Chapter 15 The Respiratory System

Pulse oximeter

Index finger

How important is oxygen to the human body

It is essential to survival of living cells; lack of O2 for a few minutes can be fatal

How does the surfactant affect inflation of the lungs

It maintains the inflated alveolus so that it doesn't collapse between breaths

About the middle of the sternum, the trachea divides into 2 sections called the:

Left & right bronchi

Primary cause (80-90%) of COPD

Long term cigarette smoking

Structures of bronchial tree are contained in an organ know as

Lung

URI

Sore throat, nasal congestion, headache, burning, watery eyes, fever & nonproductive cough

pneumothorax

Sudden sharp pain, unequal chest wall expansion, may be chest wound; weak rapid pulse, dyspnea, lung collapse

spirometry

Used to evaluate pts vital capacity or amount of air available in the lungs for respiration

Not a symptom of influenza

Vomiting & diarrhea

SIDS occurs more frequently in:

Winter

respiratory distress syndrome

affects infants, causing respiratory distress, rapid and shallow breathing, retracted sternum, flared nostrils, grunting

pulmonary angiography

aid in diagnosing pulmonary emboli and evaluating pulmonary circulation in certain heart conditions before surgery

Pneumothorax is defined as:

air in the pleural space

Alveoli

air sacs in the lungs

paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea

awaken from sleep with feeling of suffocation

cyanosis

bluish discoloration of the skin

Influenza

flu virus

epistaxis

nosebleed

After air is filtered, warmed, and moistened in the nose, it enters the:

pharynx

SIDS

prolonged apnea in infants , irregular heart rate , severe lack of oxygen

allergic rhinitis

reaction to airborne allergens causing sneezing, profuse watery nasal discharge, and nasal congestion

hiccoughs

spasms of the diaphragm and spasmodic closures of the glottis

laryngectomy

surgical removal of the larynx

chest x-ray

to determine basic condition of the lungs or identify a disease process

Sputum analysis

to diagnose infectious organisms or cancer cells

lung perfusion scan

to provide a visual image of pulmonary blood flow to diagnose blood vessel obstruction

thoracentesis

To withdraw fluid from the pleural space

internal respiration

Exchange of O2 & CO2 at the level of the cell

Symptoms of sinusitis

Fever, headache & nasal congestion

Pulmonary edema occurs when

Fluid accumulates within the tissues of the lung

Pulmonary edema

Fluid collection within lung tissue associated with heart disease; causes dyspnea orthopnea & frothy bloody sputum

Tuberculosis is:

Highly contagious

pleural effusion

Hypoxia due to the presence of excess fluid in the plural space

Emphysema

Inability to exchange oxygen & carbon dioxide; causing chronic cough, pursed-lips breathing, cyanosis & weight loss

URI's is usually self limiting after a ____ day incubation period

1-4

pulmonary embolism

Dyspnea, chest pain, rapid heart, productive cough, low-grade fever; caused by blood vessel obstruction

Emphysema causes

Enlarged alveolar spaces in the lungs

A pulmonary embolus is

A blood clot obstructing an arteriole in the lungs

If acidic, there is an excess hydrogen ion; alkalinity indicates:

A deficit

pH determines ____ which indicates ____

Acidic base level; gurdd oven ion content

pneumonia

Acute infection causing, sputum, fever, pleural chest pain; impairs exchange of oxygen & carbon dioxide

Influenza

Acute, contagious disease with chills, fever, headache, muscular aches & nonproductive cough

pneumonoconiosis

Environmental disease causing dyspnea, lack of oxygen, bronchial congestion

Left lung has 2 lobes:

Upper & lower

Right lung has 3 lobes:

Upper, middle & lower

PET scans are used for:

(1) determination of lung cancer metastasis, such as bone, mediastinal lymph nodes & abdominal organs (2) evaluation of solitary pulmonary nodule, greater then 1cm in pts that are high risk for biopsy (3) early detection of recurrent cancer

Adult human being carries ___ quarts of oxygen in blood, lungs & tissues

2

A portable liquid oxygen tank generally lasts

2-3 hours

When food is swallowed, a cartilage "lid" is pushed by base of tongue to cover opening into the larynx, known as:

Epiglottis

SIDS kills about ____ infants annually in the US

2000

COPD affects an estimated ___ million Americans

24

Empyhsema

Air sacs are damaged/enlarged causing breathlessness

bronchitis

An infectious, acute or chronically developed disease causing wheezing, dyspnea & productive cough

Wheezing, coughing & SOB are common symptoms of

Asthma

Asthma

Bronchospasms; allergic disorder causing wheezing, dyspnea, sputum production

Asthma can progress to a condition similar to

COPD

Histoplasmosis

Caused by an organism found in droppings from birds/bats

acute bronchitis

Causes by viral & bacterial respiratory infections

COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease)

Characterized by chronic obstruction of airways; progressive; most common lung disease

Histoplasmosis

Cold-like symptoms initially; progressing to involve liver, spleen & lymph glands; productive cough, dyspnea & weakness

Five instances when breathing pattern is altered normally

Coughing, hiccoughs, sneezing, yawning & crying/laughing

Epiglottis

Covers opening to the larynx when swallowing

Surfactant

Degree of inflation depends on presence of fatty molecule on respiratory membrane known as:

The bronchoscope can be used for all except:

Delivering oxygen into the lungs

Legionnaire's disease

Diarrhea, lack of appetite, headache, chills, fever that persists, weakness & grayish sputum

atelectasis

Dyspnea due to collapse of alveoli

Lung cancer is leading cause of cancer deaths in

Men & women

Childhood asthma can be

Mild to severe; but often is outgrown or improved

NOT a symptom of sinusitis

Muscle aches

Tuberculosis

Nodular lesions & patchy infiltration of lung tissue causing fatigue, weakness, lack of appetite, weight loss & night sweats

Diffusion

Oxygen & carbon dioxide in the alveolus & the cell exchange by process of:

Complications of viral infections, pneumonia, tuberculosis, chest injury & others can cause:

Pleurisy

Histoplasmosis occurs in 3 forms:

Primary acute, progressive disseminated & chronic pulmonary

external respiration

Process of getting O2 from nose to alveolus & into capillary & return of CO2 to the nose

COPD symptoms

Productive cough, dyspnea, wheezing, hypoxemia, weight loss & lack of appetite

COPD

Progressive, complex disease with marked dyspnea, productive cough, frequent respiratory infections, barrel chest & respiratory failure

Mucus streaming is:

Propelling particles upward past the epiglottis

Where is oxygen produced

Provided continuously by plants on land & in the sea

COPD involves what systems

Respiratory, circulatory, digestive & muscular

pleurisy

Sharp, stabbing pain with lung respirations, some dyspnea, usually one-sided

lung ventilation scan

To determine distribution pattern of inhaled gas to identify obstructed airways

lung scan

To evaluate pulmonary emboli

arterial blood gases (ABGs)

To measure partial pressures of O2 & CO2 in lungs by determining pH of blood

bronchoscopy

To observe trachea & bronchial tree, obtain a sample or remove a foreign body

spontaneous

having no external cause, acting on impulse

laryngitis

inflammation of the larynx, or voice box

pneumonia

inflammation of the lungs

atelectasis

lack of air in the lungs caused by the collapse of the microscopic structures of the lungs

Ventilation

movement of air in and out of the lungs

Nose is divided by a wall of cartilage called:

nasal septum