SOC 101- Exam 3

Which of the following is a theoretical perspective that analyzes gender and sexuality at both macro and micro levels? a. The feminist perspective b. The social construction perspective c. The conflict theorist perspective d. The symbolic interactionist perspective

a. The feminist perspective

Which of the following statements is true of dominant groups? a. They can treat other groups as subordinates. d. They have a lower social status than minority groups. b. They are not culturally distinctive. e. They have less political power than minority groups. c. They are physically indistinguishable.

a. They can treat other groups as subordinates.

Laura disapproves of Sofia, a recent immigrant, because she cannot speak English fluently. Laura criticizes Sofia for not adopting the U.S. culture yet. In this case, Laura's attitude toward Sofia reflects a _____ view of racial-ethnic relations. a. functionalist b. radical c. symbolic interactionist d. fundamentalist e. capitalist

a. functionalist

An attitude that assumes a typically negative opinion about people who are different from "us" is known as a. prejudice. b. scapegoating. c. racism. d. discrimination.

a. prejudice.

Prejudice

an attitude that prejudges people, usually in a negative way.

sexual identity

an awareness of ourselves as male or female and how we express our sexual values, attitudes, and feelings.

stereotype

an oversimplified or exaggerated generalization about a group of people.

Sexual harassment

any unwanted sexual advance, request for sexual favors, or other conduct of a sexual nature that makes a person uncomfortable and interferes with her or his work.

Which of the following is true of the functionalist perspective on gender and sexuality? a. Gender roles give men power to control women's lives. b. Gender roles are complimentary. c. Gender roles do nothing for a society's survival chances. d. Gender is a social construction that emerges through everyday interaction. e. Gender is innate and biological.

b. Gender roles are complimentary.

_____ refers to the overlapping and cumulative effects of inequality due to racism and sexism. a. Meritocracy b. Gendered racism c. Capitalism d. Labeling e. Coexistence

b. Gendered racism

Which of the following statements is true of race? a. It is determined biologically. b. It is a social construction. c. It describes cultural characteristics that one learns. d. It is conceptually similar to ethnicity.

b. It is a social construction.

Which of the following statements is true of race? a. It is determined biologically. d. It describes cultural characteristics that one learns. b. It is a social construction. e. It is conceptually similar to ethnicity. c. It labels people based on religion.

b. It is a social construction.

People develop a _____, a perception of themselves as either masculine or feminine, early in life. a. sex b. gender identity c. gender expression d. gender role e. sexual orientation

b. gender identity

Children of immigrants are more likely than their U.S.-born peers to __________. a. be obese d. be disabled b. have a parent with a secure job e. suffer from chronic illnesses c. have nonmarital children

b. have a parent with a secure job

scapegoats

individuals or groups whom people blame for their own problems or short-comings.

pluralism

minority groups maintain many aspects of their original culture while living peacefully with the host culture.

racial-ethnic group

people who have distinctive physical and cultural characteristics.

ethnic group

people who identify with a common national origin or cultural heritage.

minority

people who may be treated differently and unequally because of their physical, cultural, or other characteristics.

racial group

people who share visible physical characteristics that members of a society consider socially important.

Transgender

people whose gender identity and behavior don't correspond with their birth sex.

intersexuals

people whose sex at birth isn't clearly either male or female.

Segregation

physical and social separation of dominant and minority groups.

Anil, a professor of Indian origin, went to a community bank to apply for a home loan. The banker told Anil that he does not qualify for a loan. According to the bank's policy, it is risky to offer loans to minority group members because they are not likely to hold a steady job. This scenario illustrates _____. a. cultural relativism b. institutional discrimination c. acculturation d. assimilation e. pluralism

b. institutional discrimination

Our ___________ is an awareness of ourselves as male or female and how we express our sexual values, attitudes, and feelings. a. gender identity b. sexual identity c. sexual orientation d. gender expression

b. sexual identity

Discrimination

behavior that treats people unequally because of some characteristic.

Heterosexism

belief that heterosexuality is the only legitimate sexual orientation.

Racism

beliefs that one's own racial group is inherently superior to other groups.

In all countries and regions, the greatest gender gaps are in _________. a. political awareness d. health and survival b. educational attainment e. legal expertise c. economic opportunity and participation

c. economic opportunity and participation

The array of competencies that have economic value and increase productivity is known as a. social capital. b. economic capital. c. human capital. d. cultural capital.

c. human capital.

Although Jo Ann's baby was born healthy, the doctors were not able to determine the baby's sex as the baby's internal reproductive organs were not fully developed. In this scenario, the baby would be classified as a(n) _____. a. heterosexual b. homosexual c. intersexual d. bisexual e. asexual

c. intersexual

People who have distinctive physical and cultural characteristics are a(n) a. racial group. b. ethnic group. c. racial-ethnic group. d. religious group

c. racial-ethnic group.

Our _____ is an awareness of ourselves as male or female and how we express our sexual values, attitudes, and feelings. a. gender identity b. sexuality c. sexual identity d. sexual orientation e. gender orientation

c. sexual identity

Assimilation

conforming to the dominant group's culture, adopting its language and values, and intermarrying with that group.

