soc 1010

Whether Muslim women veil themselves, especially in countries such as the United States and France, is often a controversial topic. Sociological research has found that while some women choose to veil for religious reasons, others may take up the veil because they are motivated to claim their Muslim identity in the face of anti-Muslim sentiment. These different interpretations of the importance of veiling illustrates how meaning is subjective. This emphasis on differences in subjective interpretations, in turn, is characteristic of

postmodernism

(Q002) In the text, we read about Marlin, who was fed by food stamps, housed by the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD), and moved through the education system into prison. Marlin's life is a case study of the puzzle of whether

poverty is the cause or the result of social problems.

soft power

power attained through the use of cultural attractiveness rather than the threat of coercive action (hard power). (page 640)

politics

power relations among people or other social actors. (page 619)

thoughts and feelings about an ethnic or racial group, which lead to preconceived notions and judgments (often negative) about the group. (page 379)

prejudice

(Q022) Avi is disappointed that his daughter is marrying a Latino immigrant because he thinks Latinos oppose women having successful careers. This is an example of

prejudice.

(Q002) The Newsweek report detailing the abuses at Guantanamo Bay, where prison guards flushed a copy of the Qur'an (the Muslim holy book) down the toilet, illustrates how symbolic violence can be more painful than physical violence. In this instance, symbolic power resided in the object because it was

sacred.

A classmate has been talking for weeks about trying out for the school dance team. The day after the tryouts, you ask her how it went, and she answers that she couldn't go because she was sick. (In reality, however, she did try out but wasn't selected.) The way your classmate reported the situation to you is an example of what?

saving face

primary groups

social groups, such as family or friends, composed of enduring, intimate face-to-face relationships that strongly influence the attitudes and ideals of those involved

reformative social movements

social movements that advocate for limited social change across an entire society. (page 760)

revolutionary social movements

social movements that advocate the radical reorganization of society. (page 761)

alternative social movements

social movements that seek the most limited societal change and often target a narrow group of people. (page 758)

redemptive social movements

social movements that target specific groups but advocate for more radical change in behavior. (page 759)

When fears of contagious diseases such as avian flu and Ebola arise, public health officials encourage people to replace greetings involving close contact (handshakes, hugs) with an elbow bump. This change in greetings represents a shift in

social norms

postmodernity

social relations characterized by a questioning of the notion of progress and history, the replacement of narrative with pastiche, and multiple, perhaps even conflicting, identities resulting from disjointed affiliations. (page 783)

premodernity

social relations characterized by concentric circles of social affiliation, a low degree of division of labor, relatively undeveloped technology, and traditional social norms. (page 781)

modernity

social relations characterized by rationality, bureaucratization, and objectivity as well as individuality created by nonconcentric, but overlapping, group affiliations. (page 781)

(Q006) Émile Durkheim spent considerable time studying animism, an early religion. One of his fundamental conclusions was that religion is

social.

At a friend's housewarming, you meet a young engaged couple from India. They tell you that their relationship was arranged when they both very young (she was 12, he was 14). They seem happy with this arrangement, but you're taken aback. The couple's comfort with the arrangement, as well as your initial discomfort, are examples of

socialization

(Q024) Suppose that the following information is known about Asa: He earns $126,000 in annual income, has a net worth of $324,000, has a master's degree, and works as a civil engineer. A sociologist could use this information to classify Asa in terms of his ____.

socioeconomic status

other

someone or something outside of oneself

(Q013) One of your closest friends works as a repair technician for an elevator company, and she earns a six-figure salary. While at a social event together, you overhear a conversation in which your friend is jokingly dismissed as a "common laborer" and a "member of the proletariat." The people making these remarks are rudely evaluating your friend based on what?

status hierarchy

Following the attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941, the United States undertook the internment of all people of Japanese ancestry living in the United States. The government stated that this action was to protect national security. Many of those sent to these internment camps were US citizens, with parents or grandparents born in Japan. This action relied on the use of

stereotypes

Devah Pager's research on how criminal records affect hiring illustrates the consequences of

stigma

In her interview with Dalton Conley, Devah Pager discusses her field work in Milwaukee and New York, in which she sent out job applicants, both black and white, with half of them pretending to have prison records. Pager found that having a criminal record negatively affected an applicant's ability to be offered a job. In addition, she found that black applicants were far less likely to be called back for an interview than white applicants. This racial disparity in hiring indicates unconscious stereotypes in the minds of the hirers, in addition to the challenge of a criminal record's

stigma

Resocialization would be most likely to occur in which situation?

