stimulates the secretion of the mineralcorticoid ______________.
aldosterone
The heart produced hormone, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), functions antagonistically to
aldosterone
Arterial blood pressure isinfluenced by --> A. vasoconstriction. B. cardiac rate. C. cardiac output. D. All of the choices are correct.
all
Hypertension may cause --> A. increased afterload. B. hypertrophy of the ventricles and valve defects. C. broken capillaries in tissues and organs. D. All of the choices are correct.
all
Sympathetic stimulation of the heart will --> A. increase the rate of diastolic depolarization. B. increase conduction rate. C. increase the strength of contraction. D. All of the choices are correct.
all
What allows cardiac muscle to have sufficient oxygen during systole? --> A. large amount of myoglobin B. many mitochondria C. many aerobic enzymes D. All of the choices are correct.
all
Edema could be caused by all of the following except ______________
an elevated level of albumin in the blood plasma
Angiotensin I is formed from the plasma protein ____ by the action of the enzyme ____.
angiotensinogen; renin.
Baroreceptors are specialized pressure receptors found in the ____________.
aortic arch
According to the classic view of the Starling forces, capillaries usually tend to absorb fluid ________________.
at the venular end
Expanded blood volume stimulates stretch receptors in the atria of the heart causing increased secretion of
atrial natriuretic peptide
Sweat glands can also secrete _____ that stimulates vasodilation of skin arterioles to help reduce body temperature.
bradykinin
What keeps the HCN channels open?
cAMP
Muscle length has a more pronounced effect on contraction strength in cardiac muscle than in skeletal muscle. This is because cardiac muscle has a greater sensitivity to
calcium
Since veins can distend more with pressure, they are called _____ vessels
capacitance
Which blood vessels have the highest cross-sectional area?
capillaries
Which type of muscle has the greatest capillary density?
cardiac
The amount of blood pumped by one ventricle in one minute is called _____________
cardiac output
Any mechanism that increases heart rate is said to have a positive ______ effect
chronotropic
What is the main force that causes fluids to enter the venous end of a capillary?
colloid osmotic pressure in the capillary (blood plasma)
The ability to distend with pressure increases is called
compliance
Veins are said to have a higher ____ than arteries because they expand more easily and a higher ___________ because they contain more blood
compliance; capacitance
Intrinsic control of blood flow refers to the ________________.
control of blood flow by metabolic products of the tissues
As age increases, the maximum cardiac rate will
decrease
If cardiac output increases, the peripheral resistance must _____ for arterial blood pressure to remain constant.
decrease
The effect of acetylcholine binding to its receptors in the heart is a heart rate
decrease
Damage to the vagus nerve would
decrease responsiveness of the baroreceptor reflex
Increased blood pressure stimulates
decreased sympathetic outflow to the heart
myogenic
decreased tissue metabolism.
Which of the following is NOT a result of stimulation of atrial stretch receptors?
decreased water excretion
Arteriovenous anastomoses are found mainly in the ___________________.
dermis of the skin
The last Korotkoff sound occurs when the blood pressure is equal to
diastolic pressure.
Stroke volume is affected by all of the following EXCEPT
emotional stress.
The preload acting on a ventricle is equivalent to that chamber's _____________.
end-diastolic volume
The volume of blood in the ventricles at the end of diastole is known as the
end-diastolic volume (EDV).
When the arteriovenous anastomoses are stimulated by sympathetic nerve fibers, the superficial capillary loops are
engorged with blood.
Hypotension could be induced by
excessive atrial natriuretic factor secretion.
Venous return is increased by all of the following EXCEPT
exhalation
Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) helps to lower blood pressure and is secreted by the _____________.
heart
During exercise, the cardiac output may rise to five times the resting value. In most people this is due mainly to an increase in ______________.
heart rate
During congestive heart failure
high blood Ca2+ causes cardiac arrest in systole
Essential hypertension may result from
high salt diet.
Blood flow would be increased by
histamines
When active areas of the brain receive excessive blood flow over their aerobic requirements, this is called
hyperemia
Edema would be induced by all of the following EXCEPT
hyperthyroidism
Net filtration would be decreased by -->
hypotension
Osmoreceptors regulating the release of ADH are found in the _______________.
hypothalamus
A person with a decreased blood pressure, rapid pulse, and cold clammy skin would be suffering from
hypovolemic shock
A decrease in total peripheral resistance would cause blood flow to
increase
In response to increased internal temperature blood flow to the skin will
increase
Reactive hyperemia is
increased blood flow after removal of constriction due to accumulated metabolic products.
Active hyperemia is
increased blood flow due to increased metabolism
Cardiovascular changes resulting from moderate exercise include
increased blood flow to the skin
Increased blood flow resistance is caused by
increased blood vessel length.