Which of the following statements is true of Asian Americans? a. Asian Indians are the largest Asian American group. b. Asian Americans have the lowest education levels. c. More than half of Asian Americans are employed in low-paying jobs. d. Asian Americans have the highest median household income. e. Asian Americans are the largest minority group in the United States.

d. Asian Americans have the highest median household income.

Which of the following is not a type of sexual orientation? a. Homosexual b. Asexual c. Bisexual d. Intersexual Hide Feedback

d. Intersexual

Gender expression

how a person communicates gender identity to others.

A ____________ is a political system in which, ideally, citizens have control over the state and its actions. a. monarchy b. government c. dictatorship d. democracy

d. democracy

A(n) ____________ is any physically or culturally distinctive group that has the most economic and political power. a. minority group b. racial group c. ethnic group d. dominant group

d. dominant group

Learned attitudes and behaviors that characterize women and men are known as _______. a. gender identity b. gender expression c. gender stereotypes d. gender

d. gender

U.S. minorities have numerous ethnic newspapers and radio stations, and the same constitutional rights as the dominant group. This is an example of _____. a. ethnocentrism b. imperialism c. segregation d. pluralism e. genocide

d. pluralism

According to conflict theorists, a ____________ is a small group of influential people who make the nation's major political decisions. a. political action committee (PAC) b. special-interest group c. lobbyist d. power elite

d. power elite

A(n) _____ refers to people who share visible physical characteristics, such as skin color and facial features. a. ethnic group b. minority group c. dominant group d. racial group e. subgroup

d. racial group

A _____ specifies the formal and informal norms for acceptable and unacceptable sexual behavior. a. double standard b. gender script c. gender role d. sexual script e. sexuality

d. sexual script

A(n) _____ is a large company that's based in one country but operates across international boundaries. a. non-governmental organization d. transnational corporation b. corporation e. globalized company c. conglomerate

d. transnational corporation

Economy

determines how a society produces, distributes, and consumes goods and services.

ageism

discrimination against older people.

oligopoly

domination of a market by a few large producers or suppliers.

monopoly

domination of a particular market or industry by one person or company.

_____ is an economic system based on private ownership of property and the means of production. a. Communism b. Anarchism c. Totalitarianism d. Socialism e. Capitalism

e. Capitalism

_____ refers to learned attitudes and behaviors that characterize women and men. a. Sex b. Identity c. Sexuality d. Stereotypes e. Gender

e. Gender

Which of the following statements is true of globalization? a. It gives unprecedented political power to consumers. b. It slows down the process of deindustrialization. c. It eliminates income inequality between workers and the global elite. d. It increases the number of workers in Western economies. e. It exploits poor people in developing countries.

e. It exploits poor people in developing countries.

A(n) _____ is any physically or culturally distinctive group that has the most economic and political power. a. minority group b. racial group c. ethnic group d. majority group e. dominant group

e. dominant group

Gender

learned attitudes and behaviors that characterize women and men.

miscegenation

marriage or sexual relations between a man and a woman of different races.

patrilocal residence pattern

newly married couples live with the husband's familly

matrilocal residence pattern

newly married couples live with the wife's family.

fictive kin

nonrelatives who are accepted as part of a family.

Continuity theory

older adults can substitute satisfying new roles for those they've lost.

monogamy

one person is married exclusively to another person.

Arranged marriage

parents or relatives choose the children's spouses.

arranged marriages

parents or relatives choose the children's spouses.

baby boomers

people born between 1946 and 1964.

exchange theory

people seek through their social interactions to maximize their rewards and minimize their costs.

Bisexuals

people who are sexually attracted to more than one gender.

discouraged workers

people who stop looking for work because they believe that job hunting is futile.

contact hypothesis

posits that the more people get to know members of a minority group personally, the less likely they are to be prejudiced against that group.

traditional authority

power based on customs that justify the ruler's position.

Charismatic authority

power based on exceptional individual abilities and characteristics that inspire devotion, trust, and obedience.

monarchy

power based on heredity that passes from generation to generation.

Rational-legal authority

power based on the belief that laws and appointed or elected political leaders are legitimate.

activity theory

proposes that many older people remain engaged in numerous roles and activities, including work.

marriage market

prospective spouses compare the assets and liabilities of eligible partners and choose the best available mate.

Offshoring

sending work or jobs to another country to cut a company's costs at home.

deindustrialization

social and economic change that reduces industrial activity, espe-cially manufacturing.

lobbyist

someone hired by a special-interest group to influence legislation on the group's behalf.

sexual script

specifies the formal and informal norms for acceptable or unacceptable sexual behavior.

power

the ability of a person or group to influence others, even if they resist.

Life expectancy

the average expected number of years of life remaining at a given age.

Sex

the biological characteristics with which we are born.

Gender roles

the characteristics, attitudes, feelings, and behaviors that society expects of females and males.

gender pay gap

the difference between men's and women's earnings (also called the wage gap, pay gap, and gender wage gap).

totalitarianism

the government controls almost every aspect of people's lives.

globalization

the growth and spread of investment, trade, production, communication, and new technology around the world.

Authority

the legitimate use of power.

matriarchal family system

the oldest females control cultural, political, and economic resources and, consequently, have power over males.

patriarchal family system

the oldest males control cultural, political, and economic re-sources and, consequently, have power over females.

