A&P Lecture Exam 2

which of the following is responsible for returning unused cholesterol; from cells to the liver for excretion?

HDL

which of these is responsible fro immunological surveillance by binding to tumor specific antigens

NK cells

which of these is NOT a product of the citric acid cycle?

Oxygen

The body's nonspecific defenses include all of the following except

B and T cells (B cells are involved in the humoral immune response targeting pathogens in blood and lymph) (T cells are involves in cell mediation immune response, targeting infected cells)

which of these is the most important factor in regulating respiration

Blood Pco2

what tissue type lines most of the upper respiration system

pseudostratified ciliated epithelium (other one is stratified squamous epitherlium)

Lymph nodes do all of the following except

remove excess nutrients from the lymph

The function of the citric acid cycle is to

remove hydrogen atoms from organic molecules and transfer them to coenzymes

Lymphocytes

respond to antigens

The thoracic duct drains lymph from all of the following regions except the

right arm and shoulder

Which of the following is not a function of the tongue?

saliva production

which hormone stimulates the liver to secrete more bile?

secretin

which type of epithelium lines most of the GI tract?

simple columnar good for secretion and absorption

Leslie has a bad sore throat, and the lymph glands in her neck are swollen. This would indicate that

the affected lymph glands contain an increased number of lymphocytes

The carbon dioxide of respiration is formed during

the citric acid cycle.

the glottis is

the opening to the larynx

If the dorsal respiratory group of neurons in the medulla oblongata were destroyed,

the person would stop breathing

how is the majority of CO2 transported from the tissues of the lungs

as HCO3- dissolved in the plasma

The attraction or repulsion of certain cells to chemicals in their environment is called

chemotaxis

which property allows cells of the immune system to sense a site of trauma or inflammation?

chemotaxis

After food and gastric juices combine, the gastric contents are referred to as

chyeme

Which class of leukocytes is particularly abundant in the red pulp of the spleen?

free and fixed macrophages

which of the following hormones stimulates the release of insulin by the pancreatic islets?

gastric inhibitory peptide

what hormone stimulates stomach activity?

gastrin

It's been 5 hours since you had breakfast and now you're thinking about trying the new Mexican lunch place that just opened up across the street. The more you think about it, the hungrier you get. Your increased hunger is the result of the ________ that your empty stomach is releasing into your bloodstream.

ghrelin

which of these hormones stimulates appetite

ghrelin Leptin-feel full

B cells are primarily activates by the activities

helper T cells

by what pathway do digested monosaccharides reach the liver?

hepatic portal vein

which of these can be caused by hyperventilation

hypocapnia

The condition of having low tissue oxygen levels is known as

hypoxia

Which of the following descriptions is not related to cholecystokinin (CCK)?

increases the sensation of hunger

Tom has hepatitis, an inflammation of the liver. Which of the following symptoms would you expect to observe in Tom?

jaundice

The part of the digestive tract that plays the primary role in chemical digestion and nutrient absorption is the

jejunum

which of the following is responsible for most nutrient absorption

jejunum

which of the following is an accessory organ of the GI tract?

liver

what happens to the majority of energy released through metabolism

lost as heat

what tissue cells release histamine as part of an inflammatory response?

mast cells

an inflammatory response is triggered when

mast cells release histamine and heprin

All of the following are true of the primary response to antigen exposure except that memory cells are destroyed. Answers: it depends on antigen triggering the appropriate B cell. it requires B cell differentiation into plasma cells. memory cells are destroyed. circulating antibodies undergo a gradual, sustained rise. it peaks 1 to 2 weeks after the initial exposure.

memory cells are destroyed

In oxidative phosphorylation, energy for the synthesis of ATP is directly obtained from the

movement of hydrogen ions through channels in the inner mitochondrial membrane

Immunity that results from exposure to an antigen in the environment is called ________ immunity

naturally acquired active immunity

breast feeding babies are protected by antibodies in their mother's milk. What type of immunity is conferred from mother to baby?

naturally acquired passive immunity

Antibodies may bind to superficial sites on bacteria or other toxins, making the toxin incapable of attaching itself to a cell. This mechanism is known as

neutralization

most of the lymph returns to the venous circulation by was of the

thoracic duct

what term refers to the amount of air moved in or out of the lungs during resting respiration?

tidal volume

during following, all of the following occur except Answers: solids are prevented from entering the respiratory tract. the tonsils contract. the epiglottis folds over the glottis. the uvula rises to block the nasopharynx. liquids are prevented from entering the respiratory tract.

tonsils contract

TO which scenario does immunological escape refer?