An American woman who takes a full-time job in Saudi Arabia after graduating from college ends up marrying a local man

(Q010) What is an example of a reformative social movement?

a movement that promotes a switch from standard incandescent light bulbs to energy-saving, compact fluorescent bulbs in all American households

patriarchy

a nearly universal system involving the subordination of femininity to masculinity. (page 307)

stigma

a negative social label that not only changes others' behavior toward a person but also alters that person's own self-concept and social identity

corporate crime

a particular type of white-collar crime committed by the officers (CEOs and other executives) of a corporation

communism

a political system in which the means of production are shared through state ownership and in which rewards are tied not to productivity but to need, supposedly leading to a classless society. (page 588)

estate system

a politically based system of stratification characterized by limited social mobility. (page 263)

feudalism

a precapitalist economic system characterized by the presence of lords, vassals, serfs, and fiefs. (page 579)

scientific method

a procedure involving the formulation, testing, and modification of hypotheses based on systematic observation, measurement, and/or experiments

hypothesis

a proposed relationship between two variables, usually with a stated direction

status

a recognizable social position that an individual occupies

caste system

a religion-based system of stratification characterized by no social mobility. (page 264)

street crime

crime committed in public and often associated with violence, gangs, and poverty

(Q022) During the Free Speech Movement protests at the University of California-Berkeley in 1964, more than 800 students participated in a sit-in, occupying the administrative building on campus for 11 hours before the police began mass arrests. This is an example of

crowd collective action.

(Q017) Their ability to deal with bureaucracies and confidence in public social settings allow Liam's parents to be actively involved in his school's Parent Teacher Association. These traits are an example of

cultural capital.

Robert Cornelius took a self-portrait on a daguerreotype in 1839, which is believed to be the first American portrait, but it wasn't until the 2000s that "selfie" became a word. It was the Oxford English Dictionary's word of the year in 2013. The gap between the first instance of self-portraiture by camera and the proliferation of the term "selfie" more than a century later is an (extreme) example of

cultural lag

Every year, as many as 20,000 devotees of Harley Davidson motorcycles convene in Sturgis, South Dakota. Their numbers frequently overwhelm nearby towns and cities, including the Mt. Rushmore National Monument. For some tourists visiting the monument at that time, the cultural collision with tattooed and long-haired bikers might be jarring. For the tourist who thinks like a sociologist, such an encounter is an opportunity to observe a different group of people by applying

cultural relativism

Your friend Jerome tells you that he believes culture is an innate biological aspect of human societies. Having already taken an introductory sociology class, you disagree, arguing that modes of behavior and understanding are not universal or natural. You give the example of the disagreement between indigenous Americans and colonial Europeans about whether land was something that could be owned. You are trying to illustrate the idea of

cultural scripts

(Q005) In his interview with Dalton Conley, Mario Luis Small notes that the culture of poverty argument has been rejected empirically and theoretically due to its flaws. In its place, what does Small suggest as an explanatory tool in research about poverty?

culture

harmful or negative acts (not mere thoughts) against people deemed inferior on the basis of their racial category, without regard to their individual merit. (page 379)

discrimination

You and a date are at a cocktail party. As you pluck a drink off a tray, you turn and almost run into actor Idris Elba of Luther fame. You discover after a short chat that he knows your date. You remark that it sure is a small world and that maybe that six degrees thing is true. In his interview with Dalton Conley, Duncan Watts confirms the work of Stanley Milgram, but also notes that the "six degrees" idea can apply to

disjointed populations

Q008) In What Money Can't Buy, sociologist Susan Mayer challenged the common assumption that poverty directly causes poor health, behavioral problems, and many other problems for children. Mayer's work clearly demonstrates how

documenting an association between two factors is different from showing causation.

