Sherwood Ch 19
104. Calcium homeostasis involves a. immediate adjustments required to maintain a constant free Ca2+ concentration on a minute-to-minute basis b. slowly responding adjustments required to maintain a constant total amount of Ca2+ in the body c. actions of parathyroid hormone d. both a and c e. both b and c
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Comprehension
105. Which of the following statements about parathyroid hormone is incorrect? a. It causes localized dissolution of bone. b. It conserves Ca2+ by the kidney. c. It promotes urinary excretion of PO4. d. It directly stimulates Ca2+ absorption from the intestine. e. It is essential for life.
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Comprehension
115. The hormone ________ increases in concentration within the plasma during the absorptive periods and declines during the postabsorptive periods. a. glucagon b. epinephrine c. cortisol d. insulin e. norepinephrine
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Comprehension
116. Which of the following are considered an "essential" nutrient? a. All amino acids b. glucose molecules c. fatty acids d. certain vitamins e. hormones
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Comprehension
120. Which hormone is not entirely antagonistic to insulin with respect to nutrients in the blood? a. epinephrine b. glucagon c. cortisol d. growth hormone e. Both a and c
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Comprehension
37. A drop in blood pressure would likely lead to a. increased plasma aldosterone levels b. increased vasopressin levels c. increased levels angiotensin II d. all of the above e. only b and c
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Comprehension
91. Untreated diabetes mellitus results in all of the following except a. increased urinary excretion of glucose b. metabolic acidosis c. dehydration d. decreased levels of fatty acids in the blood e. increased levels of amino acids in the blood
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Knowledge
93. Which of the following hormones increases membrane transport of amino acids into many body cells? a. cortisol b. growth hormone c. insulin d. Both a and c e. Both b and c
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Knowledge
96. Which of the following hormones increases blood glucose? a. growth hormone b. cortisol c. insulin d. Both a and b e. All of the above
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Knowledge
99. Which hormone causes increased protein degradation? a. insulin b. calcitonin c. epinephrine d. cortisol e. growth hormone
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Knowledge
23. Hypothyroidism may occur due to a. anterior pituitary failure b. inadequate dietary supply of iodine c. failure of the thyroid gland itself d. both b and c e. all of the above
ANS: E PTS: 1 DIF: Comprehension
44. A student experiencing psychological and emotional stress a. will secrete more CRH b. will secrete more ACTH c. will secrete more cortisol d. may experience a greater risk of infections due to immune system suppression e. may experience all of the above
ANS: E PTS: 1 DIF: Comprehension
94. _________ opposes the effects of insulin. a. aldosterone b. glucagon c. epinephrine d. Both a and b e. Both b and c
ANS: E PTS: 1 DIF: Comprehension
107. Calcitonin a. enhances the effect of parathyroid hormone on bone and kidneys b. is synthesized in the skin in the presence of sunlight c. deficiency produces diabetes insipidus d. is secreted by the thyroid follicular cells e. has none of the above characteristics
ANS: E PTS: 1 DIF: Knowledge
13. TSH a. secretion is stimulated by thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) b. secretion is inhibited by T3 and T4 c. increases the rate of thyroid hormone secretion d. promotes hypertrophy and hyperplasia of thyroid cells e. has all of the above characteristics
ANS: E PTS: 1 DIF: Knowledge
16. Which of the following are plasma proteins to which thyroid hormone is bound in circulation? a. albumin b. gamma globulin c. thyroxine-binding globulin d. Both a and b e. Both a and c
ANS: E PTS: 1 DIF: Knowledge
46. The actions of glucocorticoids include a. increased gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis b. increased fat mobilization c. increased breakdown of muscle proteins d. anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects at pharmacological levels e. all of the above
ANS: E PTS: 1 DIF: Knowledge
52. Adrenal androgens are a. normally secreted only in males, whereas adrenal estrogens are secreted in females b. normally secreted in both males and females, but in insufficient amounts to cause masculinization c. responsible for the female sex drive d. both a and c e. both b and c
ANS: E PTS: 1 DIF: Knowledge
57. Which of the following is characteristic of the adrenogenital syndrome? a. Precocious pseudopuberty in prepubertal boys b. Development of male-type external genitalia in female fetuses c. Hirsutism in adult females d. Both a and c e. All of the above
ANS: E PTS: 1 DIF: Knowledge
60. Epinephrine a. is secreted by the adrenal medulla b. is secreted along with norepinephrine c. reinforces sympathetic nervous system activity d. mobilizes energy reserves e. has all of the above characteristics
ANS: E PTS: 1 DIF: Knowledge
62. Of the hormones secreted by the adrenal gland, those that promote an increase in the blood glucose level include a. aldosterone b. cortisol c. epinephrine d. both a and b e. both b and c
ANS: E PTS: 1 DIF: Knowledge
66. Excess circulating quantities of which of the following nutrient molecules can ultimately be stored in adipose tissue as triglycerides? a. fatty acids b. glucose c. amino acids d. Both a and b e. All of the above
ANS: E PTS: 1 DIF: Knowledge
71. Select the pituitary hormone that increases the concentration of blood sugar. a. glucagon b. insulin c. cortisol d. epinephrine e. growth hormone
ANS: E PTS: 1 DIF: Knowledge
74. Which statement about somatostatin is incorrect? a. It is produced by the hypothalamus. b. It is produced by the pancreatic D cells. c. It inhibits growth hormone secretion. d. It inhibits digestion of nutrients and decreases nutrient absorption. e. It is released in response to a fall in blood glucose and blood amino acids.