Gendered racism

the overlapping and cumulative effects of inequality due to racism and sexism.

acculturation

the process of adopting the language, values, beliefs, and other characteristics of the host culture.

interlocking directorate

the same people serve on the boards of directors of several companies or corporations.

authoritarianism

the state controls the lives of citizens but permits some degree of indi-vidual freedom.

Genocide

the systematic effort to kill all members of a particular ethnic, religious, political, racial, or national group.

Heterosexuals

those who are sexually attracted to people of the opposite sex.

Homosexuals

those who are sexually attracted to people of the same sex.

Asexuals

those who lack any interest in or desire for sex.

Cohabitation

two unrelated and unmarried people live together and are in a sexual relationship.

institutional discrimination

unequal treatment because of a society's everyday laws, policies, practices, and customs.

Individual discrimination

unequal treatment on a one-to-one basis.

boomerang generation

young adults who move back into their parents' home or never leave it in the first place.

dominant group

a physically or culturally distinctive group that has the most economic and political power, the greatest privileges, and the highest social status.

Communism

a political and economic system in which property is communally owned and all people are considered equal.

pluralism

a political system in which power is distributed among a variety of competing groups in a society.

democracy

a political system in which, ideally, citizens have control over the state and its actions.

power elite

a small group of influential people who make the nation's major political decisions.

Marriage

a socially approved mating relationship.

Which of the following best defines communism? a. A political and economic system in which there is common ownership of property and all people are considered equal b. An economic system based on private ownership of property and competition in producing and selling goods and services c. An economic system that combines private ownership of property and market competition d. A political and economic system in which the state controls the lives of citizens but permits some degree of individual freedom e. A political system in which the government controls almost every aspect of people's lives

a. A political and economic system in which there is common ownership of property and all people are considered equal

political action committee

(PAC) a special-interest group that raises money to elect one or more candidates to public office.

political action committees (PACs)

(PAC) a special-interest group that raises money to elect one or more candidates to public office.

translational conglomerate

(also called a multinational conglomerate) a corporation that owns a collection of different companies in various industries in a number of countries.

transnational corporation

(also called a multinational corporation or an international corporation) a large company that's based in one country but operates across international boundaries.

special-interest group

(also called an interest group) a group of people that seeks or receives benefits or special treatment.

Child maltreatment

(also called child abuse) a broad range of behaviors that can result in serious emotional or physical harm.

Elder abuse

(also called elder mistreatment) any knowing, intentional, or negligent act by a caregiver or other person that causes harm to people age 65 or older.

motherhood penalty

(also called motherhood wage penalty or mommy penalty) a pay gap between women who are and aren't mothers.

Welfare capitalism

(also called state capital-ism) an economic system that combines private ownership of property, market competition, and a government's regulation of many programs and services.

old-age dependency ratio

(also called the elderly support ratio) the number of working age (18 to 64) adults for every person aged 65 and older.

Exogamy

(often used interchangeably with heterogamy) cultural practice of marrying outside one's group.

Endogamy

(often used interchangeably with homogamy) cultural practice of marrying within one's group.

transnational conglomerates

Definition: (also called a multinational conglomerate) a corporation that owns a collection of different companies in various industries in a number of countries.

sexual double standard

a code that permits greater sexual freedom for men than women.

conglomerate

a corporation that owns a collection of companies in different industries.

nuclear family

a family form composed of married parents and their biological or adopted children.

extended family

a family form composed of parents, children, and other kin.

homophobia

a fear and hatred of lesbians and gays

government

a formal organization that has the authority to make and enforce laws.

Polygamy

a man or woman has two or more spouses.

neolocal residence pattern

a newly married couple sets up its own residence

gender identity

a perception of oneself as either masculine or feminine.

work

a physical or mental activity that produces goods or services.

Which statement about American jobs is NOT true? a. Approximately 25 percent of U.S. jobs pay less than $15 an hour. b. The number of people in the "alternative workforce" is rising. c. A majority of Americans are uninvolved and unhappy in their jobs. d. Americans work longer hours and take less vacations than Europeans.

a. Approximately 25 percent of U.S. jobs pay less than $15 an hour.

_____ is the legitimate use of power. a. Authority b. Coercive power c. Legality d. Charisma e. Fairness

a. Authority

In the context of sociological explanations of family and aging, which of the following is a similarity between conflict theorists and feminist scholars? a. Both emphasize the inequality of gender roles in families. b. Both see marriage as critical in promoting social order and cohesion. c. Both emphasize that families construct their everyday lives through interaction and subjective interpretations of family roles. d. Both agree that there is considerable inequality between low-income and wealthy families in accessing necessary resources. e. Both provide sociological explanations of families and aging at a micro-level.

a. Both emphasize the inequality of gender roles in families.