North Korea has been ruled for more than 50 years by a single powerful family. The citizenry, as best as can be determined, is highly regimented in daily life, without access to outside information, and suffering frequent famine. Sociologically speaking, the leadership of North Korea is

dominating

Jamar enters a clothing store and a security guard immediately notices him and follows his actions on a security monitor. Jamar is aware of the security guard's actions and adjusts his own behavior to avoid a potential confrontation. This is a contemporary example of which sociological concept developed at the turn of the twentieth century?

double consciousness

culture shock

doubt, confusion, or anxiety arising from immersion in an unfamiliar culture

(Q017) The green revolution has been credited with _____ in developing countries.

helping food production keep pace with population growth

sects or sectarian groups

high-tension organizations that don't fit well within the existing social environment. They are usually most attractive to society's least privileged-outcasts, minorities, or the poor-because they downplay worldly pleasure by stressing otherworldly promises. (page 698)

(Q017) The level of income inequality in the United States is

higher than that of all other advanced democracies.

(Q013) The text notes that the charisma and strength of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. was instrumental in ushering in the civil rights movement. One of the important advantages of his effort stemmed from

his ability to mobilize a wide range of resources and constituencies.

sacred

holy things endowed with special status and often used for worship and kept separate from the profane; the sacred realm is unknowable and mystical, so it inspires us with feelings of awe and wonder. (page 661)

(Q017) The American Psychological Association's classification of homosexuality as a deviant personality type, which was only changed in 1973, as well as the US Supreme Court ruling in 2003 decriminalizing homosexual sex both reflect Michel Foucault's assertion that

homosexuality appears as the result of the state and the medical profession's interest in asserting their power.

(Q019) Which job could be described as a "pink-collar" job in the United States?

hotel maid

operationalization

how a concept gets defined and measured in a given study

(Q006) The Tobachnik family has one son and two daughters. The son mows the lawn and takes out the garbage. The daughters do laundry, dust, vacuum, and clean up after meals. This distribution of the chores is an example of

how gender roles are learned at home.

Hypothesis: Children in families that eat dinner together at least four times per week experience fewer behavioral problems in school. In this hypothesis, what is the dependent variable?

how often children misbehave in school

Robert Parks's 1920s universal and linear model for how immigrants assimilate: they first arrive, then settle in, and achieve full assimilation in a newly homogenous country. (page 368)

straight-line assimilation

kinship networks

strings of relationships between people related by blood and co-residence (i.e., marriage). (page 494)

(Q012) Your introductory sociology professor believes that gender roles serve a purpose in society to fulfill certain functions. What type of theoretical background is your professor espousing?

structural functionalism

(Q022) Johnnie's father worked his entire career in the automotive manufacturing industry in Michigan. When Johnnie entered the workforce, the auto industry was in decline, so he instead found a professional career in the booming information technology sector, an industry that did not exist when his father began his career. This is an example of

structural mobility.

a subordinate, oppressed group of people. (page 378)

subaltern

Skateboarding is a popular youth pastime. Within the activity, there are distinct variations on how it's done, and the skating vocabulary can vary by place. In addition, skateboarders have distinctive gear, such as skate shoes designed to provide grip and durability. All this sets skaters apart as a kind of

subculture

secondary deviance

subsequent acts of rule breaking that occur after primary deviance and as a result of your new deviant label and people's expectations of you

anomic suicide

suicide that occurs as a result of insufficient social regulation

fatalistic suicide

suicide that occurs as a result of too much social regulation

altruistic suicide

suicide that occurs when one experiences too much social integration

egoistic suicide

suicide that occurs when one is not well integrated into a social group

(Q023) Sharia used to go to a church that taught that heaven is not real, but is rather a metaphor. She did not like this idea and left that church for one that preached the literal existence of heaven as a place souls can go after death, which she finds much more comforting. Sharia chose between these two churches based on the _____ they offered.

