SLHS 4245 - Exam 1

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Cerebellum

- "little brain" - Has two hemispheres - Vermis - area between the two hemispheres - Peduncles - connection to the brainstem - Equilibrium and Coordination

Brodmann Area 44

Broca's Area

CSF

Cerebrospinal Fluid

Some structures to identify

Class 5, slide 51

Central Nervous System

Comprised of brain and spinal cord

Primary Auditory Cortex

Consists of Brodmann Areas 41 and 42

Sagittal

Mid-sagittal - directly down the middle

Efferent Neurons

Motor Neurons Outgoing signal

Occipital Lobe Structure

Parieto-occipital sulcus - Separates parietal and occipital lobes Calcarine fissure - Separates primary and association visual areas

Coronal

Like a crown

Laterality of the Brain

- After 2 years, different functions are either left or right brain dominant - Right side of brain controls left side motor movements and vice versa - Left hemisphere is dominant for language - Right hemisphere is dominant for emotions, visual spatial skills, musical skills, para linguistic (non-verbal, pragmatics), attention, math, logic

Pia Mater

- Barely visible to unaided eye as a separate layer - Most delicate, very thin, glossy layer - Highly vascularized with capillaries and small blood vessels - Coats the entire cortex

Telencephalon

- Cerebral hemispheres - Limbic Lobe - Basal Ganglia

3 Major Structures of the Brain

- Cerebrum - Brain stem (midbrain, pons, medulla) - Cerebellum

Brainstem

- Connects diencephalon to spinal cord - Midbrain - Pons - Medulla

Commissural Fibers

- Corpus Callosum

Peripheral Nervous System

- Cranial and Spinal Nerves

Insula

- Deep within lateral sulcus - Sensation of pain - Emotional regulation - Motor - Hand-eye - Swallowing - Speech articulation -Telencephalon

Arachnoid Membrane

- Delicate middle meningeal layer - There is CSF between arachnoid layer and pia mater

Frontal Lobe Dysfunction

- Distractibility - Perseveration - Disinhibition - Risk taking/rule breaking - Apathy/indifference - Altered sexual behavior/coarse language - Confabulation - Poor judgment - Poor thought formulation - Reduced problem solving abilities

Parasympathetic System

- Happens when you're asleep - Metabolism - Rest or digest

Organizational Principles of the Brain

- Interconnectivity of the brain - Centrality of the brain - Hierarchy of neuraxial organization - Laterality of brain organization - Functional Networking - Topographical Representation - Plasticity of the brain - Culturally neutral brain

Autonomic Nervous System

- Involuntary control (organs) - Reflexes - Internal bodily functions

4 Ventricles

- Lateral (2) - 3rd - 4th

Sympathetic System

- Occurs when you are awake - Fight or flight - Adrenaline

Basal Ganglia

- Putamen - Caudate nucleus - Globus Pallidus - Claustrum - Amygdaloid Nucleus

Uncinate Fasciculus

- Short - Connects anterior temporal lobe and ventral prefrontal cortex

Callosotomy

- Split brain syndrome - Complete sectioning of the corpus callosum - No communication between left and right hemispheres - Class 5, slides 33-37

Association Fibers

- Superior Longitudinal Fasciculus - Inferior Longitudinal Fasciculus - Cingulum - Uncinate Fasciculus

Diencephalon

- Thalamus - Hypothalamus

Neuroplasticity

- The brain's ability to change as a result of experience - The brain's ability to reorganize and modify tissue functions when faced with pathologies

Dura Mater

- Toughest layer - Surrounds the entire brain - Separates hemispheres and cerebrum from cerebellum

Limbic Lobe

- Vegetative functions - Telencephalon

Cingulum

- Wraps tightly around corpus collosum, beneath cingulate gyrus - Connects medial, frontal, parietal cortices with temporal cortex

Brodmann's Visual Areas

17 - Primary visual cortex 18, 19 - Visual association areas

Meninges

3 layers of membranes that cover the brain

Temporal Lobe Structure

3 major gyri - Superior - Brodmann Areas: 22, 41, 42 - Middle - Brodmann Area 21 - Inferior - Brodmann Area 20

Frontal Lobe Structure

4 major gyri - Superior Frontal - Mid Frontal - Inferior Frontal - Pre-central (Motor strip)

Lobes of the Brain

4 major lobes - Frontal - Temporal - Parietal - Occipital Also included - Insular Lobe - Limbic Lobe

Parietal Lobe Structure

5 major gyri - Superior - Inferior - Post Central - Supramarginal - Angular

Brodmann's Areas 3, 1, 2

Primary Somatosensory Cortex

Afferent Neurons

Sensory Neurons Signal coming in

Brodmann's Areas 5, 7

Somatosensory Association Cortex

Ventral

Towards the abdomen

Dorsal

Towards the back

Rostral

Towards the nose

Caudal

Towards the tail

Somatic Nervous System

Voluntary control

Brodmann Area 22

Wernicke's Area - Olfaction - Memory - Though elaboration


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