Smartbook Chapter 6: Motivation

Profit sharing depends on the performance of an entire company. What type of focus does this compensation plan have? educational organization individual government

organization

Friendship, companionship, acceptance existence relatedness control esteem meaning

relatedness

Which element of S.M.A.R.T. goals proposes that goals should be challenging yet attainable? achievable measurable time-sensitive specific

acheivable

What theory asserts that a person's motivation is based on what he or she considers to be fair when compared to others? efficacy theory task theory equity theory expectancy theory goal theory

equity theory

Which theory of motivation argues that goals determine the work actions of people? expectancy theory goal setting theory learned needs theory equity theory

goal setting theory

Development of personal potential; achievement of higher purpose existence relatedness control esteem meaning

meaning

Direction, intensity, and ____ are the components of motivation that contribute to an employee's work.

persistence

One of the aspects that Ricardo loves best about running a branch office is that the people in headquarters leave him alone and give him considerable latitude in making decisions for the branch. Which component of psychological empowerment does this represent? self-determination impact meaningfulness competence

self-determination

Even though Linda hasn't planned an event quite as large as her company's Christmas party before, she is confident that she'll be able to manage it successfully. It appears that Linda has a high level of what type of belief? self-efficacy valence adherence instrumentality

self-efficacy

People with what type of belief think that they have the capabilities needed to carry out the behaviors needed for a task? valence adherence self-determination self-efficacy

self-efficacy

According to expectancy theory, which of the following statements concerning motivational force is true? Motivation decreases as successful performance is linked to more and more attractive outcomes. Motivation increases as successful performance is linked to more and more attractive outcomes. Motivation increases as successful performance is linked to fewer and fewer attractive outcomes. Motivation increases as unsuccessful performance is linked to more and more attractive outcomes.

Motivation increases as successful performance is linked to more and more attractive outcomes.

What is term for the level of effort that motivated employees put forth? results strain intensity competence

Intensity

Raul compares himself with other employees in his company who are doing different jobs. What type of comparison is Raul performing? occupational equity company equity educational equity age equity

company equity

Workers who believe that their workplaces have a sense of equity are more likely to exhibit ______ behaviors and less likely to exhibit ______ behaviors. counterproductive; task performance task performance; citizenship citizenship; counterproductive counterproductive; citizenship

citizenship; counterproductive

In terms of equity theory, what is the term for the process in which people think about things in new ways--but do not change their behaviors--in order to regain intellectual balance? equity distress inequity balancing cognitive distortion ratio reapportionment

cognitive distortion

Katrina discovers that she is earning significantly more than a coworker with more experience. She justifies this by telling herself that she is paid more because she puts more effort into the job than her coworker. Katrina's views are an example of meaningfulness. underreward inequity. ratio reapportionment. cognitive distortion.

cognitive distortion

According to equity theory, when we examine our own efforts and results and compare them to the efforts and results of others, we use the other people as what? reference checkers equity contrasts comparison others outcome evaluators

comparison others

Tyler works in customer service for a large financial services firm but wants to ultimately work as a financial analyst, so he is taking advantage of training opportunities at work and seeking challenging assignments that can enhance his skills. Tyler is attempting to build which dimension of psychological empowerment? self-determination competence meaningfulness impact

competence

Which dimension of psychological empowerment refers to an employee's belief that he or she can perform his or her professional work at a high level? competence meaningfulness impact self-determination

competence

Sam is extremely nervous about being back in a classroom after an absence of almost ten years, so he's unsure that he'll succeed in an MBA program. verbal persuasion emotional cues past accomplishments vicarious experiences

emotional cues

People who believe that a successful performance will result in a certain outcome are experiencing instrumentality. adherence. valence. competency. expectancy.

instrumentality

In terms of equity theory, a(n) ______ refers to an employee examining others within the same organization. equity distressor contrast assessor external comparison internal comparison

internal comparison

When an individual experiences psychological empowerment, performing the work tasks serves as its own reward. This is a form of what kind of motivation? peripheral extrinsic divergent intrinsic

intrinsic

What is the term for groups of beliefs or results that people believe are physically and mentally important? desires demands wants needs

needs

After comparing your situation with that of a comparison other, you realize that your ratio of outcomes and inputs is greater than the other person's. According to equity theory, this is what type of a situation? equity remunerative inequity underreward inequity overreward inequity

overreward inequity

Sam earned a 3.9 GPA in his undergraduate program, and that bolsters his confidence that he'll do well in graduate school. verbal persuasion emotional cues past accomplishments vicarious experiences

past accomplishments

Employees who have a degree of autonomy in their work tasks are likely to experience which dimension of psychological empowerment? self-determination meaningfulness impact persistence