Which of the following is a macro-level reason for declining marriage and divorce rates in the United States? a. Changes in U.S. values d. Communication problems b. The effect of spousal abuse e. Premarital doubts c. Financial problems

a. Changes in U.S. values

Which of the following is a theoretical perspective that analyzes gender and sexuality at both macro and micro levels? a. Feminist perspective d. Symbolic interactionist perspective b. Structuralist perspective e. Functionalist perspective c. Conflict theorist perspective

a. Feminist perspective

Which of the following best illustrates the feminist perspective on work and the economy? a. Gender roles structure women's and men's work experiences differently and inequitably. b. Capitalism enables the rich to exploit other groups; most jobs are low-paying, monotonous, and alienating; productivity isn't always rewarded. c. Capitalism benefits society; work provides an income, structures people's lives, and gives them a sense of accomplishment. d. How people define and experience work in their everyday lives affects their workplace behavior and relationships with coworkers and employers. e. Capitalism brings prosperity to society as a whole; work is necessary for a society's survival and defining its members' roles.

a. Gender roles structure women's and men's work experiences differently and inequitably.

Which of the following statements is true regarding intimate partner violence (IPV)? a. IPV is not limited to adults and in fact begins early in life. b. Men and women are both equally likely to experience IPV over a lifetime. c. Women with higher household incomes have a significantly higher prevalence of IPV. d. Women of a minority race are much more likely to experience IPV.

a. IPV is not limited to adults and in fact begins early in life.

Which of these is an economic system based on the public ownership of the production of goods and services? a. Socialism b. Capitalism c. Communism d. Welfare capitalism

a. Socialism

_____ is an economic system based on the public ownership of the production of goods and services. a. Socialism b. Capitalism c. Communism d. Anarcho-capitalism e. Collectivism

a. Socialism

politics

individuals and groups acquire and exercise power and authority and make decisions.

Which of the following statements is true of the gender pay gap? a. The average woman must work almost nine extra weeks every year to make the same wages as a man. b. Women receive half the pay men receive for the same work. c. Men and women receive equal pay for equal work in high-paying fields, but not low-paying fields. d. The gender pay gap continues to increase even as women on average work more hours than men.

a. The average woman must work almost nine extra weeks every year to make the same wages as a man.

Which of the following factors has contributed to the surge in women's employment? a. The growth in the number of college-educated women b. A decrease in the number of working single mothers c. Lower costs of homeownership d. Women earning more than men in the highest paying occupations e. Higher unemployment rates among men

a. The growth in the number of college-educated women

Which statement describes traditional authority? a. The ruler has power on the basis of long-standing customs, traditions, or religious beliefs. b. The ruler has extraordinary abilities and characteristics that inspire devotion, trust, and obedience. c. The rules and regulations that pertain to an office hold the power rather than the person holding the office. d. The ruler has the ability to influence others, even if they resist.

a. The ruler has power on the basis of long-standing customs, traditions, or religious beliefs.

Identify a true statement about symbolic interactionists with respect to the work and economy. a. They focus exclusively on formal rules that shape people's behavior. b. They provide insights on how people define and experience work. c. They focus on the widespread workplace inequality. d. They rely on macro-level approaches to explain the day-to-day meaning of work. e. They fail to explain how work shapes people's self-identity.

a. They focus exclusively on formal rules that shape people's behavior.

Which of the following is a political system in which the government controls almost every aspect of people's lives? a. Totalitarianism b. Authoritarianism c. Capitalism d. Communism

a. Totalitarianism

14. Which of the following statements is true of child maltreatment? a. U.S. child maltreatment rates have decreased since 2011. b. Sexual abuse is the most common type of child maltreatment. c. Physical abuse is the most common type of child maltreatment. d. Child maltreatment is most common in two-parent households. e. Child maltreatment differs significantly from child abuse.

a. U.S. child maltreatment rates have decreased since 2011.

The transfer of manufacturing jobs overseas that has been going on since at least the 1970s is referred to as _____. a. offshoring b. insourcing c. telecommuting d. gentrification e. conglomeration

a. offshoring

serial monogamy

individuals marry several people, but one at a time.

According to feminist scholars, families both mirror and perpetuate gender inequality and a. patriarchy. b. social inequality. c. procreation responsibilities. d. ageism.

a. patriarchy.

Around the world, the most common residence pattern is _____. a. patrilocal b. matrilocal c. neolocal d. matriarchal e. egalitarian

a. patrilocal

In Western societies, the typical family form is __________. a. the nuclear family d. composed of husband, wife, and the husband's family b. composed of parents, children, and other kin e. composed of husband, wife, and the wife's family c. the extended family

a. the nuclear family

Intimate partner violence (IPV)

abuse that occurs between people in a close relationship.

sexism

an attitude or behavior that discriminates against one sex, usually females, based on the assumed superiority of the other sex.

socialism

an economic system based on the public ownership of the production of goods and services.

family

an intimate group consisting of two or more people who (1) have a committed relationship, (2) care for one another and any children, and (3) share activities and close emotional ties.

corporation

an organization that has legal rights, privileges, and liabilities apart from those of its members.

political party

an organization that tries to influence and control government by recruiting, nominating, and electing its members to public office.

