SOC 101 Final

Racism (Omi & Winant)

"A racial project can be defined as racist if an only if it creates or reproduces structures of domination based on essentialist categories of race." Creates or adds to a pattern of discrimination. To notice race is not necessarily racism.

primary deviance.

A person arrived at a company party dressed in a bunny costume, only to discover that the party was not a costume party. Although he had been tricked by a coworker, from then on everyone saw him as crazy and eccentric, and eventually he came to think of himself in this way too. The initial mistake at the party is an example of:

a closed system.

A society where social mobility is highly restricted through formal or informal rules, like those of a caste system, is called:

potentially benefit individual families, but could not work on a large scale due to middle and upper class efforts at distinction.

According to Lareau's interpretation of Bourdieu, encouraging poor and working class families to raise their children in ways similar to middle and upper class families would:

children didn't always respect their parents' leadership and they showed a sense of entitlement.

Although Lareau saw that the interactions between parents and children in middle-class families bestowed many advantages, she also saw a few negative effects such as:

Blanqueamiento

An ideology to increase whiteness, causing people of African descent to consciously or subconsciously change themselves "whitening"

accomplishment of natural growth

Annette Lareau described poor and working-class parents' cultural logic towards parenting as:

accomplishment of natural growth.

Annette Lareau described poor and working-class parents' cultural logic towards parenting as:

caste

Apartheid is a specific example of what system of social stratification?

conflict theory.

Because laws represent the interests of those in power, crimes committed by the upper classes are typically treated more leniently than crimes committed by the lower classes. This argument is consistent with:

an open system.

Because social mobility is possible in the United States, the country is considered to be:

Why do sociologist believe race and ethnicity are social constructs?

Because they are defined according to culture, time and place

structural mobility

During the Great Depression, large numbers of people dropped down in social class standing. This is an example of:

the first step to recovery from alcoholism is admitting that you have a problem.

For alcoholics, deviance avowal may be a very useful step because:

Correct gender identity is so important to our social selves that we can barely interact with anyone without first determining that person's gender.

For many years, Saturday Night Live ran a series of skits about a character named "Pat." The premise of each skit was that no one could tell if Pat was male or female, and ingenious plots to determine his or her gender all failed. The humor in these skits is based on the fact that:

Karl Marx

German (later lived in France & England)/// lived in 1818-1883/// most important element in society: its economic system/// trying to make sense of modern economy & industrial age -created conflict theory(Marxism) -basis of communism

Max Weber

German/// Rational behavior/// Weber was interested in a shift from a more traditional society to a modern industrial one

Sex is biological; gender is social.

How do sociologists differentiate between sex and gender?

intergenerational mobility

If you are a first-generation college student (your parents did not attend college), you're likely to get more education, and earn a higher paying job than they could. In that case, you'll experience:

intergenerational mobility.

If you are a first-generation college student (your parents did not attend college), you're likely to get more education, and earn a higher paying job than they could. In that case, you'll experience:

social mobility.

If you start out at your job as a janitor, but retire as the vice president of operations, you would likely have experienced:

passing

If you were arrested as a teenager for some stupid crime, but now you try to hide that stigma when you search for a job, what behavior are you engaging in?

innovator

In Office Space, the character Peter Gibbons spends much of the movie trying to find unconventional and even illegal ways of making more money. According to Robert Merton's typology, what category does Peter fit into?

Colorblind Racism

In Social Inequality and Social Stratification in US Society, Christopher Doob writes that "color-blind racism" represents "whites' assertion that they are living in a world where racial privilege no longer exists, but their behavior supports racialized structures and practices". Refusal to acknowledge experiences may differ by racial-ethnic identity.

Concerted Cultivation

In her book, Annette Lareau argues that middle class parents tend to engage in rather intensive parenting, and often placed their children in many adult-supervised activities. This was different from the parenting style of the working class parents she studied. What did she call the middle class style/logic of parenting?

False

In order to study the influence of social class on the styles and logics of parenting, Annette Lareau conducted a nation-wide, random-sample survey.

make split-second judgments about who people are and what social status they occupy based on their appearances.

It is often said that you can always tell a millionaire by her shoes. She may dress like a slob in every other respect, but someone from the upper class is bound to have expensive, custom-made footwear. Whether this is true or not, it helps demonstrate the way that we:

Masculinized or Feminized

Masculinized professions: higher up roles of authority/// must be important roles that express your masculinity Jobs that require manual labor Ex: truck drivers, Managers, supervisors, janitor, retail salesperson, laborers, construction workers, executives, sales representative Feminized professions: roles that are more loving & emotional/// brings out a women's femininity Ex: elementary/middle school teacher, secretary, nurse, home health aides, customer service, supervisors, accountants, cashiers, managers, administrative workers

essentialists.