self-determination

Autonomy, accountability existence relatedness control esteem meaning

control

According to research, what kind of goals result in the greatest amount of success in workers? easy and specific easy and undefined difficult and undefined difficult and specific

difficult and specific

Irina has always been unsure of herself and doesn't consider herself to be particularly skilled at her job, so when she is given a new task by her boss, she experiences feelings of fear and anxiety. Which determinant of self-efficacy does this represent? emotional cues vicarious experiences past accomplishments verbal persuasion

emotional cues

Employees with high ______ are fully absorbed and enthusiastic about their work and devote a lot of energy to the job. instrumentality engagement competence expectancy

engagement

The theory of motivation that suggests that motivation depends on an individual's perception of his or her life and what occurs in lives of others is known as ______ theory. expectancy theory goal setting theory learned needs theory equity theory

equit theory

Owen believes that if he studies hard for the next organizational behavior test, he will perform well. This is an example of what kind of belief? valence empowerment expectancy motivational force

expectancy

Gale is responsible for developing the organization's strategic plan. She and her manager meet weekly to discuss her progress. This is an example of which type of moderator on task performance? feedback intensity of effort goal commitment task complexity

feedback

Which of following is the aim of an action and serves as the primary driver of the intensity and persistence of effort for the action? goal need value valence

goal

Which of following is the aim of an action and serves as the primary driver of the intensity and persistence of effort for the action? valence need value goal

goal

Tony is a member of a small research team for a pharmaceutical company. One of the aspects of his job that he loves best is that he can readily point to his contributions to the team's projects and genuinely feels like he makes a difference in the success of the team. This is an example of which dimension of psychological empowerment? impact self-determination meaningfulness competence

impact

When people feel that their work makes a difference and contributes to progress, they experience what form of psychological empowerment? impact self-determination dissonance competence

impact

Kelli believes that if she does well on the next test, she will earn an A in the course. These thoughts demonstrate what type of belief? instrumentality complicity past accomplishments adherence

instrumentality

What do people experience when they believe that their professional work contributes to some greater cause? psychological empowerment task complexity self-determination engagement

psychological empowerment

Rank the following motivating forces in order of their strength on job performance, with the strongest job performance motivator listed at top and the lowest job performance motivator listed at bottom. self-efficacy perceptions of equity increased valence, instrumentality, and expectancy specific, difficult goals

self-efficacy specific, difficult goals increased valence, instrumentality, and expectancy perceptions of equity

Which of the following needs would be categorized as existence needs? shelter affection safety growth

shelter safety

According to goal setting theory, there are three variables that determine whether supervisors' goals will affect their employees' work actions. One is goal commitment. What are the other two? task complexity task complicity expectancy self-efficacy feedback

task complexity feedback

Alana's manager has set a challenging goal for her to increase sales in her region by 10% over the next quarter. In order to achieve this goal, Alana develops educational and problem-solving plans called task complicities. task strategies. task complexities. target tactics.

task strategies

Setting specific, challenging goals encourages workers to develop plans that teach them new things and answer their dilemmas. These plans are known by what term? instrumentality emotional cues task strategies verbal persuasion

task strategies

True or false: Motivational force equals zero if any of the three beliefs of expectancy, instrumentality, and valence is zero.

true

True or false: One of the problems with determining needs is that people's conceptions of needs vary between different cultures or even between individuals.

true

When you compare your situation with that of a comparison other, you suddenly realize that your ratio of outcomes to inputs is significantly less than the other person's. According to equity theory, you would now perceive yourself to be in which state? overreward inequity equity recompense equality underreward inequity

underreward inequity

The belief known as ____ relates to the question "Does the outcome have any value to me?"

valence

Sam's best friend recently earned an MBA from the same university and he recommended the program enthusiastically. verbal persuasion emotional cues past accomplishments vicarious experiences

vicarious experiences

Which of the following best defines valence? It is the belief that successful performance will result in some outcome(s). It is the believed worth of the results of one's efforts. It is the belief that positive outcomes have little impact on an employee's performance. It is an individual's belief that he or she possesses the capabilities needed to execute behaviors needed for task success.

It is the believed worth of the results of one's efforts.

