Sleep and Dreams Exam 1

What is the multiple sleep latency test? (MSLT)

- 20 min opportunity to fall asleep in a quiet comfy lab room every 2 h - more than 10 min to fall asleep is avg - less than 5 min to fall asleep is a problem (for physiological sleepiness)

When is VLPO active?

NREM

What does inhibition of acetylcholine in basal forebrain cause?

NREM sleep

What are the factors that lead to subjective sense of sleepiness?

prior sleep, amount of wakefulness, circadian phase, health status, age, drugs, surroundings, individual differences

What is the role of the locus coeruleus and raphe?

produce wakefulness

What hormone produces sleepiness?

progesterone - also decreases amount of wakefulness during sleep, decreases amount of REMs, reduces latency to sleep onset and NREMS

What are arguments against chemicals benefitting brain during sleep?

protein synthesis occurs during NREMs which needs availability of chemicals and babies would need to sleep less because they need chemicals to grow

What are the two stages of sleep in infants?

quiet sleep (QS) and active sleep (AS)

What are cognitive benefits of sleep?

- brain and mind suffer more than body from lack of sleep (cognitive impairment) - biological benefits are only achieved during N3 (SWS)

When is sleep inertia most apparent?

after a long nap, awakening from N3, and if sleep drive remains high from insufficient sleep

What wave occurs during wakefulness?

alpha and beta waves

How did the Ancient Greeks view sleep?

as caused by and causing distributions of heat in the body; Aristotle thought warm blood had to be redistributed to center

What is the Epworth Sleepiness Scale?

asks about falling asleep in situations that typically promote sleep (for introspective)

What part of the brain is important for production of sleep?

basal forebrain and anterior hypothalamus

Where are there adenosine receptors?

basal forebrain and hypothalamus

Why are REMs seen as more primitive?

because the brainstem is an evolutionally older part of the brain with simpler organization

This wave has low intensity, fast frequency (>13 Hz), and is in a wakeful alert brain

beta waves

What benefits could delaying school start time have on teens?

better attendance, less tardiness, fewer students seeking help, more homework done, better grades, less difficulty staying awake, improvements in mood, better student and lunchroom behavior, less car accidents

What was the bottle theory of sleep?

body is like a bottle and fills up with substance (humors) that induce sleep and sleep rids the bottle humors included lactic acid, CO2, cholesterol, leucomaines, urotoxins

What biological processes follow our circadian schedule?

body temp, hormones, urine production, etc

What mechanism is mammalian sleep?

bottom up influences (help determine the probability of sleep and top down control mechanisms (causes necessary orchestration for sleep)

What does an EEG detect?

brain waves

What are microsleeps?

brief absences of attention

How is introspective sleepiness measured?

by asking people how sleepy they think they feel in certain situations or in the moment

What is the big advantage of being a NT?

can shift rising and retiring times 1-2 h with little difficulty

How are REMs initiated?

cells near the VLPO inhibit REM-off areas which lets REM-on areas release from inhibition

What are the effects of REM deprivation?

changes in emotions, increased liveliness, greater appetite, more interest in sex, memory impairment, and lessen depression temporarily

What is the upstream influence of REM-on cells?

communicates with three areas 1. an area responsible for activated EEG of REMs in hippocampus and neocortex 2. an area responsible for PGO waves characteristic of REMS 3. area responsible for rapid eye movement - these areas become active about 30-60 s before full REMs begin

What are the dangerous effects of sleep inertia?

confusions, impulsive acts, irrational acts, socially embarrassing or criminal acts

What is the importance of dopamine?

contribute to wake and REMs

What is a hypnogenic molecule?

contributes to sleepiness and sleep onset (ex: adenosine, serotonin)

How does sleep in children vary?

cultural values, beliefs of parents, daily activities of parents, social system influences

What is an ultradian?

cycle between NREMs and REMs

What would happen to sleep if certain areas of the brain were damaged?

damage to midbrain, hypothalamus, thalamus, and neocortex cause reductions in NREMs and REMs

What is the free-run method for studying circadian rhythms?