ANS: E PTS: 1 DIF: Knowledge
56. Vitamin D must be provided entirely by dietary sources.
ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: 1
51. Hyperparathyroidism is characterized by hypercalcemia and hyperphosphatemia.
ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: 2
18. The symptoms of aldosterone hypersecretion include hypernatremia, hyperphosphatemia, and hypertension.
ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Comprehension
29. Epinephrine and norepinephrine exert identical effects in all tissues.
ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Comprehension
46. Protein-bound Ca2+ is the form of calcium that is important in neuromuscular excitability.
ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Comprehension
55. The presence of vitamin D is necessary for PTH to exert its effect on promoting intestinal Ca2+ absorption.
ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Comprehension
61. Excitation-secretion coupling is another name for stimulus-secretion coupling.
ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Comprehension
1. Tri-iodothyronine and tetraiodothyronine are produced by the C-cells of the thyroid gland.
ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Knowledge
12. Because of the thyroid hormone's growth-promoting effects, excessive growth is one outcome of excess thyroid hormone secretion in children.
ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Knowledge
13. The presence of a goiter is always indicative of hyperthyroidism.
ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Knowledge
14. Myxedema is associated with hypersecretion of thyroid hormones.
ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Knowledge
16. Cortisol is secreted by the zona glomerulosa, aldosterone by the zona fasciculata, and sex hormones by the zona reticularis.
ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Knowledge
19. Stress is the primary stimulus for mineralocorticoid secretion.
ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Knowledge
2. The "iodide pump" actively transports hormone-bound iodine from the thyroid gland into the circulation.
ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Knowledge
20. Aldosterone and cortisol are both considered to be essential for life.
ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Knowledge
21. Cortisol is the primary mineralocorticoid.
ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Knowledge
22. The adrenocortical hormones cortisol and aldosterone are peptide hormones.
ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Knowledge
24. One of the primary functions of cortisol secretion at normal physiological levels is its anti-inflammatory action.
ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Knowledge
25. Adrenal androgens are normally secreted only in males, whereas adrenal estrogens are secreted only in females.
ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Knowledge
3. Thyroid-stimulating hormone is produced by the thyroid gland.
ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Knowledge
30. The primary energy source for the body during the post-absorptive state is glucose.
ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Knowledge
31. Once a structural protein is synthesized, it remains a part of the cell for the duration of the cell's life.
ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Knowledge
33. Insulin is secreted by the alpha cells of the islets of Langerhans.
ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Knowledge
35. Insulin increases glucose transport into all tissues.
ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Knowledge
4. Thyroglobulin is found in the cytosol of the thyroid follicular cells.
ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Knowledge
40. All forms of diabetes mellitus are characterized by a lack of pancreatic insulin secretion.
ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Knowledge
43. Both Type I and Type II diabetes must be treated by regular insulin injections.
ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Knowledge
47. The parathyroid gland secretes parathyroid hormone and calcitonin.
ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Knowledge
62. The RANK ligand is released from osteoclasts and it has an inhibitory effect on osteoblasts.
ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Knowledge
7. Most of the secreted T3 is converted into T4 outside of the thyroid gland.
ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Knowledge
21. _________________ and ______________ causes glycogenolysis and, thereby, help to counteract decreasing blood sugar levels.
ANS: Glucagon, epinephrine PTS: 1 DIF: Knowledge
20. ____________________ is the primary trigger for the release of insulin from pancreatic beta cells.
ANS: Glucose PTS: 1 DIF: Knowledge
53. PTH enhances the rapid movement of calcium from the bone fluid into the plasma.
ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: 1
54. Calcitonin decreases plasma Ca2+.
ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: 1
57. Plasma phosphate concentration is not as tightly controlled as plasma calcium concentration.
ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: 1
52. PTH increases plasma Ca2+ and decreases plasma PO4.
ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: 2
10. Hypothyroidism can occur even though the thyroid gland is perfectly normal.
ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Comprehension
15. ACTH stimulates the zona fasciculata and zona reticularis to a far greater extent than it stimulates the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex.
ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Comprehension
37. Insulin secretion is decreased and glucagon secretion is increased in response to a fall in blood glucose concentration.
ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Comprehension
41. Sympathetic stimulation inhibits the secretion of insulin.
ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Comprehension
50. An increase in plasma PO4 concentration forces a reduction in plasma Ca2+ as a result of the inverse relationship between plasma PO4 and Ca2+ levels.
ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Comprehension
64. Osteoporosis is characterized by a rate of bone resorption exceeding the rate of bone deposition.
ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Comprehension
11. Thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulin stimulates both the secretion and growth of the thyroid similar to TSH.
ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Knowledge
17. Cushing's syndrome is characterized by hyperglycemia, muscle weakness, "moon-face" and "buffalo hump."
ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Knowledge
23. In people who work during the day, cortisol levels in the plasma are normally higher in the morning than at night.
ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Knowledge
26. The adrenal medulla is actually a modified part of the sympathetic nervous system.
ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Knowledge
27. Norepinephrine is released from sympathetic nerve terminals, whereas epinephrine is the most abundant secretory product of the adrenal medulla.
ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Knowledge
28. Epinephrine and glucagon promote glycogenolysis.
ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Knowledge
32. Gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis in the liver play a major role in maintaining a constant blood glucose level between meals.
ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Knowledge
34. The absorptive state is directed by an increase in insulin secretion.
ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Knowledge
36. The blood glucose level is the primary controlling factor of insulin secretion.
ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Knowledge
38. Insulin and glucagon secretion are both stimulated by an increase in blood amino acid concentration.
ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Knowledge
39. Amino acids can be converted to glucose whereas fatty acids cannot.
ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Knowledge
42. Obesity can precipitate Type II diabetes mellitus in individuals genetically predisposed.
ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Knowledge
44. Osteoblasts communicate to osteoclasts via osteoprotegerin.
ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Knowledge
45. Elevated blood amino acid levels stimulate the secretion of both insulin and glucagon even though they exert opposite effects on blood amino acid concentration.
ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Knowledge
48. Plasma Ca2+ concentration is one of the most tightly controlled variables in the body.
ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Knowledge
49. The greater the physical stress and compression to which a bone is subjected, the greater the rate of bone deposition.
ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Knowledge
5. The thyroid gland stores enough thyroid hormone to supply the body's needs for several months.
ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Knowledge
58. Growth hormone is not antagonistic to insulin with reference to promoting protein synthesis.
ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Knowledge
59. Glucagon and epinephrine are not considered to have an effect on the blood's concentration of amino acids.
ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Knowledge
6. Thyroid hormone is stored within the colloid attached to thyroglobulin.
ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Knowledge
60. Glucagon, epinephrine, cortisol, and growth hormone all promote lipolysis.
ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Knowledge
63. RANK refers to a type of receptor on the surface of macrophages that binds RANK ligands, and this binding stimulates macrophage to differentiate into osteoclasts.
ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Knowledge
65. The thyroid gland secretes a hormone that uses a second-messenger system at target cells.
ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Knowledge
8. Over 99% of the circulating thyroid hormone is bound to plasma proteins.
ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Knowledge
9. Excess TSH stimulation causes hypertrophy in the thyroid gland.
ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Knowledge
8. The most abundant form of thyroid hormone secreted is ____________________, yet ____________________ is the most potent thyroid hormone.
ANS: T4, T3 PTS: 1 DIF: Knowledge
9. ____________________ is the most important physiological regulator of thyroid hormone secretion.
ANS: Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) PTS: 1 DIF: Knowledge
3. ____________________ and ____________________ are collectively referred to as thyroid hormone.
ANS: Tri-iodothyronine (T3), tetraiodothyronine (T4 or thyroxine) PTS: 1 DIF: Knowledge
13. The outer portion of the adrenal gland is known as the ____________________, which secretes hormones belonging to the chemical class of ____________________.
ANS: adrenal cortex, steroids PTS: 1 DIF: Knowledge
14. The inner portion of the adrenal gland is the ____________________, which secretes hormones belonging to the chemical class of ____________________.
ANS: adrenal medulla, catecholamines PTS: 1 DIF: Knowledge
11. The adrenal hormone called ____________________ is primarily controlled by the release of renin.
ANS: aldosterone PTS: 1 DIF: Comprehension
34. Norepinephrine binds predominantly with _____ and ______ receptors located near postganglionic sympathetic fiber terminals.
ANS: alpha, beta-1 PTS: 1 DIF: Knowledge
35. In addition to the same receptors to which norepinephrine binds, epinephrine binds to _______ receptors, over which the sympathetic nervous system exerts little influence.
ANS: beta-2 PTS: 1 DIF: Knowledge
2. C cells between the follicles of the thyroid gland secrete the hormone ____________________.
ANS: calcitonin PTS: 1 DIF: Knowledge
16. Epinephrine and norepinephrine are stored in ____________________ granules in the adrenal gland.
ANS: chromaffin PTS: 1 DIF: Knowledge
31. Transcortin is a globulin protein in the blood that binds to and transports the hormone ________.
ANS: cortisol PTS: 1 DIF: Knowledge
1. The ____________________ cells of the thyroid gland secrete the iodine-containing hormones ____________________ and ____________________.
ANS: follicular, tri-iodothyronine (T3), tetraiodothyronine (T4 or thyroxine) PTS: 1 DIF: Knowledge
10. An enlarged thyroid is called a(n) ____________________.
ANS: goiter PTS: 1 DIF: Knowledge
5. The calorigenic effect of the thyroid hormones is a(n) ____________________-producing effect.
ANS: heat PTS: 1 DIF: Knowledge
24. Bone is a living tissue composed of an organic extracellular matrix impregnated with ____________________ crystals consisting primarily of ____________________ salts.
ANS: hydroxyapatite, calcium phosphate PTS: 1 DIF: Knowledge
17. The chemical reactions involving the three classes of energy-rich organic molecules are collectively known as ____________________ metabolism.
ANS: intermediary (or fuel) PTS: 1 DIF: Knowledge
22. Incomplete oxidation of fatty acids yields a group of compounds called ____________________ that can be utilized by the brain for energy during starvation.
