SLHS 4245 - Exam 1
Cerebellum
- "little brain" - Has two hemispheres - Vermis - area between the two hemispheres - Peduncles - connection to the brainstem - Equilibrium and Coordination
Brodmann Area 44
Broca's Area
CSF
Cerebrospinal Fluid
Some structures to identify
Class 5, slide 51
Central Nervous System
Comprised of brain and spinal cord
Primary Auditory Cortex
Consists of Brodmann Areas 41 and 42
Sagittal
Mid-sagittal - directly down the middle
Efferent Neurons
Motor Neurons Outgoing signal
Occipital Lobe Structure
Parieto-occipital sulcus - Separates parietal and occipital lobes Calcarine fissure - Separates primary and association visual areas
Coronal
Like a crown
Laterality of the Brain
- After 2 years, different functions are either left or right brain dominant - Right side of brain controls left side motor movements and vice versa - Left hemisphere is dominant for language - Right hemisphere is dominant for emotions, visual spatial skills, musical skills, para linguistic (non-verbal, pragmatics), attention, math, logic
Pia Mater
- Barely visible to unaided eye as a separate layer - Most delicate, very thin, glossy layer - Highly vascularized with capillaries and small blood vessels - Coats the entire cortex
Telencephalon
- Cerebral hemispheres - Limbic Lobe - Basal Ganglia
3 Major Structures of the Brain
- Cerebrum - Brain stem (midbrain, pons, medulla) - Cerebellum
Brainstem
- Connects diencephalon to spinal cord - Midbrain - Pons - Medulla
Commissural Fibers
- Corpus Callosum
Peripheral Nervous System
- Cranial and Spinal Nerves
Insula
- Deep within lateral sulcus - Sensation of pain - Emotional regulation - Motor - Hand-eye - Swallowing - Speech articulation -Telencephalon
Arachnoid Membrane
- Delicate middle meningeal layer - There is CSF between arachnoid layer and pia mater
Frontal Lobe Dysfunction
- Distractibility - Perseveration - Disinhibition - Risk taking/rule breaking - Apathy/indifference - Altered sexual behavior/coarse language - Confabulation - Poor judgment - Poor thought formulation - Reduced problem solving abilities
Parasympathetic System
- Happens when you're asleep - Metabolism - Rest or digest
Organizational Principles of the Brain
- Interconnectivity of the brain - Centrality of the brain - Hierarchy of neuraxial organization - Laterality of brain organization - Functional Networking - Topographical Representation - Plasticity of the brain - Culturally neutral brain
Autonomic Nervous System
- Involuntary control (organs) - Reflexes - Internal bodily functions
4 Ventricles
- Lateral (2) - 3rd - 4th
Sympathetic System
- Occurs when you are awake - Fight or flight - Adrenaline
Basal Ganglia
- Putamen - Caudate nucleus - Globus Pallidus - Claustrum - Amygdaloid Nucleus
Uncinate Fasciculus
- Short - Connects anterior temporal lobe and ventral prefrontal cortex
Callosotomy
- Split brain syndrome - Complete sectioning of the corpus callosum - No communication between left and right hemispheres - Class 5, slides 33-37
Association Fibers
- Superior Longitudinal Fasciculus - Inferior Longitudinal Fasciculus - Cingulum - Uncinate Fasciculus
Diencephalon
- Thalamus - Hypothalamus
Neuroplasticity
- The brain's ability to change as a result of experience - The brain's ability to reorganize and modify tissue functions when faced with pathologies
Dura Mater
- Toughest layer - Surrounds the entire brain - Separates hemispheres and cerebrum from cerebellum
Limbic Lobe
- Vegetative functions - Telencephalon
Cingulum
- Wraps tightly around corpus collosum, beneath cingulate gyrus - Connects medial, frontal, parietal cortices with temporal cortex
Brodmann's Visual Areas
17 - Primary visual cortex 18, 19 - Visual association areas
Meninges
3 layers of membranes that cover the brain
Temporal Lobe Structure
3 major gyri - Superior - Brodmann Areas: 22, 41, 42 - Middle - Brodmann Area 21 - Inferior - Brodmann Area 20
Frontal Lobe Structure
4 major gyri - Superior Frontal - Mid Frontal - Inferior Frontal - Pre-central (Motor strip)
Lobes of the Brain
4 major lobes - Frontal - Temporal - Parietal - Occipital Also included - Insular Lobe - Limbic Lobe
Parietal Lobe Structure
5 major gyri - Superior - Inferior - Post Central - Supramarginal - Angular
Brodmann's Areas 3, 1, 2
Primary Somatosensory Cortex
Afferent Neurons
Sensory Neurons Signal coming in
Brodmann's Areas 5, 7
Somatosensory Association Cortex
Ventral
Towards the abdomen
Dorsal
Towards the back
Rostral
Towards the nose
Caudal
Towards the tail
Somatic Nervous System
Voluntary control
Brodmann Area 22
Wernicke's Area - Olfaction - Memory - Though elaboration
