Chapter 15 The Respiratory System
Pulse oximeter
Index finger
How important is oxygen to the human body
It is essential to survival of living cells; lack of O2 for a few minutes can be fatal
How does the surfactant affect inflation of the lungs
It maintains the inflated alveolus so that it doesn't collapse between breaths
About the middle of the sternum, the trachea divides into 2 sections called the:
Left & right bronchi
Primary cause (80-90%) of COPD
Long term cigarette smoking
Structures of bronchial tree are contained in an organ know as
Lung
URI
Sore throat, nasal congestion, headache, burning, watery eyes, fever & nonproductive cough
pneumothorax
Sudden sharp pain, unequal chest wall expansion, may be chest wound; weak rapid pulse, dyspnea, lung collapse
spirometry
Used to evaluate pts vital capacity or amount of air available in the lungs for respiration
Not a symptom of influenza
Vomiting & diarrhea
SIDS occurs more frequently in:
Winter
respiratory distress syndrome
affects infants, causing respiratory distress, rapid and shallow breathing, retracted sternum, flared nostrils, grunting
pulmonary angiography
aid in diagnosing pulmonary emboli and evaluating pulmonary circulation in certain heart conditions before surgery
Pneumothorax is defined as:
air in the pleural space
Alveoli
air sacs in the lungs
paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea
awaken from sleep with feeling of suffocation
cyanosis
bluish discoloration of the skin
Influenza
flu virus
epistaxis
nosebleed
After air is filtered, warmed, and moistened in the nose, it enters the:
pharynx
SIDS
prolonged apnea in infants , irregular heart rate , severe lack of oxygen
allergic rhinitis
reaction to airborne allergens causing sneezing, profuse watery nasal discharge, and nasal congestion
hiccoughs
spasms of the diaphragm and spasmodic closures of the glottis
laryngectomy
surgical removal of the larynx
chest x-ray
to determine basic condition of the lungs or identify a disease process
Sputum analysis
to diagnose infectious organisms or cancer cells
lung perfusion scan
to provide a visual image of pulmonary blood flow to diagnose blood vessel obstruction
thoracentesis
To withdraw fluid from the pleural space
internal respiration
Exchange of O2 & CO2 at the level of the cell
Symptoms of sinusitis
Fever, headache & nasal congestion
Pulmonary edema occurs when
Fluid accumulates within the tissues of the lung
Pulmonary edema
Fluid collection within lung tissue associated with heart disease; causes dyspnea orthopnea & frothy bloody sputum
Tuberculosis is:
Highly contagious
pleural effusion
Hypoxia due to the presence of excess fluid in the plural space
Emphysema
Inability to exchange oxygen & carbon dioxide; causing chronic cough, pursed-lips breathing, cyanosis & weight loss
URI's is usually self limiting after a ____ day incubation period
1-4
pulmonary embolism
Dyspnea, chest pain, rapid heart, productive cough, low-grade fever; caused by blood vessel obstruction
Emphysema causes
Enlarged alveolar spaces in the lungs
A pulmonary embolus is
A blood clot obstructing an arteriole in the lungs
If acidic, there is an excess hydrogen ion; alkalinity indicates:
A deficit
pH determines ____ which indicates ____
Acidic base level; gurdd oven ion content
pneumonia
Acute infection causing, sputum, fever, pleural chest pain; impairs exchange of oxygen & carbon dioxide
Influenza
Acute, contagious disease with chills, fever, headache, muscular aches & nonproductive cough
pneumonoconiosis
Environmental disease causing dyspnea, lack of oxygen, bronchial congestion
Left lung has 2 lobes:
Upper & lower
Right lung has 3 lobes:
Upper, middle & lower
PET scans are used for:
(1) determination of lung cancer metastasis, such as bone, mediastinal lymph nodes & abdominal organs (2) evaluation of solitary pulmonary nodule, greater then 1cm in pts that are high risk for biopsy (3) early detection of recurrent cancer
Adult human being carries ___ quarts of oxygen in blood, lungs & tissues
2
A portable liquid oxygen tank generally lasts
2-3 hours
When food is swallowed, a cartilage "lid" is pushed by base of tongue to cover opening into the larynx, known as:
Epiglottis
SIDS kills about ____ infants annually in the US
2000
COPD affects an estimated ___ million Americans
24
Empyhsema
Air sacs are damaged/enlarged causing breathlessness
bronchitis
An infectious, acute or chronically developed disease causing wheezing, dyspnea & productive cough
Wheezing, coughing & SOB are common symptoms of
Asthma
Asthma
Bronchospasms; allergic disorder causing wheezing, dyspnea, sputum production
Asthma can progress to a condition similar to
COPD
Histoplasmosis
Caused by an organism found in droppings from birds/bats
acute bronchitis
Causes by viral & bacterial respiratory infections
COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease)
Characterized by chronic obstruction of airways; progressive; most common lung disease
Histoplasmosis
Cold-like symptoms initially; progressing to involve liver, spleen & lymph glands; productive cough, dyspnea & weakness
Five instances when breathing pattern is altered normally
Coughing, hiccoughs, sneezing, yawning & crying/laughing
Epiglottis
Covers opening to the larynx when swallowing
Surfactant
Degree of inflation depends on presence of fatty molecule on respiratory membrane known as:
The bronchoscope can be used for all except:
Delivering oxygen into the lungs
Legionnaire's disease
Diarrhea, lack of appetite, headache, chills, fever that persists, weakness & grayish sputum
atelectasis
Dyspnea due to collapse of alveoli
Lung cancer is leading cause of cancer deaths in
Men & women
Childhood asthma can be
Mild to severe; but often is outgrown or improved
NOT a symptom of sinusitis
Muscle aches
Tuberculosis
Nodular lesions & patchy infiltration of lung tissue causing fatigue, weakness, lack of appetite, weight loss & night sweats
Diffusion
Oxygen & carbon dioxide in the alveolus & the cell exchange by process of:
Complications of viral infections, pneumonia, tuberculosis, chest injury & others can cause:
Pleurisy
Histoplasmosis occurs in 3 forms:
Primary acute, progressive disseminated & chronic pulmonary
external respiration
Process of getting O2 from nose to alveolus & into capillary & return of CO2 to the nose
COPD symptoms
Productive cough, dyspnea, wheezing, hypoxemia, weight loss & lack of appetite
COPD
Progressive, complex disease with marked dyspnea, productive cough, frequent respiratory infections, barrel chest & respiratory failure
Mucus streaming is:
Propelling particles upward past the epiglottis
Where is oxygen produced
Provided continuously by plants on land & in the sea
COPD involves what systems
Respiratory, circulatory, digestive & muscular
pleurisy
Sharp, stabbing pain with lung respirations, some dyspnea, usually one-sided
lung ventilation scan
To determine distribution pattern of inhaled gas to identify obstructed airways
lung scan
To evaluate pulmonary emboli
arterial blood gases (ABGs)
To measure partial pressures of O2 & CO2 in lungs by determining pH of blood
bronchoscopy
To observe trachea & bronchial tree, obtain a sample or remove a foreign body
spontaneous
having no external cause, acting on impulse
laryngitis
inflammation of the larynx, or voice box
pneumonia
inflammation of the lungs
atelectasis
lack of air in the lungs caused by the collapse of the microscopic structures of the lungs
Ventilation
movement of air in and out of the lungs
Nose is divided by a wall of cartilage called:
nasal septum