ANS: ketone bodies (or ketones) PTS: 1 DIF: Knowledge
19. The ____________________ is the principal site for metabolic interconversions of nutrient molecules.
ANS: liver PTS: 1 DIF: Knowledge
27. Vitamin D must be activated by the ____________________ and ____________________.
ANS: liver, kidneys PTS: 1 DIF: Knowledge
29. The binding of RANKL to RANK causes ___________ (name of cells) to differentiate into ___________ (name of cells)
ANS: macrophages, osteoclasts PTS: 1 DIF: Knowledge
6. Attaching one iodine atom to tyrosine yields ____________________, whereas attaching two iodine atoms yields ____________________.
ANS: monoiodotyrosine (MIT), di-iodotyrosine (DIT) PTS: 1 DIF: Knowledge
23. The three hormonal factors that influence Ca2+ metabolism are ____________________, ____________________, and ____________________.
ANS: parathyroid hormone (PTH), calcitonin, vitamin D PTS: 1 DIF: Knowledge
30. In the formation of steroidal hormones, cholesterol is first converted to __________.
ANS: pregnenolone PTS: 1 DIF: Knowledge
26. Vitamin D can be produced by the ____________________ upon exposure to sunlight.
ANS: skin PTS: 1 DIF: Knowledge
12. Hypernatremia is a body's retention of ____________________.
ANS: sodium PTS: 1 DIF: Knowledge
7. Coupling of two DITs yields ____________________, whereas coupling of one DIT and one MIT results in the formation of ____________________.
ANS: tetraiodothyronine (T4 or thyroxine), tri-iodothyronine (T3) PTS: 1 DIF: Knowledge
4. Thyroid hormone is a derivative of the amino acid ____________________.
ANS: tyrosine PTS: 1 DIF: Knowledge
92. In reactive hypoglycemia, a. too much glucose is transferred into the brain cells by an insulin excess b. brain cells do not receive an adequate supply of glucose, leading to symptoms of depressed CNS activity c. there is a deficiency of insulin d. there is an excess of glucagon e. b and c are true
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Comprehension
95. Glucagon a. is secreted by the beta cells of the islets of Langerhans b. is secreted in response to a fall in blood glucose c. is, in general, antagonistic to all other hormones in terms of metabolic effects d. increases fat stores by inhibiting the enzyme that catalyzes triglyceride breakdown e. has none of the above characteristics
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Comprehension
10. Most of the secreted T4 is a. phagocytized by target tissues b. converted into T3 after being peripherally stripped of one of its iodine atoms c. able to function as the biologically active form of thyroid hormone at the cellular level d. split to form two DIT molecules, which are excreted in the urine e. able to exert its full biological effect as a result of epinephrine's permissive actions
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Knowledge
113. Stress of any kind causes the release of a. aldosterone b. the major glucocorticoid c. insulin d. melatonin e. none of the above
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Knowledge
118. __________ stimulates _________ secretion by means of an excitation-secretion coupling process. a. Phosphate, PTH b. Glucose, insulin c. Glucose, epinephrine d. Amino acids, growth hormone e. Fats, cortisol
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Knowledge
26. _________ is not associated with hyperthyroidism. a. Elevated basal metabolic rate b. Myxedema c. Weakness d. Excessive perspiration e. Palpitations
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Knowledge
42. Cortisol a. is the primary mineralocorticoid b. excess is responsible for Cushing's syndrome c. decreases blood glucose, blood fatty acid, and blood amino acid levels d. has characteristics a and b e. has none of the above characteristics
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Knowledge
45. Which of the following hormones exhibits a marked diurnal variation in secretion? a. aldosterone b. cortisol c. thyroid hormone d. epinephrine e. calcitonin
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Knowledge
47. The major factor that promotes increased secretion of CRH is a. low Na+ concentration in the extracellular fluid b. stress c. angiotensin II d. increased blood amino acid concentration e. increased blood glucose concentration
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Knowledge
54. Because aldosterone encourages the secretion of potassium ions into the urine, conditions in which excess aldosterone is secreted results in a. hyponatremia b. hypokalemia c. hypotension d. idiopathic atrophy e. none of the above
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Knowledge
61. Catecholamines are secreted from the adrenal medulla in response to a. increased secretion of ACTH from the anterior pituitary b. direct sympathetic nervous system stimulation c. decreased androgen secretion from the adrenal cortex d. a tropic hormone secreted by the pituitary e. stimulation by chromaffin-releasing hormone
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Knowledge
69. Identify the correct statement(s) about gluconeogenesis. a. It is the conversion of fatty acids into glucose b. It results in an increase in blood glucose c. It is stimulated by insulin and GH d. Both a and b e. Both b and c
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Knowledge
8. The "iodide pump" refers to the a. mechanism whereby target cells extract iodine-containing thyroid hormone from the blood b. active transport mechanism that concentrates iodide ions in the thyroid c. mechanism whereby T3 and T4 are released from thyroglobulin and pumped into the circulation d. protein binding process whereby T3 and T4 are pumped throughout the body bound to plasma proteins e. mechanism whereby ingested iodine is absorbed by the small intestine
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Knowledge
86. Which of the following characterizes Type I but not Type II diabetes mellitus? a. Hyperglycemia b. Lack of insulin c. Polyuria and polydipsia d. It can usually be successfully managed by dietary control and weight reduction without the necessity of insulin injections. e. It generally arises in adulthood.
