Shoes (6/21)

Replace shoes every

6m 300-500 miles

Semi-Curved/Semi-Inflare

Between straight and curved shape Inflared approximately 7 degrees Good for mild metatarsus adductus or 5th metatarsal tuberosity prominence Seems to fit the majority of runners Largest category of last shapes made

Basic Components

Outsole Midsole Insole/Sock Liner Uppers

Converse Adidas Puma

1916, basketball shoe, Chuck Taylor. 1924 Adi Dassler. Rudi Dassler

The last is the first thing made

3D model. Wood or other stuff. Shapes vary.

For cavus foot type with shoe lace pressure on midfoot

All laces cross from medial to lateral along the external edges and at the internal side of the eyelets.

Curved/Inflare

Bisect bottom of sole and forefoot is adducted to rearfoot Bottom of shoe curves inward at forefoot Inflaredapproximately 15 degrees Good for metatarsus adductus foot or some cavus foot Too curved for most runners A rectus foot and curved shoe will get lateral crowding

straight last

Bisect sole -equal medial and lateral segments Bottom of shoe not curved in or out Ideal for straight/rectus foot types Good for excessive pronatorsas places more shoe along medial midfoot

Combination Last

Board last rearfoot with slip last forefoot (traditional) Provides rearfoot stability and forefoot flexibility

Conventional/Board Last

Board lasted shoes have a sturdy insole composed of fiberboard or cardboard running the entire length of the foot bed The upper is attached to the midsole (may be switched or glued) Provides increased stiffness and more torsional stability

Vinal upper

Cheap Stiff Cracks Low stability Moderate conformability Poor material for running shoes or other shoes Does not hold up well

Eyelets

Conventional Straight line eyelets Variable width Staggered eyelets Allows varied tension/patterns

Achilles notch

Depression in the collar at center of heel counter Decreases friction of shoe at Achilles tendon insertion Variable shape and depth

Hoka

Designed for ultra-distance road runners Purpose was cushioning Double thick midsole Some have anti-pronation features

Midsole made of

EVA foam, light weight. Polyurethane foam, heavy & durable, less cushion.

Athletic shoe differences:

Firmer heel counter Midsole mods (shock absorpt, stable, energy return, lighter). Upper mods (laceing, customized fit). Women's models.

Shoe fit

Fit shoes at end of day (foot is larger) If one size too large and next is too small Try another model Choose the larger size Fit to longest toe (1stversus 2nd) Fit to forefoot and rearfoot Heel counter must be snug Toe box shape Do a foot tracing

Lacing for Heel Slippage

For a heel slipping in a shoe, create more tightness in the rearfoot with this lacing pattern. Lace normally until you reach the last eyelet Loop the end of each lace and use the loop as an eyelet

Outsole

Friction/compression; traction, carbon rubber, blown rubber, protects midsole, flex, shock. Waffle- studs. Herringbone- rippled. Hybrids- most common.

Midsole

Full length, thicker in rearfoot, variable density, stable reafoot, flex forefoot, cushion, shock, stability, protection, base for heel counter/ upper.

Foot tracing

Full weight on foot

Uppers

Heel Counter Heel Collar Pull Tab Achilles Notch Vamp Toe Box Tongue Tongue guide or lace keeper Eyelets and Laces

Replace shoes if

Heel counter deterioration Weak/Broken Put shoes on and off without unlacing Tipped Sloe is worn. Midsole compressed. Sockliner worn.

Midsole mods

Heel wedge- rearfoot varus wedge. Heel flare- widen base, resist pronation or supination. Variable density. Plugged- of softer or denser. Perforated- increase cushion.

Durometers EVA

High = dense; stable, less shock absorbed, heavy strong fast runners, pronates, motion control and stability. Low= less dense. Less stable, softer, cushion, bottoms out, shock absorption. Light slow weak runner, need cushion. Supinates.

High pronating

High or low durmometer EVA midsole?