The United States ranks _____ in women's political leadership, out of 193 countries. a. 2nd b. 101st c. 23rd d. 64th e. 10th

b. 101st

Which of the following increases the risk of intimate partner violence? a. Stable employment d. A very high income b. A partner with a controlling personality e. A society that provides clear sanctions for violence c. Total agreement on family roles

b. A partner with a controlling personality

Which of the following statements best describes the perspective of conflict theorists on work and the economy? a. Gender roles structure women's and men's work experiences differently and inequitably. b. Capitalism enables the rich to exploit other groups; most jobs are low-paying, monotonous, and alienating; productivity isn't always rewarded. c. Capitalism benefits society; work provides an income, structures people's lives, and gives them a sense of accomplishment. d. How people define and experience work in their everyday lives affects their workplace behavior and relationships with coworkers and employers. e. Capitalism brings prosperity to society as a whole; work is necessary for a society's survival and defining its members' roles.

b. Capitalism enables the rich to exploit other groups; most jobs are low-paying, monotonous, and alienating; productivity isn't always rewarded.

Which of the following statements reflects the functionalist perspective on gender and sexuality? a. Gender roles give men power to control women's sexual lives. b. Gender roles are complementary and help society operate smoothly. c. Gender is a social construction that emerges through everyday interaction. d. Gender inequality is built into the social structure and sexuality reflects sexism. Hide Feedback

b. Gender roles are complementary and help society operate smoothly.

Which of the following is NOT one of the five functions families fulfill that ensure a society's survival? a. Procreation b. Recreation c. Economic security d. Emotional support

b. Recreation

Which of the following is true of social class in the context of a family? a. One's social class is always higher than that of one's parents. b. Social class affects all aspects of family life. c. The social class of an individual is constant throughout his or her life. d. Only families with biological children have a social class. e. Same-sex couples do not have a social class.

b. Social class affects all aspects of family life.

Which of the following is a macro-level factor affecting U.S. marriage and divorce rates? a. Race b. The economy c. Religion d. Infidelity e. Individual educational attainment

b. The economy

The fundamental premise of _____ is that people seek through their social interactions to maximize their rewards and minimize their costs. a. interaction theory d. relationship theory b. exchange theory e. conflict theory c. activity theory

b. exchange theory

Two of the most controversial and politically contested social issues continue to be abortion and a. hooking up. b. same-sex marriage. c. teenage sexual activity. d. sexual harassment.

b. same-sex marriage.

On a micro level, child mistreatment is most common in _____. a. two-parent households and extended families b. single-parent and stepparent households c. households with a matrilocal residence pattern d. an egalitarian family system e. two-parent households with a matriarchal family system

b. single-parent and stepparent households

In the context of family functions, children acquire language and absorb the accumulated knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, and values of their culture through _____. a. social stratification d. social security b. socialization e. procreation c. social class placement

b. socialization

Egalitarian family

both partners share power and authority fairly equally.

egalitarian family system

both partners share power and authority fairly equally.

Which theory proposes that many older people remain engaged in numerous roles and activities, including work, even in retirement? a. Exchange theory b. Continuity theory c. Activity theory d. Conflict theory

c. Activity theory

Which of the following statements is true about voting in the United States? a. In every presidential election since 1996, women have voted at lower rates than men. b. Historically, and across all elections, voting rates decrease with age. c. At each successive level of educational attainment, the voting rate increases. d. Young people have high voting registration rates and are more likely to reregister. e. Low-income people are more likely to vote than high-income people.

c. At each successive level of educational attainment, the voting rate increases.

Which of the following best illustrates the functionalist perspective on work and the economy? a. Gender roles structure women's and men's work experiences differently and inequitably. b. Capitalism enables the rich to exploit other groups; most jobs are low-paying, monotonous, and alienating. c. Capitalism benefits society; work provides an income, structures people's lives, and gives them a sense of accomplishment. d. How people define and experience work in their everyday lives affects their workplace behavior and relationships with coworkers and employers.

c. Capitalism benefits society; work provides an income, structures people's lives, and gives them a sense of accomplishment.

Which of the following statements best describes the functionalist perspective on work and the economy? a. Gender roles structure women's and men's work experiences differently and inequitably. b. Capitalism enables the rich to exploit other groups; most jobs are low-paying, monotonous, and alienating; productivity isn't always rewarded. c. Capitalism benefits society; work provides an income, structures people's lives, and gives them a sense of accomplishment. d. How people define and experience work in their everyday lives affects their workplace behavior and relationships with coworkers and employers. e. Capitalism creates social problems; globalization has led to job insecurity, and a handful of transnational conglomerates have enormous power.

c. Capitalism benefits society; work provides an income, structures people's lives, and gives them a sense of accomplishment.

Which of the following is true of women's cohabitation? a. Women's cohabitation rates have decreased. b. The likelihood of women cohabiting increases as their educational levels increase. c. College-educated women are more likely than those without college degrees to transition from cohabitation to marriage. d. Asian women have high cohabitation rates, whereas Hispanics from Latin and Central America have low cohabitation rates. e. Women who cohabit are more likely to divorce than those who did not cohabit.

c. College-educated women are more likely than those without college degrees to transition from cohabitation to marriage.

Jamal believes that families are important in maintaining societal stability, whereas Gina believes that families promote social inequality because of social class differences. In the context of sociological explanations of family and aging, which of the following statements is most likely to be true in this case? a. Both Jamal and Gina are functionalists. b. Both Jamal and Gina are feminists. c. Jamal is a functionalist, whereas Gina is a conflict theorist. d. Both Jamal and Gina are conflict theorists. e. Jamal is a symbolic interactionist, whereas Gina is a feminist.

c. Jamal is a functionalist, whereas Gina is a conflict theorist.