tumor cells avoiding detection by NK cells

the lymphatic system is composed of all of the following except appendix venae cavae spleen red bone marrow

venae cavae

Impaired fat absorption in the intestine would interfere with the absorption of

vitamin A.

under what condition do most body cells absorb glucose from the blood?

when insulin binds to a cell's carrier proteins (cells are stupid, wont take up unless told to)

areas of the spleen that contain large aggregations of lymphocyte are known as

white pulp

Parietal cells and their secretions are not involved in Answers: the absorption of vitamin B12. steps of erythropoiesis. the release of bicarbonate into the stomach. activation of pepsinogen to pepsin. the release of bicarbonate into the blood.

the release of bicarbonate into the stomach

how are lymphatic capillaries similar to blood capillaries?

they both collect interstitial fluid

Each of the following is a function of the liver except

antibody production.

Glycolytic breakdown of glucose first results in ________ molecules

2 pyruvate

Lymphatic vessels are located in almost all portions of the body except the

CNS

_______ carry excess cholesterol from peripheral tissues to the liver.

High-density lipoproteins (HDLs)

Describe immunodeficiency diseases.

Immunodeficiency diseases are an inadequate immune responses due to problems with embryonic development of lymphoid organs and tissues, a viral infection, or treatment with or exposure to immunosuppressive agents

________ is the amount of air that you can inhale above the resting tidal volume.

Inspiratory reserve volume

Which of the following is not true of the serous membrane that lines the peritoneal cavity Answers: It secretes peritoneal fluid. It decreases friction. It lubricates the cavity. It prevents irritation. It can be directly observed during a colonoscopy.

It can be directly observed during a colonoscopy.

________ are clusters of lymphoid nodules deep to the epithelial lining of the small intestine

Peyer's patches

Which of the following statements about bronchioles is true?

Sympathetic action causes bronchodilation.

adaptive immunity is the result of the actions of

T and B cells

some babies are born without a thymus. what aspect of immunity will be most impacted

T cell production

The cells directly responsible for cell-mediated immunity are the ________ cells

T cells

What is perforin?

a protein produced by NK cells

what term refers to the ability of antibodies to cause antigenic cells to clump together?

agglutination

Inappropriate or excessive immune responses to antigens are

allergies

Complement activation begins when the complement protein binds to

an antibody attached to an antigen

which of the following is responsible for the production of flatus?

bacteria

Most of the carbon dioxide in the blood is transported as

bicarbonate ions.

which of these is a digestive function of the liver?

bile salt synthesis

which of these is NOT involved in protein digestion?

bile salts

which of these is involved in lipid digestion?

bile salts

which of these carries blood that came from the intestine directly into the hepatic lobules?

branch of hepatic portal vein

which state is associated with an asthma attack?

bronchoconstrition

lacteals

carry absorbed fats to the lymphatic system Lymphatic vessels of the small intestine

Damage to the type II pneumocytes of the lungs would result in all of the following except

decreased number of alveolar macrophages

Helper T cells do all of the following except destroy target cells using perforins. Answers: activate sensitized B cells by costimulation. destroy target cells using perforins. enhance cell-mediated immunity. secrete cytokines to stimulate production of plasma cells. enhance antibody-mediated immunity.

destroy target cells using perforins

which of these is a function of cytotoxic T cells

destruction of target cells

which of these is triggered by CCK

dilation of hepatopancreatic sphincter

which of these has the highest per-wt. caloric content

fat

Blockage of the common hepatic duct would interfere with digestion of

fats the heptic duct carries bile from the liver into the common bile duct

All of the following are associated with the oral cavity except

initial digestion of proteins.

In quiet breathing,

inspiration involves muscular contractions and expiration is passive

Pancreatic exocrine cells secrete all of the following except

insulin (beta cells)

Low pH (more acidic) alters hemoglobin structure so that oxygen binds less strongly to hemoglobin at low PO2. This increases the effectiveness of

internal respiration

what is the location of the enzymes that complete the last step in carb digestion

intestinal brush border

If pathogens cross the physical barriers, the first line of cellular defense against pathogens are the

phagocytes.

which of the following is NOT solely a part of the respiratory tract?

pharynx

which of these is NOT classified as a type T lymphocyte?

plasma

All of the following are true of the intestinal phase of gastric digestion except that it

precedes the gastric phase

In response to tissue damage and infection, circulating proteins called pyrogens

produce a fever.

what is the primary function of a pneumocyte type 2?

production of surfactant, help prevent alveolar from sticking or collapsing

which of the following types of epithelium line the trachea?

pseudostratified ciliated columnar