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Knowledge
98. Glucagon a. decreases blood glucose levels b. increases breakdown of fats c. increases glycogenesis in the liver d. increases amino acid uptake by cells e. increases Ca2+ reabsorption by the renal tubules
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Knowledge
109. Which of the following statements concerning vitamin D is incorrect? a. It can be synthesized by the skin on exposure to sunlight. b. It must be modified by alterations in the liver and kidneys before it is biologically active. c. It enhances the effect of calcitonin on bone. d. It increases Ca2+ absorption in the intestine. e. Its deficiency in children results in rickets.
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Comprehension
110. By signaling the small intestine, the _____ is an endocrine gland, and _____ is a hormone. a. large intestine; vitamin D b. large intestine; vitamin E c. skin; vitamin D d. skin; vitamin E e. thyroid gland; TSH
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Comprehension
15. __________ would not decrease thyroid hormone production. a. A decrease in TSH production b. An iodine deficient diet c. An increase in TRH production d. Inhibition of the iodide pump e. Removal of the pituitary
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Comprehension
17. Tri-iodothyronine does not a. increase the overall metabolic rate b. exert a calorigenic effect c. bind to receptors on the surface of all body cells d. enhance glycogenolysis and lipolysis e. cause a proliferation of specific catecholamine target-cell receptors
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Comprehension
19. Hyperthyroidism can be due to all of the following except a. too much TRH b. too much TSH c. lack of iodine d. LATS e. thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulin
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Comprehension
30. Which of the following statements concerning adrenocortical hormones is incorrect? a. Glucocorticoids are examples. b. Some are steroids. c. Their release is controlled directly by CRH. d. They are secreted from the outer layer of the adrenal gland. e. Aldosterone is an example.
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Comprehension
38. Plasma sodium levels are high in a patient, but his plasma potassium levels are low. As an underlying cause of this condition, you might expect to find a. decreased aldosterone levels b. decreased parathyroid hormone levels c. increased aldosterone levels d. increased parathyroid hormone levels e. decreased insulin levels
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Comprehension
59. Catecholamines a. are secreted by the adrenal cortex b. reinforce the activities promoted by the parasympathetic nervous system c. are important in the maintenance of blood pressure d. promote glycogen storage e. are secreted in response to hypothalamic stimulation
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Comprehension
73. ______________ during the absorptive state. a. Glycogenolysis is occurring b. Fats are the primary energy source c. Glucose is the main energy source d. Amino acid degradation is occurring e. Glucose sparing occurs
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Comprehension
81. Increased levels of _________ would not result in increased blood fatty acid levels. a. glucagon b. growth hormone c. insulin d. epinephrine e. cortisol
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Comprehension
15. In response to stress, the hypothalamus secretes ____________________, which ultimately results in cortisol secretion.
ANS: CRH PTS: 1 DIF: Knowledge
32. _________ is the hormone that interferes with almost every aspect of inflammation.
ANS: Cortisol PTS: 1 DIF: Knowledge
89. Coma (severely depressed CNS activity) may result from untreated a. hyperthyroidism b. diabetes mellitus c. insulin excess d. a and b e. b and c
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Knowledge
39. Cortisol does not a. increase the conversion of glycogen to glucose b. stimulate gluconeogenesis in the liver c. increase protein degradation d. mobilize fat from adipose tissue e. exert permissive actions
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Comprehension
100. _________ exhibit profound effects on such things as neuromuscular excitability. a. Free, unbound diffusible Ca2+ b. Intracellular Ca2+ c. Calcium phosphate crystals impregnated in the organic matrix of bone d. Calcium bound to plasma proteins e. Insoluble Ca2+ salts
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Comprehension
14. Thyroid hormone causes a. the pituitary to release less TSH b. TRH to be secreted, which in turn stimulates T3 and T4 release c. the hypothalamus to release more TRH d. the thyroid to release even more thyroid hormone e. both b and c
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Comprehension
21. A goiter is a. an enlarged thyroid b. always the result of hypothyroidism c. present only with iodine-deficient diets d. only present when TSH levels are elevated e. both a and d
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Comprehension
83. ___________ is not a characteristic of diabetes mellitus. a. Increased glucose utilization due to excessive glucose availability b. Polyuria due to the osmotic effect of glucose in the urine c. Acidosis due to the ketosis accompanying abnormal fat metabolism d. Polydipsia due to dehydration e. Hyperglycemia due to reduced glucose entry into the cells and increased hepatic output of glucose
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Comprehension
87. Glucagon does not a. allow accumulation of hepatic proteins b. enhanced hepatic ketogenesis c. increase hepatic glucose production d. decrease glycogenesis e. oppose the effect of insulin in most cases
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Comprehension
90. Identify the manifestation(s) of diabetes mellitus. a. Depression of the brain due to acidosis b. Inability of glucose to gain entry to the brain cells in the absence of insulin c. Acidosis due to excessive fat metabolism and ketone accumulation d. Both a and b e. Both a and c
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Comprehension
72. ____________ does not characterize the postabsorptive state. a. A substantial decrease in blood glucose compared to the absorptive state b. Gluconeogenesis c. Glucose-sparing d. A decrease in insulin secretion e. An increase in glucagon secretion