Which of the following statements is true about marriage and divorce in the United States? a. The marriage rate has been steadily increasing since the 1800s. b. The United States has one of the lowest divorce rates in the world. c. Many Americans are disillusioned about marriage. d. Nearly 85 percent of Americans who divorce remarry, half of them within 4 years. e. Divorce is no longer publicly acceptable.

c. Many Americans are disillusioned about marriage.

Which of the following is NOT a true statement about corporations? a. A mere 0.5 percent of U.S. corporations bring in 90 percent of all corporate income. b. A corporation can own a collection of companies in different industries and different countries. c. Many industrialized nations, including the United States, have recently closed corporate tax loopholes. d. Large U.S. corporations can bypass environmental regulations by moving production plants abroad.

c. Many industrialized nations, including the United States, have recently closed corporate tax loopholes.

Which is the most common type of child abuse? a. Physical abuse b. Sexual abuse c. Neglect d. Emotional/psychological abuse

c. Neglect

Which of the following is NOT one of the five functions fulfilled by families worldwide? a. Procreation b. Economic security c. Recreation d. Sexual activity e. Emotional support

c. Recreation

Which of the following statements is most likely to be supported by a Democrat in the United States? a. The obstacles that made it harder for women to get ahead are largely gone. b. The unborn should be protected in all cases; there should be no public money for abortions. c. The government should raise taxes on the wealthy and corporations, and expand programs for the poor. d. The government should increase state and local control of schools.

c. The government should raise taxes on the wealthy and corporations, and expand programs for the poor.

Which of the following is a consequence of longer life expectancies? a. Shorter retirements for workers d. Earlier retirements b. Fewer multigenerational households e. Fewer older people in the workforce c. The need to finance more years of retirement

c. The need to finance more years of retirement

_____ is also referred to as state capitalism. a. Crony capitalism d. Totalitarianism b. Mercantilism e. Corporate capitalism c. Welfare capitalism

c. Welfare capitalism

The motherhood penalty refers to _____. a. a lower employment rate of women with children b. a difference in wages between men and women with children c. a pay gap between women who are and aren't mothers d. the plight of women with children who cannot work full-time e. the resentment faced by working mothers in the work environment

c. a pay gap between women who are and aren't mothers

As of 2018, six companies control 90 percent of all U.S. media. This is an example of a. communism. b. a monopoly. c. an oligopoly. d. welfare capitalism

c. an oligopoly.

A(n) _____ is an organization that has legal rights, privileges, and liabilities apart from those of its members. a. oligopoly b. aid society c. corporation d. directorate e. industry

c. corporation

The cultural practice of marrying within one's group is known as _____. a. exogamy b. polyamory c. endogamy d. hierogamy e. monogamy

c. endogamy

A cultural practice of marrying outside one's group is known as a. endogamy. b. polyandry. c. exogamy. d. homogamy.

c. exogamy.

A _____ is defined as a courtship process in which prospective spouses compare the assets and liabilities of eligible partners, and choose the best available mate. a. neolocalization b. polygamy c. marriage market d. cohabitation e. monogamy

c. marriage market

incest taboo

cultural norms and laws that forbid sexual intercourse between close blood relatives.

Which of the following statements is true of marriage and divorce rates in the United States? a. Those with a high school diploma or less are more likely to marry than cohabit. b. Increasingly, the highly educated are marrying those with a high school diploma or less. c. The median age at first marriage is 21 for men and almost 23 for women, down from 27 for men and 30 for women in 1970. d. Americans with a bachelor's degree or higher have lower divorce rates than those without college degrees. e. College graduates have high divorce rates because they marry early.

d. Americans with a bachelor's degree or higher have lower divorce rates than those without college degrees.

Which of the following statements is true of marriage and divorce rates in the United States? a. Those with a high school diploma or less are more likely to marry than cohabit. b. Increasingly, the highly educated are marrying those with a high school diploma or less. c. The median age at first marriage is 21 for men and almost 23 for women, down from 27 for men and 30 for women in 1970. d. Americans with a bachelor's degree or higher have lower divorce rates than those without college degrees.

d. Americans with a bachelor's degree or higher have lower divorce rates than those without college degrees.

Which of the following statements is true of legitimate power? a. It relies on force or the threat of force. b. It comes solely from an individual's personality. c. It is never found outside of democracy. d. It comes from having a role, position, or title that people accept as legal and appropriate. e. It is not relational in any way.

d. It comes from having a role, position, or title that people accept as legal and appropriate.

Which of the following is NOT a contributing factor to declining U.S. marriage and divorce rates? a. Maturity b. The economy c. Waning traditional attitudes d. No-fault divorce law

d. No-fault divorce law

Which is NOT true of the United States' aging population? a. Many adult children will be caring for aging parents, grandparents, and other older relatives for more years than in the past. b. As the number of older people increases, so does the old-age dependency ratio. c. Disability rates have increased, particularly among baby boomers. d. One of the fastest growing groups is the old-old, or those who are 75-84 years old.

d. One of the fastest growing groups is the old-old, or those who are 75-84 years old.