True or false: Lump-sum bonuses have a high impact on motivation because the lump-sum bonuses link financial payments to the successful achievement of certain tasks.

true

According to expectancy theory, an individual's effort level depends on three factors: expectancy, instrumentality, and self-efficacy competence valence feedback

valence

Kendra has been working for Harmon Electronics as a quality-control inspector for three years. She learns that a coworker with less experience and less time with the company is earning more than she is. What is Kendra's coworker, according to the equity theory? outcome comparison other equity resolver contrast reference

comparison other

A(n) ______ goal is one that stretches employees to perform at their maximum level while still staying within the boundaries of their ability. difficult moderate impossible easy

difficult

Employee ______ is a combination of perceptions that motivate employees to devote themselves to their jobs. valence instrumentality engagement emotionality

engagement

Accomplishment, recognition, personal worth existence relatedness control esteem meaning

esteem

Water, food, shelter existence relatedness control esteem meaning

existence

What kind of belief answers the question "What are the chances that, if I work very hard, I'll be able to do a good job?" self-efficacy expectancy adherence valence

expectancy

Danielle is eager to earn an A average in her college courses this semester because her parents have promised her a trip to Florida if she achieves this. The trip is an example of ______ forces in Danielle's motivation. external intrinsic tangential internal

external

Since Jake is the only purchasing manager in his company, he compares his salary and benefit package with those of purchasing managers in other, similar-sized companies. Jake is using what kind of indicators to examine his position? equity assessors internal comparisons external comparisons external evaluators

external comparisons

True or false: Research suggests that women are more likely to view money as representing freedom, respect, and achievement than are men.

false

"Money is a tool to be able to do things and travel where I want." This statement emphasizes the dimension of ______ in the symbolic value of money. freedom respect esteem achievement

freedom

Finding self-satisfaction in doing a job well leads to ______ motivation. intrinsic extrinsic expectant innate

intrinsic

Teri works in the secretarial pool of a large law firm. She compares her ratio of outcomes and inputs with that of the other secretaries in the firm. What type of comparison is Teri performing? occupation equity age equity job equity company equity

job equity

Applied to the work context, ______ results from the feeling that job tasks are valuable relative to an individual's own ideals and passions. self-determination competence impact meaningfulness

meaningfulness

Peggy is passionate about her job as an adoption counselor at the local humane shelter. She feels that her job helps her fulfill the value she places on saving the lives of homeless animals. This is an example of which element of psychological empowerment? competence self-determination meaningfulness empowerment

meaningfulness

In terms of equity theory, which of the following would be considered outcomes? effort promotions pay performance

promotions pay

Employees who experience what motivator tend to produce the best professional results? perceptions of equity simple tasks needs self-efficacy

self-efficacy

Sam enrolls in an MBA program because his wife and parents have convinced him that he can succeed. verbal persuasion emotional cues past accomplishments vicarious experiences

verbal persuasion

Which of the following are reasons some employees may lack motivation? assignment of a specific goal feelings of psychological empowerment lack of confidence assignment of an ambiguous goal

lack of confidence assignment of an ambiguous goals

Which theory of motivation proposes that work effort is directed toward positive experiences and away from negative ones? equity theory goal setting theory past accomplishments theory expectancy theory

expectancy theory

Which of the following would likely be characterized as an extrinsic motivations? Bettina's new job has a lucrative bonus benefits package. Tony's new job has enabled him to fine-tune his technology skills. Samantha's new boss frequently praises her for the quality of her work. Ben finally feels like he's working to his full potential at his new position.

Bettina's new job has a lucrative bonus benefits package. Samantha's new boss frequently praises her for the quality of her work.

What is the term that refers to how hard people work towards something, where they apply their efforts, and how they continue to work towards their goals? instrumentality competence extrinsic motivation motivation

Motivation

Brianna has just learned that her coworker, who has less experience and education, is earning more than she does. Which three of the following would be the most likely results of this equity distress? She will experience guilt and work harder. She will become angry or envious. She will reduce her efforts on the job. She will acknowledge that her coworker's family needs the money more. She will ask her boss for a raise.

She will become angry or envious. She will reduce her efforts on the job. She will ask her boss for a raise.

Which three of the following are reasons an employee may be more motivated than his or her counterparts? The employee has feelings of expectancy and instrumentality. The employee experiences inequity. The employee has specific, challenging, and achievable goals. The employee has easy or abstract goals. The employee has feelings of psychological empowerment.

The employee has feelings of expectancy and instrumentality. The employee has specific, challenging, and achievable goals. The employee has feelings of psychological empowerment.

Janys has just learned that her coworker, who has fewer years of experience and less education, earns more than she does. According to equity theory, what will Janys experience? eustress rational distortion internal inequity equity distress

equity distress

In terms of equity theory, which of the following would be considered inputs? experience compensation skills recognition

experience skills

What might happen if employees feel that they have less equity in their workplaces? They might feel a high level of self-efficacy. They might show a high level of citizenship. They might assign specific and difficult goals. They might take actions against their workplaces.

they might take actions against their workplaces

Alexis owns an executive search firm and has established a goal for each of her recruiters to make contact with 25 or more potential candidates each day. This illustrates which of the following concepts of S.M.A.R.T. goals? time-sensitive theoretical scientific measurable specific median

time-sensitive measurable specific