supernatural compensators

ethnocentrism

the belief that one's own culture or group is superior to others, and the tendency to view all other cultures from the perspective of one's own

animism

the belief that spirits are part of the natural world, as in totemism. (page 662)

bourgeoisie

the capitalist class. (page 267)

monopoly

the form of business that occurs when one seller of a good or service dominates the market to the exclusion of others, potentially leading to zero competition. (page 603)

paradigm

the framework within which scientists operate. (page 713)

(Q002) What educational issue does Kari Smith's forehead tattoo highlight?

the general difficulty of paying for higher education

Talib was starving as he got on the crowded bus with a greasy cheeseburger he had just purchased. As tempting as it was to eat his messy meal right then and there, he worried what the other passengers might think of him if he did so, and decided to wait until he got home. As illustrated here, Talib is fully socialized because he has developed a concept of

the generalized other

taylorism

the methods of labor management introduced by Frederick Winslow Taylor to streamline the processes of mass production in which each worker repeatedly performs one specific task. (page 623)

social mobility

the movement between different positions within a system of social stratification in any given society. (page 283)

hidden curriculum

the nonacademic and less overt socialization functions of schooling. (page 534)

(Q021) Piper and Madrigal are two economists with a long-running disagreement. Piper thinks economists have a moral duty to do research that can be used to change and improve society by making it fairer and more equal. Madrigal disagrees, arguing instead that scientific researchers in all fields should aim for objectivity and not be influenced by their personal views or political pressures. Madrigal's position in this debate is known as

the normative view of science.

(Q006) The Nazi regime's belief that it had to protect a superior race from contamination by inferior races stemmed in part from

the notion of social Darwinism

strength of weak ties

the notion that relatively weak ties often turn out to be quite valuable because they yield new information

normative view of science

the notion that science should be unaffected by the personal beliefs or values of scientists but rather follow objective rules of evidence. (page 715)

cult of domesticity

the notion that true womanhood centers on domestic responsibility and child rearing. (page 495)

political rights

the rights guaranteeing a citizen's ability to participate in politics, including the right to vote and the right to hold an elected office. (page 635)

civil rights

the rights guaranteeing a citizen's personal freedom from interference, including freedom of speech and the right to travel freely. (page 635)

social rights

the rights guaranteeing a citizen's protection by the state. (page 635)

miscegenation

the technical term for interracial marriage; literally meaning "a mixing of kinds"; it is politically and historically charged-sociologists generally prefer exogamy or outmarriage. (page 522)

role conflict

the tension caused by competing demands between two or more roles pertaining to different statuses

profane

the things of mundane, everyday life. (page 661)

culture lag

the time gap between appearance of a new technology and the words and practices that give it meaning

coercion

the use of force to get others to do what you want. (page 628)

informal social sanctions

the usually unexpressed but widely known rules of group membership; the unspoken rules of social life

dramaturgical theory

the view (advanced by Erving Goffman) of social life as essentially a theatrical performance, in which we are all actors on metaphorical stages, with roles, scripts, costumes, and sets

crime

the violation of laws enacted by society

organizational structure

the ways in which power and authority are distributed within an organization

proletariat

the working class. (page 266)

theism

the worship of a god or gods, as in Christianity, Islam, and Hinduism. (page 662)

structural functionalism

theoretical tradition claiming that every society has certain structures (the family, the division of labor, or gender) that exist to fulfill some set of necessary functions (reproduction of the species, production of goods, etc.). (page 309)

broken windows theory of deviance

theory explaining how social context and social cues impact whether individuals act deviantly; specifically, whether local, informal social norms allow deviant acts

contagion theory

theory of collective action claiming that collective action arises because of people's tendency to conform to the behavior of others with whom they are in close contact. (page 752)

emergent norm theory

theory of collective action emphasizing the influence of keynoters in promoting new behavioral norms. (page 753)

convergence theory

theory of collective action stating that collective action happens when people with similar ideas and tendencies gather in the same place. (page 752)

(Q001) It was not until 1967 that black-white marriage was legalized in the United States as a result of the case of Loving v. Virginia. For many people, that couple's union represented a violation of social norms because

they married outside their group.