In the context of families and aging, which of the following is a criticism of symbolic interactionist theories? a. They tend to gloss over data that show that intimate partner violence is often mutual. b. Theories about why people continue working as they age overlook the fact that people cannot afford to retire. c. It's questionable whether some family functions are as universal as they claim. d. People don't always calculate the potential costs and rewards of every decision.

d. People don't always calculate the potential costs and rewards of every decision.

_____ is the ability of a person or group to influence others, even if they resist. a. Personality b. Competency c. Charisma d. Power e. Rationality

d. Power

In the context of sociological explanations of racial-ethnic inequality, which of the following perspectives argues that people learn attitudes toward dominant and minority groups through labeling and selective perception? a. Functionalist perspectives d. Symbolic interactionist perspectives b. Conflict perspectives e. Radical perspectives c. Feminist perspectives

d. Symbolic interactionist perspectives

18. Unlike traditional and charismatic authority, rational-legal authority _____. a. is most common in nonindustrialized societies where power resides in kinship groups b. is based on customs that justify a ruler's position c. is personal and reflects extraordinary deeds or even a belief that a leader has been chosen by God d. is power based on exceptional individual abilities and characteristics that inspire devotion e. is based on rules and regulations that pertain to an office

e. is based on rules and regulations that pertain to an office

The _____ refers to the number of working-age adults for every person aged 65 and older. a. elderly ratio d. life expectancy rate b. worker replacement rate e. old-age dependency ratio c. aging ratio

e. old-age dependency ratio

gender stereotypes

expectations about how people will look, act, think, and feel based on their sex.

Same-sex marriage

(also called gay mar-riage) a legally recognized marriage between two people of the same biological sex and/or gender identity

Occupational sex segregation

(sometimes called occupational gender segregation) the process of channeling women and men into different types of jobs.

sexual orientation

a preference for sexual partners of the same sex, of the opposite sex, of both sexes, or neither sex.

The gender pay gap is larger for black and Latina women than white or Asian women. This illustrates which of the following contentions of feminist theories of gender and sexuality? a. Gender, race, and social class intersect to form a hierarchical stratification system that shapes people's experiences and behavior. b. Men assert their power and control through rape, intimate partner violence, sexual harassment, and other violent acts. c. Women often experience harsher sanctions than men for workplace offenses. d. Sex is increasingly commercialized. e. Women's subordination includes their daily vulnerability to male violence.

a. Gender, race, and social class intersect to form a hierarchical stratification system that shapes people's experiences and behavior.

_____ is a product of our sexual identity, sexual orientation, and sexual scripts. a. Sexuality d. Sexual attitude b. Gender identity e. Gender inequality c. Sexual preference

a. Sexuality

Which of the following is a key point of the conflict theory on gender and sexuality? a. Agreed-on sexual norms contribute to a society's order and stability. b. Most societies regulate women's, but not men's, sexual behavior. c. Women's inequality reflects their historical and current domination by men, especially in the workplace. d. Gender is a social construction that emerges and is reinforced through everyday interactions. e. The social construction of sexuality varies across cultures because of societal norms and values.

b. Most societies regulate women's, but not men's, sexual behavior.

Which of the following statements is true about racial and ethnic self-identification? a. It is consistent across time and cultures. b. People have varying preferences for self-identification. c. Labels have a biological basis. d. There is no overlap between racial and ethnic categories. e. Very few people self-identify by a racial category.

b. People have varying preferences for self-identification.

_____ refers to the biological characteristics with which people are born—chromosomes, anatomy, hormones, and other physical and physiological attributes. a. Gender b. Sex c. Intellect d. Physique e. Figure

b. Sex

Which of the following is true of sexual scripts? a. They are unchangeable. b. They are highly gendered. c. They do not vary across groups. d. They are external.

b. They are highly gendered.

Which of the following is true of the descendants of European immigrants to the United States? a. They face the most hardships in assimilating to American culture. b. They generally fare much better financially than most other groups. c. They are all rich and powerful. d. Their numbers are expected to double within the next 20 years. e. They are the second largest minority group in the United States.

b. They generally fare much better financially than most other groups.

The process of adopting the language, values, beliefs, and other characteristics of the host culture is known as a. segregation. b. acculturation. c. assimilation. d. pluralism.

b. acculturation.

In the context of sociological explanations of racial-ethnic inequality, ____________ see ongoing strife between dominant and minority groups. a. functionalists b. conflict theorists c. symbolic interactionists d. feminist theorists

b. conflict theorists

In the context of the sociological explanations of racial-ethnic inequality, _____ see ongoing strife between dominant and minority groups. a. functionalists d. feminist theorists b. conflict theorists e. exchange theorists c. symbolic interactionists

b. conflict theorists

In all countries and regions, the greatest gender gaps are in a. educational attainment. b. economic participation. c. violence against females. d. violence against males. Hide Feedback

b. economic participation.