People who see gender as immutable and deriving solely from biology are called:

The names imply that one gender is more suited for a particular job than the other

Positions of power and authority, like "chairman" and "policeman," often emphasize the male gender in their names. Why does this matter?

True

Sociologists view microaggressions as evidence of racism and sexism being embedded in our cultural beliefs.

everyone enacts gender in the same way that transgendered people do.

Sometimes transgendered individuals are annoyed when their genders are treated as a matter of "performance" and not as "natural" like other people's genders. This is annoying because:

In our society, the prospect of an ambiguously sexed person seems so threatening that surgical procedures are used long before a child is old enough to know what's happening.

The Intersex Society of North America recommends that, "Surgeries done to make the genitals look 'more normal' should not be performed until a child is mature enough to make an informed decision for herself or himself." Normally we would always try to involve a patient in her treatment, so why is this advice necessary?

social stratification.

The division of a society into groups arranged in a social hierarchy is called:

False

The educational system in the United States serves all students equally regardless of class.

differential association theory

The idea that individuals learn to be deviant by interacting with others who are already deviant is called:

False

The social class system is more rigid than the caste system.

social inequality.

The unequal distribution of wealth, power, and prestige in society is called:

It is not a serious enough norm violation to provoke sanctions.

Today using the wrong fork to eat a salad at a dinner party would not usually qualify as deviance. Why not?

prestige.

Weber would argue that a person who belongs to an exclusive country club would belong to a higher social class due to that membership's:

cultural capital

What are the tastes, habits, and expectations that children "inherit" (or learn) from their parents that help to achieve material success in life called?

social reproduction

What does Pierre Bourdieu call the tendency of social class to be passed down from one generation to the next and consequently remain relatively stable over time?

The American Dream legitimizes inequality by reinforcing the idea that everyone has the same chance to get ahead.

What is the relationship between the American Dream and the system of social class through which the United States is stratified

There is little or no chance of social mobility.

What sort of social mobility is possible in a caste system?

For some, the question may be heard as a way to communicate "You are a foreigner."

Why could saying "Where are you from?" to a person of non-European ancestry be a microaggression according to the handout we looked over in class?

the feminization of poverty.

Women are more likely than men to live in poverty, a situation often referred to as:

Children are mocked for crossing gender lines, and boys are mocked more than girls.

You observe children on a school playground and find some girls playing sports with boys, but almost no boys playing jump rope with girls. Why?

Racism

a set of beliefs about the superiority of one racial or ethnic group

Glass Ceiling

an unofficially acknowledged barrier to advancement in a profession, especially affecting women and members of minorities. -women/minorities having difficulty getting into networks/get promotions

Gender Microaggressions

are the everyday verbal, nonverbal, and environmental slights, snubs, or insults, whether intentional or unintentional, which communicate hostile, derogatory, or negative messages to target persons based solely upon their marginalized group membership. hidden messages may invalidate the group identity or on a personal level It communicates they are lesser human beings, suggest they do not belong with the majority group

Gendered institutions

gender is used as an organizing principle(Wade)/// Gender is present in the processes, practices, images and ideologies, and distributions of power in the various sectors of social life (Acker).

Why is the sex/gender binary fuzzy?

is a system that pairs together sex and gender. it classifies two distinguishable, distinct, and oftentimes contrasting genders males who identify as men and females who identify as women. Therefore, any quality (feminine or masculine) attributed to the way a certain sex is widely perceived to act within the confines of social norms

Racial Microaggressions

is a term used for brief and commonplace daily verbal, behavioural, or environmental indignities, whether intentional or unintentional, that communicate hostile, derogatory, or negative prejudicial slights and insults toward any group.

Gender Inequality

is the idea and situation that men and women are not equal. acknowledges the different treatment or perceptions of individuals possibly based on their gender. Can arise from differences in biology, psychology, and cultural norms.

Glass escalator

refers to the way men, namely heterosexual white men, are put on a fast track to higher up positions when entering women dominated sex-segregated professions.

Gender-blind sexism

same as colorblind racism except with gender

One-drop rule (hypodescent)

social and legal principle of racial classification that was historically prominent in the United States

Margaret Mead

studied small societies in New Guinea (Arapesh, Mundugumor, Tchambuli)

Connections to conflict theory Connections to symbolic interactionism/dramaturgy

things are set up so that men had more power resources/benefits/// patterns that want to keep men that way

Talcott Parsons

was an American sociologist of the classical tradition, best known for his social action theory and structural functionalism