(Q017) According to Milton Friedman, what is a corporation's sole social responsibility?

to increase its profits through legal means

endogamy

marriage to someone within one's social group. (page 486)

wealth

a family's or individual's net worth (i.e., total assets minus total debts). (page 274)

independent variable

a measured factor that the researcher believes has a causal impact on the dependent variable

(Q013) The top 1 percent of adults in the world hold almost half of the world's wealth. At the other end, the bottom half holds only 1 percent of the world's wealth. To be in the top 10 percent of the world's wealthiest citizens, one must hold assets worth at least

$4,000.

tertius gaudens

the member of a triad who benefits from conflict between the other two members of the group

citizenship rights

the rights guaranteed to each law-abiding citizen in a nation-state. (page 635)

(Q001) What is an example of a paradigm shift (or scientific revolution)?

A biologist discovers a previously unknown genetic mechanism that definitively overthrows all currently existing thought on evolution.

Which scenario best exemplifies the concept of institutional isomorphism?

A brand new online clothing company realizes they need to offer free returns because that's what consumers expect when they buy clothes online.

Which scenario involves the use of peer pressure?

A college sophomore is afraid to report a sexual assault because she believes her sorority sisters will ostracize her

(Q008) Which scenario is an example of the free-rider problem?

A group of six teenagers is trying to get 100 signatures for a petition. They meet three days before their deadline to see how they are doing. Two of the teens have collected 25 signatures each, totaling 50. But the other four teenagers have only collected 25 signatures between the four of them, so the group is still 25 signatures short. The two teens who collected the most signatures are irritated about the poor results from the other four group members.

(Q010) On the island of Maui, residents voted to ban the cultivation of genetically engineered crops, but courts ruled the ban invalid. What might have underpinned residents' resistance to consuming GMO products?

A stigma surrounds the consumption of GMO products.

(Q003) What is an example of how social factors can influence scientific research?

A wealthy alumna of a large research university dies of complications from diabetes, and in her will, she leaves millions of dollars to the university on the condition that the money be used for diabetes research.

(Q020) Which statement is true about changes in the achievement gap between boys and girls during the past 30 years?

Achievements among girls have improved in many ways, whereas among boys from lower-class backgrounds they have worsened.

(Q015) What did sociologists Kathryn Edin and Laura Lein find in their research that contradicts the media myth of lazy welfare mothers?

All single mothers prefer self-reliance to welfare.

(Q007) Jim Crow laws were racially based efforts to limit the participation of blacks in American society through segregation. Beginning in 1890, a "separate but equal" status took effect in all public facilities in the southern states. Why might we view this as a form of domination of authority?

An implicit threat of violence against blacks who defied the system undergirded it.

(Q004) Why did the changes brought about during the Industrial Revolution lead to the erosion of kinship networks?

As industry developed, farming and subsistence lifestyles declined because migration forced a restructuring of family units as men left to work in factories.

(Q010) Which ethnic group has a higher median family income than whites in the United States?

Asian Americans

Sociology emerged in the nineteenth century, with the idea of a secular morality from what thinker?

Auguste Comte

(Q003) Suppose you are stopped for speeding and it turns out that the police officer is a friend from high school. He recognizes you but still gives you a ticket. In the realm of legal-rational authority, rules and procedures are central. The police officer's actions reflect what important facet of legal-rational authority?

Authority is attached to roles, not individuals.

(Q003) How did the barter system, which was part of the economic system before the twentieth century, contribute to the development of the corporation?

Bartering was only viable in small villages, but in the context of large cities, the need for a monetary system emerged, leading to new institutional types.

(Q013) Why are Asian Americans sometimes labeled a "model minority"?

Compared to other minorities, most Asian Americans have achieved educational and financial success in the United States.

(Q008) What does the example of the nadle in Navajo tribes teach us about gender?Concepts of gender are not absolute and unchanging.

Concepts of gender are not absolute and unchanging.

Which sociologist of the twentieth century introduced the concept of the sociological imagination?

C. Wright Mills

(Q011) What is a major concern of critics of genetically modified crops?

Changing the genetic structure of one organism can have negative effects on the whole ecosystem of which it is a part.