During exercise all of the following occur EXCEPT
increased oncotic pressure
Blood volume would be increased by
increased renin secretion.
During exercise, all of the following occur EXCEPT
increased vasoconstriction of coronary arteries
Which is NOT a symptom of preeclampsia?
increased vasodilation
According to the Frank-Starling Law of the heart, as contraction strength increases the stroke volume
increases
An increase in blood volume in the left atrium will ______ ADH secretion.
inhibit
Control of blood flow to skeletal muscles during exercise is mainly under _______ control
intrinsic metabolic
Essential hypertension
is the type of hypertension that most patients have.
There is no mixing of blood layers or sounds from vessels during ____ flow
laminar
Pulmonary edema, shortness of breath, and fatigue are most likely to result from _________________.
left-sided congestive heart failure
Hydrostatic pressure is ______ and colloid osmotic pressure is ______ at the arterial end of a capillary.
lower, lower
A sphygmomonometer is used for __________.
measuring blood pressure
The cardiac control center of the _______ coordinates the autonomic innervation of the heart.
medulla oblongata
Acetylcholine binds to _______ receptors of the heart and causes the opening of ___ channels
muscarinic, K+
In response to increased ventricular filling
myocardial cells stretch
Cardiogenic shock can result from
myocardial infarction
Vascular smooth muscle can directly respond to changes in pressure. This type of control is called
myogenic
During systole, the ventricular myocardium gets its oxygen supply mainly from _______.
myoglobin
Nitroglycerine causes vasodilation of blood vessels due to its effects on levels of
nitric oxide.
The SA node depolarizes more frequently under the influence of ____________.
norepinephrine
The ejection fraction is
normally about 60% at rest.
Elephantiasis is caused by
obstruction of lymphatic drainage
Cardiac output would be increased by
positive chronotropic agents.
A condition in which there is a fall in blood pressure upon standing that is not compensated for by the baroreceptor reflex is called
postural hypotension.
Vasopressin induces renal water
reabsorption
Myxedema is a disease caused by hypothyroidism, which causes production of excessive amounts of glycoprotein in the interstital spaces. The effect of this on capillary fluid dynamics would be to cause ________________.
reduced osmotic return of fluid and thus accumulation of fluid in the tissues resulting in edema
The enzyme that converts angiotensinogen into angiotensin II is ____________
renin
Inhibition of the baroreceptor reflex would not allow for proper regulation of all but
respiratory rate.
Dangerously low blood pressure that results from infection is
septic shock
a severe infection could decrease blood pressure by causing _____________.
septic shock
The type of shock resulting from lipopolysaccharides is termed
septic shock.
The sounds heard during the last phase of blood-pressure measurement are
silence
The sounds heard during the first phase of blood-pressure measurement are
snapping sounds
Blood pressure is measured with a
sphygmomanometer
A(n) ___________ is a cylindrical support used to keep an artery open
stent
Cardiac output is equal to
stroke volume x cardiac rate
The Frank-Starling law of the heart describes the relationship between ___________.
stroke volume, end-diastolic volume, and contraction strength
Hypertension can be treated by all of the following EXCEPT
sympathetic agonists.
Norepinephrine is released from __________ nerves, causing heart rate to ______
sympathetic, increase.
The hydrostatic pressure of blood in a capillary is 19 mmHg and that of the tissue fluid is 1 mmHg, while the colloid osmotic pressure of the blood is 23 mmHg and that of the tissue fluid is 0 mm Hg, at this particular portion of the capillary, fluid is being _______ with a net force of __________.
taken up; -5 mmHg
During fight or flight reaction, the sympathetic nervous system causes vasodilation in skeletal muscle but vasoconstriction in the skin. It is able to achieve these opposite effects because ___________________.
the muscle arterioles have α-adrenergic receptors and the skin arterioles have β-adrenergic receptors
Coronary bypass surgery is performed
to limit myocardial ischemia
stroke volume is inversely proportional to
total peripheral resistance
Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors like captopril block the formation of angiotensin II, thus reducing
vasoconstriction
Dizziness during hyperventilation is due to a decrease in cerebral blood flow. The decreased blood flow is caused by
vasoconstriction
Endothelin causes
vasoconstriction
Blood flow is increased by
vasodilation
Nitric oxide (NO) causes
vasodilation
Sympathetic stimulation of cholinergic fibers in the arterioles of skeletal muscle will produce
vasodilation
Which blood vessels have the lowest pressure?
veins
Cardiac output may drop when one goes from lying to a standing position because of ________________
venous pooling
Of all the factors that can affect blood flow to a particular organ, the most effective and easiest to control from moment to moment is _____________.
vessel radius
At rest, both cardiac and skeletal muscle arterioles have a high peripheral resistance due to
α-adrenergic sympathetic stimulation.