subjects are able to sleep whenever they want, have control over lighting, meals, and activities, but there are no time clues so subjects rely on own circadian clocks

What is the forced desynchrony method for studying circadian rhythms?

subjects are on a sleep/wake cycle that is outside bounds of what people can usually achieve

What is the entrained method for studying circadian rhythms?

subjects in lab are aware of time but are on a rigid schedule of bedtime, wake time, meal time, and activities

What does sleeping less lead to in teens?

daytime sleepiness, accidents, bad grades, moodiness, impulsivity

What does dysmenorrhea cause?

decreased sleep quality and daytime sleepiness

What wave occurs during N3?

delta waves

What is sleep inertia?

foggy-headedness, bleariness, confusion, awkwardness, and less ability to perform simple tasks after wake

What did Hildegard von Bingen view sleep as?

food and rest nourished the body (biblical)

What is the Stanford Sleepiness Scale (SSS)?

instructs a person to select one of seven items to describe the current state of alertness (for introspective)

What is the downstream influence of REM-on cells?

it arrives at brainstem and spinal cord mechanisms to inhibit nerves that produce muscle movement

What is the flip flop circuit?

it avoids in-between states of sleep and wake because when one area becomes strong enough to overpower the other, the switch quickly flips to the alternate state and without this, we would tend to alternate between sleep and wake frequently and have difficulty being in either state

What is the dorsal route?

it goes to a portion of the thalamus that projects general excitatory influences widely to the neocortex

What is the ventral route?

it goes to the neurons active during waking in the posterior hypothalamus (the only place in the brain that produces histamine that activates the cerebral cortex) and basal forebrain area (uses acetylcholing to excite the cerebral cortex and hippocampus

What is a K-Complex and what stage does it occur?

it is a large slow peak followed by a smaller valley and occurs during N2

What is a spindle and what stage does it occur?

it is fast and intense of 12-14 Hz and occurs during N2

Why do teens have chronic sleep deprivation?

later bedtimes and early wake times

What is the result of inadequate N3 sleep?

lethargy and daytime sleepiness the following day

What is the main zeitgeber?

light

What is the maintenance wakefulness test (MWT)?

measures ability to remain awake in a relaxing room (manifest sleepiness)

what neurotransmitter does locus coeruleus use?

norepinephrine to activate entire forebrain which is key for controlling what aspects of sensory input are attended to when awake

What is sleep debt?

not getting enough sleep night after night

Do longer or shorter periods of arousal have a more detrimental effect on sleep?

shorter periods

What is masking?

sleep deprivation can be masked by activity, light, noise, posture, stress, motivation, and drugs like caffeine

What occurs with sleep during the second trimester of pregnancy?

sleep goes back to normal

What happens with a deficiency of orexin?

sleep state instability occurs with many short awakenings, mixed up REM and NREM (narcolepsy)

When are morning larks and night owls most alert?

noon and 6 pm

What consequence can a longer nap have?

sleep inertia

What was Pavlov's theory of sleep?

"cortical inhibition" that sleep results from inhibitory influences in cerebral cortex

What is the suprachiasmatic nucleus?

(SCN) location of the circadian clock

What are four observations that someone is sleeping?

- little movement - laying down posture - reduced response to stimuli - reversibility

What is sleep like in the elderly?

- 6-7 h but fraying - some nap - easily interrupted - decline 3% per decade starting at age 30 - N3 is 5-10% - more REM earlie and more N1 later -less restorative -sleep earlier, wake earlier

What is drowsiness?

- a period of awake with heavy eyelids that occurs just before sleep and comes with a strong urge to sleep - concious effort is needed during drowsiness to stay awake and keep eyes open

How is the thalamus used for waking?

- activates neocortex - allows specific info to be passed to and from neocrotex - during REMs, the thalamus keeps cortex activated but stops incoming sensory info - during NREMs, the thalamus maintains the slow EEG in cortex

What is fatal familial insomnia?

- affects 100 people - offspring has 50% chance if one parent has it - mutated protein PrPSc - insomnia that worsens over time and eventually leads to death

What is the importance of GABA?