_____ are social structures that enable and reinforce people's unequal access to wealth, power, status, prestige, opportunity, and other valuable resources because of their sex. a. Political action committees d. Total institutions b. Booster clubs e. Virtual organizations c. Gendered institutions

c. Gendered institutions

In the context of dominant-minority group relations, which of the following statements best defines segregation? a. It is the systematic effort to kill all members of a particular ethnic, religious, political, racial, or national group. b. It is the process of adopting the language, values, beliefs, and other characteristics of the host culture. c. It is the physical and social separation of dominant and minority groups. d. It is the process of conforming to a dominant group's culture, adopting its language and values, and intermarrying with that group. e. It is the process of maintaining many aspects of one's original culture while living peacefully with the host culture.

c. It is the physical and social separation of dominant and minority groups.

What statement is true regarding interracial dating and marriage? a. Since becoming legal, racial-ethnic intermarriages have increased rapidly. b. The lower the educational level, the greater the potential for intermarriage. c. People often marry outside of their racial-ethnic groups because of a shortage of potential spouses within their own group. d. Intermarriage is more common among first-generation immigrants than those in later generations.

c. People often marry outside of their racial-ethnic groups because of a shortage of potential spouses within their own group.

Which of the following statements is true of stereotypes? a. They are always positive. b. They are always negative. c. They distort reality. d. They are easy to change once established.

c. They distort reality.

Which of the following is true of countries that have closed education gaps and have high levels of women's economic participation? a. Sexual violence against women has been eliminated. d. Their political leadership is gender balanced. b. Gender gaps no longer exist. e. Sexual violence against males is prevalent. c. They have strong economic growth.

c. They have strong economic growth.

Which of the following statements best defines discrimination? a. It is the process of maintaining many aspects of one's original culture while living peacefully with the host culture. b. It is the process of adopting the language, values, and beliefs of the host culture. c. It is a set of beliefs that one's own racial group is inherently superior to other groups. d. It is behavior that treats people unequally or unfairly because of their group membership. e. It is the systematic effort to kill all members of a particular ethnic, religious, political, racial, or national group.

d. It is behavior that treats people unequally or unfairly because of their group membership.

Which of the following statements is true of African Americans? a. African Americans are the largest minority group in the United States. b. The term African American refers to American residents with solely African ancestry. c. African Americans have higher education levels than Asians. d. The median family income of African Americans is the lowest of all racial-ethnic groups. e. African Americans are members of the only group ever brought to the United States voluntarily.

d. The median family income of African Americans is the lowest of all racial-ethnic groups.

Which of the following statements about immigrants and jobs is true? a. Immigrants have displaced Americans from jobs at all levels of society. b. Legal immigrants are less likely than undocumented immigrants to have technology and science skills. c. Most immigrants in the U.S. labor force are unauthorized. d. There's little evidence that immigration has had a negative impact on the majority of native-born workers' wages or employment levels. e. Immigration depresses wages across all sectors.

d. There's little evidence that immigration has had a negative impact on the majority of native-born workers' wages or employment levels.

Which of the following statements about immigrants and jobs is true? a. Immigrants have displaced Americans from jobs at all levels of society. b. Legal immigrants are less likely than undocumented immigrants to have technology and science skills. c. Most immigrants in the U.S. labor force are unauthorized. d. There's little evidence that immigration has had a negative impact on the majority of native-born workers' wages or employment levels.

d. There's little evidence that immigration has had a negative impact on the majority of native-born workers' wages or employment levels.

Which of the following statements is true of American Indians and Alaska Natives (AIANs)? a. They are a homogeneous group. b. Their median household income is lower than that of African Americans. c. Their education levels are decreasing in favor of working in physical labor jobs. d. They have been in what is now the United States longer than any other group.

d. They have been in what is now the United States longer than any other group.

Which of the following statements is true about intermarriage between different racial or ethnic groups? a. It is unaffected by proximity and education. b. It is solely due to micro-level factors. c. The rate of racial-ethnic intermarriages has increased rapidly. d. The higher the education level, the lower the possibility of intermarriage. e. People often intermarry because of a shortage of potential spouses within their own racial-ethnic group.

e. People often intermarry because of a shortage of potential spouses within their own racial-ethnic group.

Which of the following statements is true of Latinos? a. The Latino population is increasing this century due to recent immigration. b. The median household income of Latinos is higher than the national median. c. Latinos have the highest education levels in the United States. d. The median household income of Latinos is lower than that of American Indians. e. The median household income of Latinos is higher than that of African Americans.

e. The median household income of Latinos is higher than that of African Americans.

A(n) _____ refers to people who identify with a common national origin or cultural heritage. a. racial group b. social group c. cultural group d. reference group e. ethnic group

e. ethnic group

In 1851, the governor of California officially called for the extermination of all Indians in the state. This is an example of _____. a. segregation b. acculturation c. pluralism d. diaspora e. genocide

e. genocide

A(n) _____ is any group that may be treated differently and unequally because of their physical, cultural, or other characteristics. a. elite group b. dominant group c. race d. primary group e. minority

e. minority

Izzy, a white teenager, thinks that her friend, Lisa, has a low level of intelligence because Lisa is not white. In this case, Izzy's belief illustrates _____. a. pluralism b. acculturation c. assimilation d. apartheid e. prejudice

e. prejudice

Abortion

expulsion of an embryo or fetus from the uterus.