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Comprehension NOT: Updated
106. Which of the following characterizes hypoparathyroidism? a. Hypocalcemia b. Hypophosphatemia c. Reduced neuromuscular excitability d. All of the above e. None of the above
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Knowledge
112. Osteoporosis is characterized by a. reduced bone mass as a result of diminished deposition of the organic matrix of bone b. abnormal bone calcification c. hypocalcemia d. both a and b e. none of the above
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Knowledge
114. Epinephrine accounts for __% and norepinephrine for ___% of the adrenal medulla output. a. 80; 20 b. 60; 40 c. 50; 50 d. 35; 65 e. 10; 90
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Knowledge
119. Which sequence represents the abundance of pancreas cells, from lowest at left to highest at right? a. beta. alpha, delta, F b. alpha, beta, delta, F c. beta, delta, F, alpha d. delta, alpha, beta, F e. alpha, delta, beta, F
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Knowledge
2. Thyroid hormones a. regulate basal metabolic rate b. are released from the thyroid gland immediately after synthesis c. contain chromium and zinc as structural cofactors d. are tropic e. are none of the above
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Knowledge
20. Thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulin is a. able to stimulate production of T3 and T4 secretion by the thyroid b. inhibited by T3 and T4 in a negative-feedback fashion c. found in all people but is present in excessive amounts in people with Grave's disease d. both a and c e. both b and c
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Knowledge
22. A goiter a. may occur with hyper- and hypothyroidism b. refers to cancerous tumor in the thyroid gland c. occurs only in the presence of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulin d. is characterized by both a and b e. is characterized by both b and c
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Knowledge
29. The zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex secretes a. aldosterone b. cortisol c. androgens and estrogens d. both b and c e. all of the above
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Knowledge
33. Aldosterone a. causes conservation of sodium b. facilitates lipolysis c. promotes gluconeogenesis d. is regulated by ACTH e. is secreted by the adrenal medulla
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Knowledge
34. Aldosterone a. enhances the ability of the kidneys to eliminate excess K+ b. directly promotes H2O conservation by the kidneys c. secretion is inhibited by angiotensin II d. is not a steroid e. is produced in the adrenal medulla
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Knowledge
41. An increase in plasma levels of ACTH leads to an increase in plasma _______ levels. a. cortisol b. glucagon c. vasopressin d. parathyroid hormone e. epinephrine
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Knowledge
53. Which of the following is not characteristic of Cushing's syndrome? a. hypernatremia b. hyperglycemia c. muscle weakness and fatigue d. poor wound healing e. "moon-face" and "buffalo hump"
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Knowledge
58. Epinephrine does not a. cause constriction of the respiratory airways b. elevate the concentration of blood sugar c. stimulate glycogenolysis in skeletal muscles d. stimulate hepatic gluconeogenesis e. stimulate hepatic glycogenesis
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Knowledge
67. Glycogenesis occurs in a. the liver b. the brain c. working muscle d. nonworking muscle e. adipose tissue
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Knowledge
68. Which statement about blood sugar level is true? a. It must remain within normal range because the brain needs a constant supply of sugar b. It decreases in response to glucagon secretion c. It decreases in response to gluconeogenesis d. Both a and b e. None of the above
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Knowledge
33. Long-term exposure to injected corticosteroids can cause the adrenal glands to atrophy (shrink in size) because the supplemented corticosteroids cause less ________ to be secreted, and this hormone is needed to maintain the health of the adrenal gland.
ANS: ACTH PTS: 1 DIF: Knowledge
18. ____________________ refers to the synthesis of larger organic molecules from smaller organic molecules.
ANS: Anabolism PTS: 1 DIF: Knowledge
88. If a patient is hyperventilating and has a blood sugar level of 800 mg/100 ml, what hormone should be injected for treatment? a. aldosterone b. insulin c. glucagon d. somatostatin e. cortisol
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Application
101. Calcium is important to homeostasis because a. it plays a role in the absorption of vitamin D from the digestive tract b. it maintains the proper excitability of nerves and muscles c. it stimulates osteoblasts to lay down bone d. of both a and b e. of both b and c
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Comprehension
79. Insulin does not a. increase GLUT-4 mobilization b. promote glucose uptake by neural tissue c. inhibit lipolysis d. promote glycogenesis e. encourage protein synthesis
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Comprehension
102. Which statement is incorrect? a. PTH causes an increase in plasma calcium by activation of osteoclasts. b. PTH increases renal reabsorption of calcium. c. Vitamin D causes an increase in Ca2+ secretion into the lumen of the digestive tract. d. Calcitonin causes a decrease in plasma calcium by decreasing Ca2+ movement from the bone fluid into the plasma and by suppressing bone resorption. e. When plasma calcium increases, PTH decreases and calcitonin increases.
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Knowledge
103. Which statement is not true? a. Vitamin D deficiency is the cause of rickets. b. PTH is the most important hormone in the control of calcium metabolism. c. Both calcitonin and PTH are produced in the follicle cells of the thyroid gland. d. Vitamin D is actually a hormone that increases calcium absorption in the intestine. e. Parathyroid hormone is essential for life.