- an inhibitory neurotransmitter that is used in the brain during NREMs to damp down neural activity and reduce arousal - key role in production of spindles and delta waves - important for the control of sleep by the VLPO, basal forebrain, certain hypothalamic areas, and suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) - sleeping pills enhance GABA action - in CNS

what neurotransmitters are involved in sleep?

adenosine, serotonin, melatonin, orexin, acetylcholine, GABA, galanin

What are the benefits of sleep for local cells in brain?

- brain sleep onset and duration are organized by brain areas - sleep is neuron use dependent, not wake dependent - local cellular events combine to produce a coordinated output - adenosine builds up in local areas because of activity in that area - NREMs are never eliminated - some animals sleep one side of brain at a time - there are different changes in EEG in different regions of cortex - there are regional differences in brain electrical activity during sleep after sleep deprivation - transition from wake to sleep may not occur in all parts of brain at same time - parts of cortex may be asleep while others awake, vice versa for 20-30 min - a column of cortical cells may be in a wake like state even when animal is asleep - sleep disorders suggest that parts of brain can be asleep, while other parts are awake

What is cyclic alternating pattern?

- bursts of repetitive, transient, dramatic change in EEG during NREMs - unstable and unrestorative sleep - in people with and without pain

What is the synaptic homeostasis hypothesis?

- cellular change occurs during wakefulness - sleep downscaled synaptic strength to be energetically sustainable - uses gray matter space

What is an argument against the core and extended sleep theory?

- chronic sleep deprivation is high in western world and problems result from it (6 h not enough for most) - most can easily extend their sleep for few nights to dissipate stored sleep debt - more sleep results in more alertness, better psychomotor performance, and better moods

How is N3 for conservation?

- conserves energy by reducing metabolic rate, energy expenditure, and temp in body and brain - NREMs cools body in a controlled way - increasing body temp increases amount of later N3 - heating basal forebrain increases N3 - N3 occurs during peak of circadian body temp rhythm

What is the core and extended sleep theory?

- core sleep is obligatory and extended sleep is optional - must have core sleep first as it is restorative and homeostatic; includes lots of N3 and little REMs, need for core sleep builds with wakefulness, children need more, about 3 sleep cycles (6 h) - extended sleep is more flexible and after core sleep; extended with environmental demands, more for safety and conservation and efficiency, can be relief from boredom, more REMs, 1-2 h

What are reasons against sleep conserving energy theory?

- correlation between body size and sleep is not perfect - those that consume higher calorie foods sleep more - little energy is replenished during sleep - many mammals spend time just resting which can conserve energy - hibernating animals come out with sleep deprivation

What causes NREMs to occur at sleep onset?

- directly by an inhibition of forebrain neurons and indirectly by a reduction in arousal influences - the basal forebrain area uses the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA together with some neuromodulators to directly dampen activation in the forebrain

How is the discharge rate of the thalamus different in sleep?

- during NREMs it is slow (less than 1 Hz) and comes in bursts - this slow rate sets up a feedback loop with the neocortex resulting in changes in the EEG and less alertness in the neocortex - the results are spindles and K-complexes of N2 and delta waves of N3

What is the reciprocal interaction model?

- during sleep, the REM-off neurons gradually weaken which allows the REM-on areas to activate for REMs - REM-on areas stimulate REM-off neurons so they eventually become active enough to inhibit REM-on and cause the return to NREMs - REM periods get longer as sleep progresses due to high demand for N3 earlier

What is the importance of norepinephrine?

- enhances arousal but not necessary for it - amphetamine drugs heighten arousal

What are wrong definitions of sleep?

- everything simply slows down or stops - sleep is for rest - when our bodies and brains get tired, they simply stop working

What is the importance of orexin?

- excitatory neurotransmitter, promotes wakefulness, appetite, and arousal - produced in hypothalamus - distributed in central nervous system by axons - responsible for maintenance of wake episodes and sleep - produced in neurons of the upper right and left sides of hypothalamus

What are characteristics of MTs?

- fall asleep easier than ETs - have better moods after awakening - awaken more during sleep than NTs and ETs - Temps peak 1 hour earlier than ETs in nychthemeron

What are signs of fatal familial insomnia?

