Chapter 15: Intracellular Compartments and Transport
Name two types of protein modification that can occur in the ER but not in the cytosol.
1. Proteins in the ER can undergo disulfide bond formation. (This does not occur in the cytosol because of its reducing environment.) 2. Proteins in the ER can undergo glycosylation. (Glycosylating enzymes are not found in the cytosol.) (Signal-sequence cleavage is also an acceptable answer, although not really what this question is referring to.)
Name three possible fates for an endocytosed molecule that has reached the endosome.
1. recycled to the original membrane 2. destroyed in the lysosome 3. transcytosed across the cell to a different membrane
What is the role of the nuclear localization sequence in a nuclear protein? (a) It is bound by cytoplasmic proteins that direct the nuclear protein to the nuclear pore. (b) It is a hydrophobic sequence that enables the protein to enter the nuclear membranes. (c) It aids in protein unfolding so that the protein can thread through nuclear pores. (d) It prevents the protein from diffusing out of the nucleus through nuclear pores.
A
Which of the following statements about membrane-enclosed organelles is true? (a) In a typical cell, the area of the endoplasmic reticulum membrane far exceeds the area of plasma membrane. (b) The nucleus is the only organelle that is surrounded by a double membrane. (c) Other than the nucleus, most organelles are small and thus, in a typical cell, only about 10% of a cell's volume is occupied by membrane enclosed organelles; the other 90% of the cell volume is the cytosol. (d) The nucleus is the only organelle that contains DNA.
A
Which of the following statements about secretion is true? (a) The membrane of a secretory vesicle will fuse with the plasma membrane when it discharges its contents to the cell's exterior. (b) Vesicles for regulated exocytosis will not bud off the trans Golgi network until the appropriate signal has been received from the cell. (c) The signal sequences of proteins destined for constitutive exocytosis ensure their packaging into the correct vesicles. (d) Proteins destined for constitutive exocytosis aggregate as a result of the acidic pH of the trans Golgi network.
A
Which of the following statements about vesicle budding from the Golgi is false? (a) Clathrin molecules are important for binding to and selecting cargos for transport. (b) Adaptins interact with clathrin. (c) Once vesicle budding occurs, clathrin molecules are released from the vesicle. (d) Clathrin molecules act at the cytosolic surface of the Golgi membrane.
A
Name the membrane-enclosed compartments in a eucaryotic cell where each of the functions listed below takes place. A. photosynthesis B. transcription C. oxidative phosphorylation D. modification of secreted proteins E. steroid hormone synthesis F. degradation of worn-out organelles G. new membrane synthesis H. breakdown of lipids and toxic molecules
A: chloroplast B: nucleus C: mitochondrion D: rough ER and Golgi E: smooth ER F: lysosome G: ER H: peroxisome
An individual transport vesicle (a) contains only one type of protein in its lumen. (b) will fuse with only one type of membrane. (c) is endocytic if it is traveling toward the plasma membrane. (d) is enclosed by a membrane with the same lipid and protein composition as the membrane of the donor organelle.
B
Which of the following statements about the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is false? (a) The ER is the major site for new membrane synthesis in the cell. (b) Proteins to be delivered to the ER lumen are synthesized on smooth ER. (c) Steroid hormones are synthesized on the smooth ER. (d) The ER membrane is contiguous with the outer nuclear membrane.
B
In which cellular location would you expect to find ribosomes translating mRNAs that encode ribosomal proteins? (a) the nucleus (b) on the rough ER (c) in the cytosol (d) in the lumen of the ER
C
Most proteins destined to enter the endoplasmic reticulum (a) are transported across the membrane after their synthesis is complete. (b) are synthesized on free ribosomes in the cytosol. (c) begin to cross the membrane while still being synthesized. (d) remain within the endoplasmic reticulum.
C
Which of the following organelles are not part of the endomembrane system? (a) Golgi apparatus (b) the nucleus (c) mitochondria (d) lysosomes
C
Which of the following statements about the unfolded protein response (UPR) is false? (a) Activation of the UPR results in the production of more ER membrane. (b) Activation of the UPR results in the production of more chaperone proteins. (c) Activation of the UPR occurs when receptors in the cytoplasm sense misfolded proteins. (d) Activation of the UPR results in the cytoplasmic activation of gene regulatory proteins.