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Knowledge
108. Calcitonin a. secretion is stimulated by low blood calcium levels b. secretion is stimulated by a hormone from the anterior pituitary gland c. is secreted by the C-cells of the thyroid gland d. is stored in the colloid of the thyroid follicles e. has characteristics a and c
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Knowledge
111. The hormone that causes bone resorption is secreted by the ____, while that causing calcium deposition is secreted by the ____. a. adrenal cortex; thyroid b. thyroid; parathyroid c. parathyroid; thyroid d. thyroid; adrenal medulla e. thyroid; adrenal cortex
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Knowledge
12. Thyroid hormone does not a. increase metabolic rate b. increase tissue responsiveness to catecholamines c. increase absorption of iodine from the digestive tract into the blood d. promote normal growth e. promote normal development of the nervous system
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Knowledge
18. Which is not true about Grave's disease? a. It may produce exophthalmos. b. It is an autoimmune disease. c. It produces a goiter. d. It causes an elevated basal metabolic rate. e. It is the most common form of hyperthyroidism.
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Knowledge
25. _________ is not a cause of hypothyroidism. a. Lack of TRH b. An iodine-deficient diet c. Grave's disease d. Lack of an enzyme necessary for one of the steps in the synthesis and release of thyroid hormone e. Lack of TSH
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Knowledge
28. The hormone that decreases the concentration of calcium in the blood is a. thyroxine b. tri-iodothyronine c. calcitonin d. both a and b e. all of the above
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Knowledge
31. The most abundant and physiologically important adrenal sex hormone is a. aldosterone b. cortisol c. dehydroepiandrosterone d. estradiol e. testosterone
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Knowledge
32. The precursor to testosterone is a. aldosterone b. cortisol c. dehydroepiandrosterone d. estradiol e. testosterone
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Knowledge
35. Mineralocorticoids a. stimulate gluconeogenesis b. stimulate protein degradation c. act at the kidneys to promote sodium retention and enhance potassium elimination d. contribute to the pubertal growth spurt e. are important in maintaining proper plasma calcium levels
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Knowledge
40. Both ______ and _______ are produced from the same large precursor molecule, pro-opiomelanocortin. a. aldosterone; cortisol b. cortisol; androgen c. ACTH; MSH d. aldosterone; androgen e. aldosterone; MSH
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Knowledge
49. Adrenocorticotropic hormone a. is a tropic hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex b. stimulates the production of androgens by the testes c. is controlled in part by CRH from the hypothalamus d. has characteristics a and b e. has characteristics b and c
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Knowledge
50. Glucocorticoids cause all of the following except a. carbohydrate conservation b. protein degradation c. increased metabolic rate d. mobilization of fats for energy e. anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects at pharmacological levels
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Knowledge
56. Which of the following is characteristic of Conn's syndrome? a. K+ increase in the blood b. Na+ depletion c. Hypertension d. Both a and c e. All of the above
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Knowledge
63. Which statement about adrenomedullary hormones is incorrect? a. Epinephrine accounts for 80% of adrenomedullary catecholamine output. b. Epinephrine and norepinephrine are stored within chromaffin granules in the adrenomedullary cells. c. Epinephrine and norepinephrine have about equal affinities for all the adrenergic receptor types. d. Epinephrine is at least 10 times more potent than norepinephrine at beta 2 receptors. e. Epinephrine exerts metabolic effects, whereas norepinephrine has limited action in this regard.
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Knowledge
64. Which of the following hormones is not secreted in response to stress? a. cortisol b. epinephrine c. insulin d. aldosterone e. vasopressin
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Knowledge
7. Thyroxine (T4) a. is formed by coupling one MIT and one DIT within the colloid b. is produced by the C cells of the thyroid gland c. is usually converted to T3 in the liver and kidneys d. inhibits thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulin in negative-feedback fashion e. is more potent than tri-iodothyronine
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Knowledge
70. Glycogenesis is a. likely to occur when the body needs extra glucose for energy b. stimulated by glucagon c. stimulated by insulin d. a and b e. a and c
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Knowledge
76. Insulin a. facilitates the transport of glucose into the glucose-dependent brain cells b. increases blood glucose levels to ensure adequate nourishment of the brain c. promotes fat storage in the body d. is stimulated by a lowered blood glucose e. has characteristics a and c
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Knowledge
82. Insulin a. facilitates the entry of glucose into brain tissue b. promotes glucose output by the liver c. lowers blood glucose levels d. does both a and c e. does all of the above