- high BP - hyperventilation - excessive tearing - sexual/urinary tract dysfunction - change in basal body temp - inability to gaze up - jerky eye movement - double vision - ataxia (discoordination)

What is the importance of melatonin?

- hormone secreted and distributed during night by pineal gland located in center of brain - increases in brain two hours before bedtime - high till awakening - sleep promoting substance that also acts as a zeitgeber - sun or room light can block release

What is a false theory about yawning and why is it wrong?

- increase oxygen in blood - wrong because pure oxygen would not decrease yawning, more co2 does not increase yawning, increasing respiration rate does not affect yawning

What happens during NREM-REM for memory?

- info is matched with existing relating info resulting in consolidation - REM causes strengthening of memories

What are reasons why sleep is for behavioral adaptation?

- it is safer to sleep - there are times in the day when animal could be less safe - the danger might be from other animals attacking it when most vulnerable - the immobility during sleep attracts less predator attention - our eyes are more responsive in daytime - not effective for animal to be active during parts of day when food is unavailable

What is the role of the ascending reticular activating system?

- its output activated the cerebral cortex via two routes (dorsal route, ventral route) using the neurotransmitters glutamate, norepinephrine, and acetylcholine - located in medulla

How does sleep aid memory?

- lack of sleep causes poor formation of new memories - changes in brain functioning occur during sleep after learning - stimulating brain during sleep improves memory - there are replays of recently learned info in the brain during sleep

What is the function of N2?

- light quiet sleep (recent evolutionary development) seen in cats and primates - similar to N3 in cats but able to be awaken easier - in primates, k-complexes and spindles occur in response to stimuli and might serve to block out stimuli that doesn't need to be awaken for - important for subsequent performance of procedural memory tasks

How is N3 for restoration?

- longer awake, more intense N3 is - decrease in catabolic hormones and increase in anabolic hormones - growth hormone present during first 3 periods of night in adults but more present during N3 in children - deprivation of N3 results in a need for N3 - high amount of N3 in children and slowly declines as we age which correlates to slowing of metabolic rate - extra sleep during illness is beneficial for recovery - N3 is most important for functioning of prefrontal cortex

What is active sleep?

- low voltage - irregular brain waves -eye movements -low EMG -body and facial movements -some vocalization

What is the importance of glycine?

- main inhibitory neurotransmitter in spinal cord - responsible for the paralysis of muscles during REMS

Why is puberty associated with the circadian phase delay?

- melatonin secretion influences brain to sleep later - the length of the circadian nychthemeron is a bit longer compared to adults - more sensitivity to light - the rate of buildup of homeostatic sleep drive is slower, sensitivity to sleep loss is less, and the tolerance of sleep drive is greater

What are the characteristics of long sleepers?

- more introverted, worry more, more creative - mild to moderate neurotic traits - not very self-confident, others anxious, inhibited, depressed - more body aches - conforming and deny problems - lots of ambition, decisive, out-going

What is the importance of acetylcholine?

- neurotransmitter for low-voltage, high frequency EEG of waking as well as in REMs - not much during NREMs

What is the importance of glutamate?

- primar excitatory neurotransmitter - in central nervous system - important for arousal - helps produce slow waves and spindles

What is the importance of serotonin?

- produced by raphe nuclei - promotes wakefulness - decreases latency to REMs

What is the importance of the lower brainstem in terms of sleep?

- produces wake, NREM-like sleep, and REMS

What is the importance of histamine?

- produces wakefulness - antihistamines cause drowsiness

What is the importance of adenosine?

- progressively builds up during waking; by-product of certain energy releasing molecules that is a strong contributer to sleepiness and need - greater duration of wake = greater buildup of adenosine - adenosine levels in basal forebrain is the meter for when and how much sleep is needed - more adenosine at sleep onset leads to more SWS and delta waves - levels diminish during sleep - effects halted for a period with coffee

What happens in cells of SCN during day?