Lacing for painful dorsal swelling/lump at midfoot

Lace around the painful area so the laces do not cross it and therefore will not irritate it

Nylon and Nylon Mesh uppers

Light weight Soft and non-abrasive on foot Allows foot to breathe Not waterproof Less ability to maintain shape Less durable

MBT

Looks like a rocker bottom shoe....and functions as a rocker at the front The back heel compresses (wobble board) This wobble board is called the "sensor" which allows for normal supination/pronation and shock absorption Good for knee pain due to shock absorption Supposed to tone legs, thighs, and gluts

Minimalist shoe

Neutral foot-minimal control features Less firm heel counter Multiple flex points Minimal outsole Runner needs a normal fat pad ...less padding

heel Collar -the opening of the shoe

Padded on many athletic shoes Improves contour to foot Deepens heel counter

Z-coil

Polypropylene shell Thicker midsole only in front Spring primarily for shockabsorption and anti-fatigue with energy return Make cover for the spring (the postal worker)...but decrease absorption by 50% with cover use Can turn spring 90 degrees for mild supination/pronation control Good for knee pain

Insole sock liners EVA Plastazote Spenco (neoprene, callouses) PPT/Poron (open cell) Sorbothane gel (met head fat pad atrophy)

SMooth conformed liner, reduce shock/shear/friction, cushion, absorb sweat. Variable.

Athletic shoe innovated for

Shock absorption Motion control/ stability. Durability. Size/ fit.

Upper materials Nylon Nylon Mesh Leather Suede Vinyl Other Gore-Tex Canvas

Should be: Lightweight Durable Stable Breathable Cleanable ?

Painful midfoot lacing pix

Skip midfoot

Slip/Moccasin Last

Slip lasted shoes are constructed without an insole board Uppers are stitched together at the bottom center (seam down the center from heel to toe) Upper is attached to the midsole (glued) More flexible/softer Less torsional stability Improved fit/snugness Lighter weight

Heel counter

Stabil rearfoot, control frontal plane motion of heel. Major support; plastic, rigid cup, inflexible and firmly attached to midsole. Snug fit.

Evaluation

Stability Torque Toe flex point

Leather uppers

Stiffer More support More abrasive Greater weight Molds to shape Tends to crack and deform as the material breaks down Many sources Cow, horse, goat, pig etc.

Pull tab

Tab at Achilles notch Allows shoe to be pulled on easier Variable patterns

To decrease pressure on the hallux from the shoe

Take one lace from the distomedialeyelet to the proximolateraleyelet. The other lace will fill in the remaining eyelets. When tightened, the crossed lace will pull up on the toebox.

Suede upper

Thin softer leather Generally not a solo upper material for running shoes Good as an additional support material Good to add reinforcement to vamp May be part of company logo Adds weight to shoe May crack with time as breaks down

Eylets and laces

Together hold shoe on foot tightly enough to prevent excess motion of foot in shoe Various lacing patterns and techniques Laces Various materials and shapes Nylon mesh Elastic (tied or not) Round Oval Variable thickness Leather/suede (rare for running shoes)

Toebox problems

Too low = dorsal friction problems Too high = excessive motion and blistering Too short/low = runner's toe (nail jamming)

Wide forefoot and narrower midfoot/rearfoot

Use two shorter laces to create different tightnessesat either end. Can also tie the lower lace at the distal end.

Callous met head due to decreased fat pad use gel

What insole for this?

midfoot lacing

What mod for this?

Balloon Patch

What shoe mod for this?

Physical needs of the patient need to be matched with the technical characteristics of the shoe. Foot shape/type Specific activity for the shoe Questions

When to replace? Shoe weight? Shoe Fit? Activity? What do I need in a shoe? Shock absorption Motion control Energy return

Altra

Zero drop-no heel height Natural Achilles loading for better propulsion (keeps Achilles stretched out so it doesn't get tight) Larger toe box Average running shoe has 1.5" heel height!

Toe box

covers toes, reinforced w foxing, lifts uppers, limits scuffing. Some dorsal motion. Longer than toes.

vamp's disease

irritation of dorsum of foot due to vamp

Athletic shoe

for sports not played on grass.

Plimsolls Keds

rubber soled shoes. No R or L. 18th century. First canvas shoe w rubber sole. 1916

Weight Training shoe RAcing shoes

heavy, protective, 10+ oz Light, less protection

Last construction Last shape

how upper is attached to midsole. Shape of shoe

Foxing Material placed in various areas of the uppers to provide support, stability and reinforcement Commonly

suede or other leather, occasionally vinyl Areas used Heel counter support Toe box Medial and lateral sides Support to shoe can also be added by stitching

Last shape General shape of the shoe Should match the shape of the foot Determine by looking at

the sole of the shoe Imprint of the foot should be centered on the sock liner/insole Foot should fit comfortably without medial or lateral crowding