Soc 101
rank four stages of role exit on the order they occur.
1. doubt 2. search for alternatives 3. action or departure 4. creation of new identity
Postmodern
High technology; mass consumption of consumer goods and media images; cross-cultural integration
industrial
Reliance on mechanical power and new sources of energy; centralized workplaces; economic interdependence; formal education
Postindustrial
Reliance on services, especially the processing and control of information; expanded middle class
secondary group
a formal, impersonal group where there is little social intimacy or mutual understanding
in group
a group or category to which people feel they belong
primary group
a small group that is characterized by intimate face to face association and cooperation
downsides of division of labor
alienation weakens job security
types of statuses
ascribed, master, acheived
A ______ is a component of formal organization that uses rules and hierarchical ranking
bureacracy
A _____ is a component of formal organization that uses rules and hierarchical ranking to achieve efficiency
bureaucracy
the term ____ refers to the unofficial activities and interaction that are a basic part of daily operations within a formal organizations
bureaucracy's other face
US public schools are funded primarily through property taxes. This means children living in affluent communities go to schools that have better equipment and higher paid teachers than kids living in less wealthy communities. as a result kids in wealthier communities often receive a better education than children in impoverished communities. What theory explains this?
conflict
role exit
describe the process of disengagement from a role that is central to one's self-identity in order to establish a new role and identity
characteristics of formal organization
designed for a special purpose, structured for maximum efficiency
according to Max Weber there are five basic characteristics that make up an ideal bureaucratic structure. Which of the of he following are those basic characteristics?
division of labor, hierarchy of authority, impersonality, written rules and regulations, employment based on technical qualifications
overzealous conformity to official rules and regulations is called
goal displacement
When people with similar norms, values and expectations interact with each other they form a _____
group
out group
group to which people feel like they dont belong
social role
is a set of expectations for people who occupy a given social position or status.
Gesellschaft
is an ideal community that is characteristic of modern urban life. In this community most people are strangers who feel little in common with other residents
Gemeinschaft
is typical of rural life. It is a small community in which people have similar backgrounds and life experiences
if a specific group has the ability to deliberately affect the way we define and conceptualize our social reality, what do we know about that group?
it has power
the status that dominates the others and determines a persons general position in a society is called the
master status
in a society with few social roles and little division of labor and where most people can do many of the same things people experience _____
mechanical solidarity
agrarian
members of agrarian societies engage primarily in the production of food. However, technological innovations such as the plow allow farmers to dramatically increase their crop yields.
according to the scientific management approach, workers are assumed to be
motivated almost entirely by economic rewards, efficient becasue of scientific planning and careful supervision, a resouorce just like a machine
series of social relationships that link a person directly to others and indirectly to still more people is known as a social ____
network
role conflict
occurs when incompatible expectations arise from two or more social positions held by the same person
democratic organization will eventually develop into a bureaucracy rued by a few is called iron law of
oligarchy
horticulural
people plant seeds and crops rather than merely subsist on available foods; They place greater emphasis on the production of tools and household objects. technology is limited
A ___ group is a small group that is characterized by intimate, face to face association and cooperation
primary
hunting and gathering
relies on whatever food and fibers are readily availiable technology is minimal
The term social interaction refers to the ways in which people
respond to one another
the health care system, the mass media and the government are all examples of
social institutions
social reality is constructed from
social interaction, a particular groups power within a society, the ability of the dominant group to define the society's values
A set of expectations for people who occupy a given position or status is called a social ____
social role
All social interaction takes place within a ____ including those interactions that redefine social reality
social structure
which of the following refers to the long term trends in societies that result from the interplay of continuity, innovation, and selection?
sociocultural evolution
a person having a difficult time performing all of the duties required by their difficult and demanding job is experiencing role _____
strain
statuses, social roles, groups, social networks, and social institutions are the five elements of social _____
structure
the number of functions that a social institution must fulfill to survive. What are some of those functions?
teaching new recruits, providing a sense of purpose, preserving order
cultural information about how to use the material resources of the environment to satisfy human needs and desires is called___?
technology
interaction theorists believe that our social behavior is conditioned by
the institutions within we function, the roles and statuses we accept, the groups to which we belong
hypothesis that states every employee within a heirarchy tends to rise to his level of incompetence is known as
the peter principle
role strain
to describe the difficulty that arises when the same social position imposes conflicting demands and expectations.
Which of the following are characteristics of a typical bureaucracy?
written rules and regulations, division of labor, employment based on technical qualifications