- protein synthesis controlled by at least eight clock genes (timeless or period) are turned on - these clock genes cause specific proteins to be produced that in turn slowly inhibit the genes - the genes are released from inhibition and sequence starts again when proteins are altered

What is the peribrachial area?

- responsible for activation of REM in the pons - has connections with eye movement control, emotion, learning, memory - contains REM-on cells - inhibits motor neurons during REM

What are the characteristics of short sleepers?

- self-content, more energy, proficient, desired to be productive, socially sophisticated - view sleep as a waste of time - tolerate sleep deprivation better

What is the basal forebrain good for?

- shift between NREM and REM sleep - controls sensory nonresponsiveness - temp regulation

What is the phase response curve (PRC)?

- shows times when we are sensitive to a zeitgeber that is able to entrain the circadian clock - exposure to light before and after sleep time delays our clock - exposure to light during wake time advances our clock

How is sleep homeostatic?

- sleep compensates for wakefulness - sleep maintained between upper threshold or initiating sleep and lower threshold for terminating sleep

What are the anatomical benefits of sleep for the brain?

- sleep is for slow recovery and stabilization of synapses - sleep helps create new brain cells

What are reasons that sleep conserves energy?

- sleep reduces levels of body temp and energy consumption - a decrease of 1-2 degrees can reduce energy use by 10% - there is a lack of body and brain activity - NREMS evolved with lower set points

What are reasons against the theory that sleep is for behavioral adaptation?

- sleeping animals are less aware of predators thus more at risk - there is less NREMS and REMs with presence of predators - species more likely to get preyed upon have less REMs while one who have little fear sleep the most - sleep more in safer place

What are the functions of NREMs?

- slowing of body and brain activity - decreased body temp - changes in levels of release of some hormones - certain areas of brain actively produce NREMs - decrease in turnover of acetylcholine, norepinephrine, and serotonin

What happens in the medulla?

- structures within transmit feedback to SCN about animal's alertness - modulates amount of sensory info passed through - contains REM-off cells - does not upregulate neuronal activity

What is the importance of the ventrolateral preoptic nucleus? (VPLO)

- the VPLO is like a sleep switch - functions by sending inhibitory messages to arousal systems including those that use orexin to maintain wakefulness - nucleus of hypothalamus is the master clock that determines when sleep and wake occur in the nychthemeron by influencing nearby regions - activated by adenosine - can inhibit with GABA, wake-promoting areas in ARA, and posterior hypothalamus

Why is the hippocampus in a different functional state during REMS?

- the presence of high-voltage theta waves - amygdala is very intensely activated during REMs

What happened when sleep deprivation was studied in rats?

- the rats died after 33 days - doubled food intake - thermoregulation issues - poor immunity - they don't know the exact cause of death

What are reasons against the rest and restoration theory of sleep?

- there is a decrease in protein synthesis - muscle activity during wakefulness has low correlation with sleep length - short periods of sleep deprivation does not result in dramatic breakdowns of the body - some mammals sleep half a brain at a time - sleep duration does not influence somatic growth in children

What are the chemical benefits of sleep for the brain?

- there is a reduction in unwanted chemicals and an increase of desirable ones - lower metabolic rate that occurs during sleep helps replenish chemicals that help brain function (glycogen)

How is yawning a form of non-verbal communication?

- threat and aggression when teeth show and eyes wide - signals dominance or readiness for sleep with eyes closed - signifies boredom

How is tiredness different from sleepiness?

- tiredness is fatigue from muscle or mental exertion - fatigue may also result from tedium, boredom, apathy, and general lack of interest - tiredness is felt in whole body while sleepiness is felt in the head - sleepiness leads to sleep but fatigue doesn't

What is an agonist?

- transmitter that has both affinity and potency for certain receptor - activates receptor to produce biological response - neurotransmitters, drugs, hormones

What is an antagonist?

- transmitter with high affinity and no potency for receptor - blocks biological response - drugs and poisons

What are some reasons that sleep provides rest and restoration?

- wound healing can be hindered by sleep deprivation - levels of anabolic hormones such as growth hormones, prolactin, luteinizing hormone, and testosterone are highest during sleep while levels of catabolic hormones are low - smaller animals with higher metabolic rates sleep more than larger ones with lower rates

What are fast intrusions of N3?