The changing attitudes toward marijuana can be difficult to fit into our understanding of crime. At the federal level, the drug is classified as a controlled substance, and possession and distribution may carry severe penalties. In most states, possession is a criminal offense with penalties including jail. In a few states, possession is treated as a misdemeanor, and in a handful of states, beginning with Colorado and Washington, recreational marijuana possession is now legal. What does this suggest about the difficulties of measuring changes in crime rates over time?

Definitions of crimes change over time

(Q021) What has research revealed about the effect of divorce on children?

Divorce has different effects on different kids, even within a single family.

(Q017) In his interview with Dalton Conley, Andrew Cherlin states that the most politically and religiously conservative states in the United States have the highest levels of divorce. How does he explain this seemingly contradictory finding?

Economic struggles, not personal values, may contribute to rocky marriages, and these states are relatively poor.

(Q006) In his interview with Dalton Conley, David Grusky explains why the notion of perverse incentives is outdated. What is an example of a perverse incentive?

Entry to a special honors program is based solely on grades with no review of the types of classes students have taken, so some students take easier classes the semester before applying to boost their grade point average.

Where is the "right to be forgotten" a policy?

European Union

The Sociological Conversations interview with Victor Rios highlights the differential treatment that racial and ethnic minorities, particularly those in the inner cities, receive from a young age. In his youth, Rios often encountered police intrusion upon his daily life, including at school. What sociological idea epitomizes Rios's experience?

Foucault's panopticon

verstehen

German for "understanding." The concept of Verstehen comes from Max Weber and is the basis of interpretive sociology in which researchers imagine themselves experiencing the life positions of the social actors they want to understand rather than treating those people as objects to be examined

(Q016) In the text, we learn about the effort to reduce vitamin A deficiency in children through the use of golden rice. Can this effort be considered part of the green revolution?

Golden rice was introduced to reduce disease, not to increase crop yields, so it is not part of the green revolution.

(Q019) In 1964, President Lyndon Johnson declared a "War on Poverty." This ambitious plan led to the creation of numerous agencies, some of which persist today. These include which of the following?

Head Start and College Work Study

(Q017) How did the economic boom that followed World War II contribute to a blurring of the lines between the middle class and the working class?

Higher wages for working-class whites gave these individuals greater access to markers of a middle-class lifestyle, such as home ownership, a college education for their children, and more leisure activities.

(Q016) Same-sex marriage is now legal in the United States, and the numbers of persons marrying those of the same sex has skyrocketed and become easily visible. In Brazil, we see that the travesti take on distinctly female characteristics, declare themselves as men, and yet have penetrative sex with men who have an exclusively male appearance. How do these two different examples help describe the difference between homosexuality and homosexual behavior?

Homosexuality is a certain social identity, whereas homosexual behavior is an activity that is not necessarily tied to a social identity.

(Q018) What has the pattern in income growth among low-, middle-, and high-income earners in the United States over the past 30 years looked like?

Income growth for high-income individuals has far outpaced that of middle- and low-income individuals.

(Q011) In the United States, the social security system is designed to assist people over the age of 65. In conjunction with the thesis of the logic of industrialism, why does this identify the United States as a welfare state?

Industry does not depend on the elderly for work, so the state takes care of them.

(Q018) How has the timing of the transition to a free-market economy been used to partially explain the great difference in inequality and poverty between the United States and other advanced democracies?

Institutions that could better protect the weak or disadvantaged were more fully developed in countries that transitioned to a free-market economy later than the United States.

(Q024) What is a criticism of the official definition of poverty first developed by Mollie Orshansky in 1963?

It does not take into account regional variation in the cost of living.

(Q005) What is a criticism of contagion theory?

It downplays individual agency.

(Q010) How did the Ford Motor Company's introduction of the family wage help construct the idea of the traditional family?

It encouraged men to marry and have children, as the wage was not available to single men or married men without children.

(Q013) Why is NARAL Pro-Choice America representative of a social movement organization?

It has a full-time leadership staff and a large membership base.

(Q009) How does the application of microsociology help us understand why people are religious?

It illuminates the details of individual experience and meaning.

(Q008) Why might the Occupy Wall Street movement be considered a revolutionary social movement?

It advocated the radical reorganization of American society to better benefit "the 99 percent."