C
Which of the following statements is true? (a) The signal sequences on mitochondrial proteins are usually C-terminal. (b) Most mitochondrial proteins are not imported from the cytosol but are synthesized inside the mitochondria. (c) Chaperone proteins in the mitochondria facilitate the movement of proteins across the outer and inner mitochondrial membranes. (d) Mitochondrial proteins cross the membrane in their native, folded state.
C
Your friend has just joined a lab that studies vesicle budding from the Golgi and has been given a cell line that does not form mature vesicles. He wants to start designing some experiments but wasn't listening carefully when he was told about the molecular defect of this cell line. He's too embarrassed to ask and comes to you for help. He does recall that this cell line forms coated pits but vesicle budding and the removal of coat proteins don't happen. Which of the following proteins might be lacking in this cell line? (a) clathrin (b) Rab (c) dynamin (d) adaptin
C
Your friend works in a biotechnology company and has discovered a drug that blocks the ability of Ran to exchange GDP for GTP. What is the most likely effect of this drug on nuclear transport? (a) Nuclear transport receptors would be unable to bind cargo. (b) Nuclear transport receptors would be unable to enter the nucleus. (c) Nuclear transport receptors would be unable to release their cargo in the nucleus. (d) Nuclear transport receptors would interact irreversibly with the nuclear pore fibrils.
C
After isolating the rough endoplasmic reticulum from the rest of the cytoplasm, you purify the RNAs attached to it. Which of the following proteins do you expect the RNA from the rough endoplasmic reticulum to encode? (a) soluble secreted proteins (b) ER membrane proteins (c) plasma membrane proteins (d) all of the above
D
N-linked oligosaccharides on secreted glycoproteins are attached to (a) nitrogen atoms in the polypeptide backbone. (b) the serine or threonine in the sequence Asn-X-Ser/Thr. (c) the N-terminus of the protein. (d) the asparagine in the sequence Asn-X-Ser/Thr.
D
Where are proteins in the chloroplast synthesized? (a) in the cytosol (b) in the chloroplast (c) on the endoplasmic reticulum (d) in both the cytosol and the chloroplast
D
Which of the following choices reflects the appropriate order through which a protein destined for the plasma membrane travels? (a) lysosome → endosome → plasma membrane (b) ER → lysosome → plasma membrane (c) Golgi → lysosome → plasma membrane (d) ER → Golgi → plasma membrane
D
Which of the following protein families are not involved in directing transport vesicles to the target membrane? (a) SNAREs (b) Rabs (c) tethering proteins (d) adaptins
D
Which of the following statements about disulfide bond formation is false? (a) Disulfide bonds do not form under reducing environments. (b) Disulfide bonding occurs by the oxidation of pairs of cysteine side chains on the protein. (c) Disulfide bonding stabilizes the structure of proteins. (d) Disulfide bonds form spontaneously within the ER because the lumen of the ER is oxidizing.
D
You are interested in Fuzzy, a soluble protein that functions within the ER lumen. Given that information, which of the following statement must be true? (a) Fuzzy has a C-terminal signal sequence that binds to SRP. (b) Only one ribosome can be bound to the mRNA encoding Fuzzy during translation. (c) Fuzzy must contain a hydrophobic stop-transfer sequence. (d) Once the signal sequence from Fuzzy has been cleaved, the signal peptide will be ejected into the ER membrane and degraded.
D
If a lysosome breaks, what protects the rest of the cell from lysosomal enzymes?
The lysosomal enzymes are all acid hydrolases, which have optimal activity at the low pH (about 5.0) found in the interior of lysosomes. If a lysosome were to break, the acid hydrolases would find themselves at pH 7.2, the pH of the cytosol, and would therefore do little damage to cellular constituents.
In a cell capable of regulated secretion, what are the three main classes of proteins that must be separated before they leave the trans Golgi network?
The three main classes of protein that must be sorted before they leave the trans Golgi network in a cell capable of regulated secretion are (1) those destined for lysosomes, (2) those destined for secretory vesicles, and (3) those destined for immediate delivery to the cell surface.