-fast waves riding on slow waves -light and unrefreshing sleep -can be from pain and fatigue -causes alpha waves during N3

What is quiet sleep?

-similar to N3 in adults -no eye movements -high EMG -no body movements

What are the stages of FFI?

1. increasing insomnia, panic attacks, paranoia, phobias (4 months) 2. hallucinations, panic attacks (5 months) 3. complete inability to sleep and weight loss (3 months) 4. dementia causing unresponsiveness and muteness (6 months) 5. death (12-18 months post first symptom)

How many women report to be more disturbed during sleep with pregnancy?

75%

How much are cortical responses reduced during sleep?

80 % during N1 and N2, 65% during N3, 10% during REMs (change due to decrease in transfer of info through thalamus)

When does the fraying of sleep in elderly appear?

10 years later in females than males

What is the longest someone has stayed awake?

11 days

When do teen's bodies want to fall asleep and why don't they sleep then?

11 pm; work and social demands

How much should infants sleep?

16-18 hours with 50% being active sleep

How long is the difference between MTs and ETs?

2 hours but could be 4 if the shift interacts with process S

When do circadian sleep-wake rhythms become regular in infants?

2-4 months

How long are naps?

20 min to 2 h and avg 70 min

What is the best time frame of a nap and why?

20 min, it enhances ability to pay attention, respond quickly, remember better, and think clearly (the enhancement lasts 3-18 h)

What percent of sleep is REMs?

25%

When are morning larks and night owls most active?

2:30 pm and 5:30 pm

When does level of sleep drive plateau?

30-50 h without sleep

What happens to sleep from menopause?

40-60% have poor sleep, hot flashes for 1.5-5 yrs, increase in insomnia and disordered breathing

How many people fall in the NTs or hummingbird category?

40-60% of people

How low is our brain activity during sleep?

5-10% lower in N2 and 25-40% lower in N3 compared to wake

How much sleep do teens need?

9.25 h

How long is the cycle of NREMs and REMs?

90-110 min

This wave is moderate intensity, intermediate frequency (8-13 Hz), and occurs in a drowsy relaxed brain

Alpha waves

This wave is high amplitude, low frequency (<4 Hz)

Delta waves

What hormone decreases REMs?

Estrogen and progesterone

What is the two process model of sleep and wake propensity?

Homeostatic (process S) - intensity of homeostatic sleep drive - naps reduce process S, while sleep loss increases process S Circadian (process C) - in phase to the core body temp rhythm - intensity of alertness or arousal

What is non-restorative sleep insomnia?

If the wake system remains active (heart rate etc) while sleep system is active, then we can't sleep easily or don't get quality sleep

When does slow rolling eye movements occur?

N1

What stage of sleep takes up the most time?

N2 (50%)

when do no eye movements occur?

N2 and N3

When is it the hardest to awaken someone?

N3

Do naps reduce N3 and REMs at night?

N3 gets decreased at night but REM does not

What gene causes the differences in ETs and MTs?

Per3 gene; MTs have a longer version; ETs have a truncated version

What happens when sun goes down?

Pineal gland is turned on by SCN and produces melatonin that gets released into blood (usually 9 pm)

When is muscle tension the lowest in an EMG?

REM

What happens during REM deprivation?

REM pressure increases and only 40% of lost REMs are recovered

What would happen if the cortex were not present?

REMs would still occur but NREMs would not

This wave is moderate-low intensity, intermediate frequency (4-7 Hz)

Theta waves

What wave occurs during N1?

Theta waves

What wave occurs during N2?

Theta waves

What structure of brain is most critical for determining when we enter sleep?

VLPO

What is habitual napping?

When a person takes a nap at the same time each day

Can longer sleepers recover quicker from sleep deprivation?