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Knowledge
25. Calcitonin is produced by the ____________________ of the ____________________.
ANS: C cells, thyroid gland PTS: 1 DIF: Knowledge
28. The ____________________ cells of the thyroid secrete the Ca2+-regulating hormone ____________________.
ANS: C, calcitonin PTS: 1 DIF: Knowledge
5. Which biochemical event does not take place during thyroid hormone synthesis? a. One monoiodotyrosine molecule combines with one di-iodotyrosine molecule to form one tri-iodothyronine molecule. b. Two iodine molecules combine with one tyrosine molecule to form one di-iodotyrosine molecule. c. Two di-iodotyrosine molecules combine to form one molecule of thyroxine. d. Four iodine molecules combine with one tyrosine molecule to form one tetraiodothyronine molecule. e. None of the above take place
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Comprehension
80. Which of the following does not stimulate insulin secretion? a. Elevated blood amino acid concentration b. Gastrointestinal hormones c. A fast-food hamburger d. Starvation e. Elevated blood glucose concentration
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Comprehension
84. In diabetes mellitus, a. too much glucose is transferred into the brain cells by an insulin excess b. brain cells do not receive an adequate supply of glucose, leading to symptoms of decreased CNS activity c. too much glucose is lost in the urine, resulting in abnormally low blood glucose levels d. abnormalities may include polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia, ketosis, and acidosis e. more than one of the above conditions exist
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Comprehension
9. During thyroid hormone secretion, a. the follicular cells phagocytize a piece of colloid b. T4 and T3 are removed from thyroglobulin by lysosomal enzymes in the follicular cell; then they diffuse out of the cell and into the blood c. T4 and T3 are secreted by exocytosis of the colloid that has been internalized by the follicular cells d. both a and b occur e. both b and c occur
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Comprehension
97. Which of the following factors increases insulin but not glucagon secretion? a. Increased blood glucose levels b. Increased amino acids (especially during a protein-rich meal) c. An anticipatory response mediated through an increase in vagal activity and gastrointestinal hormones d. Both a and c e. Both b and c
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Comprehension
1. The endocrine gland that secretes hormones containing iodine is the a. adrenal cortex b. adrenal medulla c. pancreas d. thyroid e. thymus.
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Knowledge
11. ___________ targets osteoclasts when blood calcium levels are too low, thus causing an increase in the concentration of calcium in the blood? a. Aldosterone b. Thyroid hormone c. Cortisol d. Parathyroid hormone e. Calcitonin
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Knowledge
117. ________ is the only type of glucose transporter that responds to insulin. a. GLUT-1 b. GLUT-2 c. GLUT-3 d. GLUT-4 e. GLUT-5
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Knowledge
24. __________ is not associated with hyperthyroidism. a. Poor tolerance of heat b. Myxedema c. Weight gain d. Slow speech, poor memory e. Exophthalmos
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Knowledge
27. A man is found to have the following symptoms: a large goiter, muscle weakness, excessively emotional and irritable disposition, extreme weight loss, a constant feeling of being too warm in normal-temperature rooms, and bulging eyes. The probable diagnosis is a. myxedema b. Cushing's disease c. Conn's syndrome d. Grave's disease e. Addison's disease
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Knowledge
3. Thyroid hormones are a. derivatives of an amino acid b. produced from tyrosine c. stored on thyroglobulin within the follicular colloid d. all of the above e. only a and b
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Knowledge
36. Which of the following regulates aldosterone secretion? a. ACTH b. Renin-angiotensin system c. Plasma K+ concentration d. Both b and c e. None of the above
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Knowledge
4. Hormones produced by the thyroid include a. calcitonin b. thyroxine c. PTH d. a and b e. b and c
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Knowledge
43. Cortisol is a. an immunosuppressive chemical b. anti-inflammatory chemical c. is responsible for potassium excretion d. both a and b e. both b and c
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Knowledge
48. Diurnal variation in secretion is a. a characteristic associated with glucocorticoids b. is to the sleep-awake cycle c. a result of stress d. both a and b e. all of the above
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Knowledge
51. Dehydroepiandrosterone is a. the most abundant adrenal androgen b. responsible for the development and maintenance of the female sex drive c. controlled by the gonadotropic hormones d. both a and b e. none of the above
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Knowledge
55. Which of the following is not seen in Addison's disease? a. Marked Na+ loss in the urine b. Lowered blood glucose levels c. K+ retention d. Protein mobilization e. Poor response to stress
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Knowledge
6. Which statement is incorrect? a. The "iodide pump" of the follicular cells is important for thyroid hormone production. b. Thyroid hormones are formed within a much larger molecule called thyroglobulin. c. Thyroid hormone synthesis is greatly stimulated by the presence of TSH. d. A two-hour supply of thyroid hormone is stored in the lumen of the thyroid follicles. e. The coupling of two DIT molecules yields thyroxine.
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Knowledge
65. Identify the characteristic(s) of the general adaptation syndrome. a. Mobilization of energy reserves b. Conservation of water and sodium c. Increased systemic vasoconstriction d. All of the above e. None of the above
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Knowledge
75. Secretion of _________ is stimulated by an increase in blood glucose. a. glucagon b. cortisol c. growth hormone d. insulin e. epinephrine
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Knowledge
77. Polyuria develops from a changing osmotic effect in the kidney due to a. glucose in the urine b. less Na+ in the urine c. glucosuria d. both a and c e. none of the above
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Knowledge
78. Which statement about insulin is correct? a. It promotes the insertion of additional glucose transporters in the plasma membranes of insulin-dependent cells b. It promotes glycogenesis and inhibits glycogenolysis c. Its secretion is increased in response to a fall in blood glucose concentration d. Both a and b e. Both a and c
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Knowledge
85. Untreated diabetes mellitus may result in a. ketoacidosis b. dehydration c. inactivation of gluconeogenesis d. a and b e. b and c
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Knowledge