You are interested in investigating how honest Facebook users can be on the site. You have added several family members as your Facebook friends. You plan to interview them as part of your investigation. How does this approach create a problem for you as a researcher?

It will result in a challenge for reflexivity because of the ways your prior relationships will influence your family members' responses in the interviews.

(Q014) Why has the idea of the "traditional family" helped social scientists better understand black families in America?

Its identification as a specific historical phenomenon that has rarely applied to black families helps us better understand the unique characteristics in a less judgmental way.

(Q021) Jackson has a master's degree in computer science and earns a six-figure income. Talia has a high-school diploma and her income is barely above the poverty line. When it comes to political participation, which statement is most likely true?

Jackson is more likely than more Talia to volunteer for a political campaign.

(Q002) Of the following social theorists, whose ideas about private property and social conflict could be said to align most closely with those of Karl Marx?

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

(Q024) After their football team wins the championship for the first time ever, college students pour out into the streets to celebrate with each other. Madison, a very excited freshman, climbs up on a car and begins jumping up and down, which sets the car alarm off. Pretty soon, there's a cacophony of alarms as almost all of the cars lining the street are being jumped on by revelers. This ultimately results in a riot in which 13 people were injured, thousands of dollars of property was destroyed, and 19 students were arrested. How might emergent norm theory explain this instance of collective action?

Madison was a keynoter whose behavior was copied by others.

(Q009) How might organic farming create stratification among farmers?

Many smaller farms cannot afford to meet all the necessary guidelines and maintain an organic farm, which allows megafarms to dominate the market and use their influence to change policies and guidelines to their advantage.

(Q016) Think for a moment about the story in the text of Marlin, how his life turned out, and how he wound up where he is today. Based on all you have read about him throughout the entire chapter, what seems to be the best explanation for his life and his story?

Marlin's mother suffered from many problems herself, which led to a detrimental outcome for Marlin.

(Q009) Which scenario represents a common gender imbalance of domestic chores in the United States?

Marta does most of the grocery shopping, cooking, and laundry; James mows the lawn, makes chili on special occasions, and cleans the garage twice a year.

(Q006) Suppose you're put into a group in class to create a presentation about genetically modified organisms (GMOs.) One of the other group members is a highly regarded science student, but you end up doing most of the work on the presentation by yourself. However, the teacher only praises the highly regarded student for the success of the presentation. This is an instance of the __________ effect.

Matthew

(Q008) As defined by __________, the state is "a human community that (successfully) claims the monopoly of the legitimate use of physical force within a given territory."

Max Weber

(Q014) Which statement is most closely associated with a conflict theory approach to gender studies?

Men benefit economically from women's inferior position in the family and the workplace.

macrosociology

Montrice is conducting a study of the effect of economic recessions on marriage rates in European countries. What type of sociology is this?

(Q023) What is an accurate statement regarding recent trends and patterns in teen sexuality?

Most adolescents with a sexually transmitted disease don't know they are infected.

(Q018) The achievement gap between black and white students decreases significantly when students from similar socioeconomic background are compared. What does this tell us about the connection between race, class, and educational outcomes?

Much of the achievement gap can be attributed to class.

(Q002) At concerts by the post-punk band Parquet Courts, many members of the audience engage in "moshing," a very physical form of dancing involving jumping and colliding into others. Could this be seen as an example of collective action?

No, because moshing is an expected and acceptable behavior at rock concerts.

(Q001) Everyone in attendance at a midnight screening of The Rocky Horror Picture Show was dressed in skimpy, revealing clothing, while a sign in the theater lobby mandated a dress code of "appropriate, everyday attire." Could this be seen as an example of collective action?

No, because social norms at the screening did not diverge among those who were present.

(Q016) Students' socioeconomic status (SES) reflects parental level of education, employment, and assets, and is a big factor in their educational opportunity and success. What is one nonfinancial boost that parents can provide a student planning to attend college?

Parents with more education can help with a child's more challenging homework.

According to Durkheim, why is a society predominantly bound by mechanical solidarity more likely to apply punitive justice rather than rehabilitative justice to a person who violates a law or social norm?