Yes but they get poorer sleep efficiency

What are sleep regulatory substances?

affect sleep by affecting neurotransmitters and is involved in other biological processes

What is the Analog Scale?

a person indicates how they feel by placing a mark on a line between being very alert and very sleepy (for introspective)

What is the definition of sleep?

a reversible behavioral state of low attention to the environment accompanied by a relaxed posture and minimal movement

What neurotransmitter does the brainstem and basal forebrain use?

acetylcholine

Drugs that affect ACH influence REMS how?

antagonist decrease REM, agonist increase REM

What occurs with sleep during the third trimester of pregnancy?

disrupted sleep, decrease REMs

Why is studying N3 deprivation difficult?

disrupting N3 also disrupts REMS

What is the psychoanalytic theory?

dreaming was a safety valve to keep us from going crazy

How often do QS and AS alternate?

every 50 min then 100 min by school age

What does an EOG detect?

eye movement

Which part of the brain do NREMs occur?

higher parts

What neurotransmitters does the hypothalamus use?

histamine and orexin for waking and suppressing REMS

What are agonists to GABA and Galanin?

hypnotics (barbiturates) which help promote sleep

What are the important sleep areas in the brain?

hypothalamus (VLPO, SCN), medulla, basal forebrain, pons

What stages of sleep increase and decrease with sleep deprivation?

increase in N3, decrease in N2 and REM

What are the long term effects of sleeping less than 6-7 h and more than 8-9 h?

increase in mortality, diabetes, heart problems, high BP, obesity, cancer, psychiatric problems, neurological disorder, and strokes

What occurs with sleep during first trimester of pregnancy?

increase in sleepiness, disturbed sleep, decrease N3, decrease in sleep efficiency

What effects does the pill have on sleep?

increase melatonin, increase body temp, decrease/no effect N3, decrease REMs latency

What are the benefits of hormone replacement therapy and does it help sleep for everyone?

increase sleep quality, sleep continuity, and total sleep time, and greater sleep efficiency; no some women complain about sleep more

What are some waking factors that don't affect sleep?

increased metabolic rate, prolonged bed rest, sensory deprivation

What are some waking activities that affect sleep?

increasing body temp with exercise, sitting in hot tub, gaining/losing weight

What kinds of neurotransmitters does the VLPO release?

inhibitory ones like GABA

What happens to communication during REMs?

little sensory info arrives at neocortex and brain/muscle commands are blocked

Which part of brain do REMs occur?

lower in brainstem (pons and nearby areas)

What happens if the SCN is damaged?

many circadian rhythms cease and sleep becomes essentially randomly distributed throughout the nychthemeron

Why do older adults sleep less?

may secrete less melatonin, more sensitive to disruptions, changes in eyes, changes in cardiovascular, other medical or psychiatric problems, likely to snore, likely to have insomnia

What areas support waking?

midbrain, hypothalamus, basal forebrain, diencephalon, limbic system, neocortex

What serious cognitive and behavioral changes occur with sleep deprivation?

moodiness, concentration problems, poor short term memory, paranoia, hallucinations

What happens to sleep after pregnancy?

more N3, fatigue, greater disturbances with C section, more N3 for breast feeders, lose 400-750 h of sleep

What kind of sleep do long sleepers get?

more REM (2x) and N2

Do women with PMS and pre-menstrual dysphoric disorder report more sleep difficulties during menstruation or less?

more sleep difficulties

What are phase advanced sleepers referred to as?

morning larks or morning types (MTs)

What does an EMG detect?

neck and muscle tension

What are effects of sleep deprivation?

negative changes in emotions, behaviors, mental processes, and biological effects

What are sleepers between phase extremes referred to as?

neither types (NTs)

What are phase delayed sleepers referred to as?

night owls or evening types (ETs)

What is the adaptation theory of sleep?

other functions help the organism function better in its environment

What was the theory in the 19th century about sleep?

oxygen yielded "ether of life" that the blood goes to the brain then to muscles but is used up during wakefulness and must be replenished with sleep; sleep results from lack of oxygen to brain

What are naps?

periods of sleep that are shorter than the typical hours of sleep taken by the individual

Where is melatonin made?

pineal gland

What part of brain is important to maintain wakefulness?

posterior hypothalumus

What is perimenopausal and menopausal sleep disturbances linked to (hot flashes, irritability)?

