Skeletal system

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Interstitial growth

(Inside bone) Chondrocytes divid/ add new matter to exisiting

Appositional growth

(Outside bone). Chondrocytes in perichondrium add to outside edge

Functions of the skeletal system

1- support 2-protection 3-movement 4-storage (calcium and phosphorus 5-blood cell production

Bone matrix is made up of what?

35% organic, collagens and proteoglycans 65% inorganic, calcium phosphate crystal called HYDROXYAPATITE

Short bones

Are round or nearly cubed shaped. Bones in wrist and ankle

Bone without mineral

Bends

Interstitial lamellae

Between osteons and are remnants of concentric or circumferential lamellae that were partially removed during bone remodeling

Osteoclasts

Bone destroying cells, they breakdown (reabsorption) Ca+2 and phosphate ions for use in metabolic process.

Osteoblast

Bone forming cells which have extensive endoplasmic reticulem and ribosomes. Produce colleges and proteoglycins

Lamellar bone

Bone organized into thin sheets or layers thick called lamellae. Osteocytes within their lacunae are arranged in layers sandwiched between lamellae.

Skeltal system has 4 components

Bones cartilage tendons and ligaments

Concentric lamellae

Circular layers of bone matrix that surround a common center

Intermembranous ossification

Connective tissue, centers of ossification expand, flat bones of head.

Spongy bone

Consists of interconnecting rods or plates of bone called TRABECULAE

Compact bone

Denser bone that has fewer spaces than spongy bone. Blood vessels enter the substance of bone itself by Haversian canals:

Perichondrium

Double layer connective tissue sheath covering most cartilage.

Ossification

Formation of bone by osteoblasts

Irregular bones

Have shapes that do not fit into the other 3 categories. Sphenoid bone.

Tendons

How Skeletal muscles attached to bones

Cartilage associated with bones

Hyaline cartilage

Articulate cartilage

Hyaline cartilage that covers the ends of bones where they come together to for joints. Has no perichondrium blood vessels or nerves.

Bone shapes

Long vs flat Short Irregular

Long bones

Longer than wide. Most are bones of the upper and lower limb

Osteocytes

Made when osteoblasts is surrounded by bone matrix

Chondrocytes

Maintain cartilage. When matrix surrounds a chondroblast.

Chondroblast

Make cartilage. Hyaline cartilage consists of specialized cells and produce a matrix surrounding themselves.

Stem cells

Mesenchymal cells that can replicate and give rise to more specialized cell types.

Bone cell categorys

Osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts

Ruffles boarder

Osteocyte cell membrane differentiates into a highly folded form

Bone remodeling

Process of removing old bone and adding new bone. Woven bone is remodeled to form lamella bone

Flat bones

Relatively thin flattened sharp and are usually curved. Certain skull bones, ribs and breastbone

Lacuna

Rounded cell that occupies space.

Perforating canals (Volkmann canals)

Run perpendicular to the long axis of bone. Not surrounded baby concentric lamellae but pass through concentric lamellae. Nutrients enter and waste products exit through these

Bone without collagen

Shatters

Fontanels

Skull bones that have not yet been ossified. (Soft spots)

Sinuses

Some of flat and irregular bones of skull have air filled spaces

Lacunae

Space occupied by osteocytes cell bodies

Canaliculi

Spaces occupied by osteocytes cell processes ( little canals)

Osteochondral progenitor cells

Stem cells that can become osteoblasts or chondroblast. Located in inner layer of perichondrium.

Woven bone

The collagen fibers are randomly oriented in many directions. First formed during fetal development or during repair or fracture.

Trabeculae

Thin and consist of several lamellae. No blood vessels penetrate. Are oriented along the lines of stress within a bone

Circumferential lamellae

Thin plates that extend around bone which are very thin and can sometimes be so thin that no osteons exit


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