reduced estrogen

What is the psychomotor vigilance test (PVT)?

repetitive tasks scored for speed and accuracy

What did Paracelus view sleep as?

rising with the sun and retiring at sunset eliminates tiredness caused by working

How is the activity level during REM?

same activity as when awake but activation pattern of neocortex is not uniform

what wave occurs during REM?

sawtooth waves

What is the introspective aspect of sleepiness?

self-assessment of internal state

What neurotransmitter does raphe use?

serotonin (and is located in medulla)

How long does sleep inertia last?

several minutes to hours

What did Dr. Elapariede theorize about sleep?

sleep was an active instinct like a process that serves to avoid fatigue (stop sleeping when we had enough)

What do circadian rhythms influence?

sleep, sensory processing, short term memory, cognitive performance, alertness

What are some weak zeitgabers?

sleep/wake cycle itself, body activity, feeding, melatonin levels

What is the restoration theory of sleep?

some functions seem to reinstate resources used or damaged by being awake; the inactivity of sleep allows restoration of bodily processes that are depleted during wakefulness

How is info sent to the SCN?

special pathway from eye via optic nerve

Where is the Per3 gene turned on?

superchiasmatic nucleus

What is planned napping?

taking a nap before you actually get sleepy, a "disco nap" for when you know you are going to be up late

What occurs from N3 deprivation?

temporary increase in delta wave density, increase of N3 time on first night, increase in REMs on nights 2/3, lethargy, muscle aches

What are the small results of yawning?

temporary increase in heart rate, restore tone to muscles involved, reflexive stimulation of the arousal centers in the brain

How is the responsiveness of a receptor determined?

the affinity and potency of the neurotransmitter binding to it

What is the manifest aspect of sleepiness?

the behavioral component as shown in performance deficits, errors, inattention, and even being overcome by sleep

What is the physiological aspect of sleepiness?

the body's biological need to sleep

What kind of sleep do short sleepers lose?

the last few hours of longer sleep

What is sleep efficiency?

the proportion of sleep period spent asleep rather than awake

What is phase shifted?

the shape of the curve showing the likelihood to be awake or asleep is the same but is shifted to left for phase advance or right for phase delay; the degree of shift is usually less than an hour but noticeably different

What is the constant routine method for studying circadian rhythms?

the subject remains in quiet environment in semi-recumbent position but continuously awake with illumination low and constant

How can sleep be for the brain and mind?

there are cognitive and biological benefits such as the brain can rid itself of substances that accumulate during wakefulness and restore what has been depleted

How much sleep does the average young adult need and how much do they actually get?

they need 8 h but report to have between 6.5-8.5 h

What are REM-on cells?

three groups of cells in brainstem that are activated during REMS

What is sleep latency?

time it takes to get to sleep

What is the sleep period?

time when person falls asleep through awakening

What is sleep intertia?

too much sleep causing people to be under responsive in emotional letdown, irritability, and deficits in performance

What would happen to your sleep without strong zeitgebers?

your sleep/wake rhythm would become desynchronized from the 24 h world

What are the reversible effects of no sleep for a week?

vibration of eyeballs, trembling hands, slurred speech, droopy eyelids, gagging, sensitivity to pain

When do spindles and K-complexes occur?

when the thalamus is gating out sensory info that prevents much of this info from arriving at neocortex (maintains NREMS)

What is Sunday Night Insomnia?

when we try to return to our weekday schedule after sleeping late on the weekends so it is difficult to fall asleep; results in daytime sleepiness and impaired performance

What is emergency napping?

when you are suddenly very tired and cannot continue activity you were previously engaged in; can help when needing to drive

What do night owls have less of?

white matter leading to depression

What is the difference in spindles and waves between women and men?

women have twice as many sleep spindles and slower decline in delta waves with age, men have less SWS

Do women or men tend to go to bed earlier?

women tend to go to bed earlier and fall asleep sooner, thus they have a longer sleep period than men

What is the result of inadequate REM sleep?

worsen mood the following day

Do NTs have the Per3 gene?

yes, one short from parent and one long from other parent