People in such a society are bound by sameness, and any violation of social norms must be punished severely to reinforce the boundaries of acceptable behavior

(Q016) How might the rise of online associations be affecting the tradition of volunteerism in the United States?

People may be joining more organizations, but their participation may be more passive, involving less hands-on work and face-to-face interactions.

sacred canopy

Peter Berger's term to describe the entire set of religious norms, symbols, and beliefs that express the most important thing in life-namely, the feeling that life is worth living and that reality is meaningful and ordered, not just random chaos. (page 673)

(Q024) Which statement is true regarding genetics and race?

Race categories do a terrible job at capturing differences in genetics.

(Q015) In her interview with Dalton Conley, Nitsan Chorev discusses negotiating trade agreements that include both labor and the environment. Why might such negotiations impact climate change?

The inclusion of environment in trade agreements could help bring more countries into the process of addressing climate change.

comparative research

a methodology by which two or more entities (such as countries), which are similar in many dimensions but differ on one in question, are compared to learn about the dimension that differs between them

(Q014) How can religious leaders promote the idea of a "traditional" family?

Religious tenets from the Bible selectively reinforce specific family structure

strain theory

Robert Merton's theory that deviance occurs when a society does not give all its members equal ability to achieve socially acceptable goals

(Q011) What might be the reason why gay and lesbian couples spend twice as long doing domestic chores as their heterosexual equivalents?

Same-sex couples see domestic work as legitimizing their households, which makes domestic work a validating activity.

(Q005) What is one of the primary claims made by Bruno Latour and Steve Woolgar in their book Laboratory Life?

Scientific facts do not simply reveal themselves through research but rather are constructed through a process that is heavily influenced by social factors.

symbolic interactionism

a micro-level theory in which shared meanings, orientations, and assumptions form the basic motivations behind people's actions

(Q013) Family wealth means debt subtracted from salable assets. Given the prevalence of debt for those in poverty, what are the possible implications for inheritance for the children of impoverished parents?

Since people living in poverty rarely have salable assets such as a house, there is usually nothing to pass on to their children.

(Q004) Studies on student achievement have demonstrated that smaller class sizes benefit students significantly. What implications do these studies on smaller class size have?

Smaller class sizes would mean that more resources, such as teachers, classrooms, books, and so forth, would be needed.

(Q004) What fundamental question about the nature of society was Adam Smith interested in that led him to reason out his ideas (as found in The Wealth of Nations) and lay the foundation for capitalism?

Smith wondered how societies could remain intact and avoid devolving into chaos.

(Q012) What major factor in the anti-apartheid movement in South Africa and the civil rights movement in the United States runs counter to the idea in resource mobilization theory that the elite are the most likely to initiate a social movement?

The people with the most at stake are most likely to create success.

(Q024) Solange is an African American woman. Neo is an Asian American man. On the basis of sociological research, which statement would you most expect to be true?

Solange attends a church whose members are predominantly black.

(Q010) Why has the nation of Somalia offered a glaring exception to Weber's definition of a state?

Somalia does not have a monopoly on the use of force within its territory.

(Q004) Tina believes that inequality is necessary to keep the world population in check. Her view is most consistent with the views of which theorist?

Thomas Malthus

(Q004) How does Taylorism (scientific management used to streamline mass production) resemble a bureaucracy?

Specialization is a characteristic of both an assembly line and a bureaucracy.

How do street crime and white-collar crime compare in terms of cost to society and prevalence?

Street crime is the most prevalent type of crime, but white-collar crime has greater financial impact

(Q007) According to William Julius Wilson, how do factors such as deindustrialization, globalization, suburbanization, and discrimination contribute to high rates of welfare-dependent, single-mother families?

Such factors have contributed to a net shrinkage of the pool of employed, unincarcerated men, thus greatly limiting women's opportunity to find a stable life partner.

sex role theory

Talcott Parsons's theory that men and women perform their sex roles as breadwinners and wives/mothers, respectively, because the nuclear family is the ideal arrangement in modern societies, fulfilling the function of reproducing workers. (page 309)

(Q007) The text discusses the concept of the "second shift," the extra domestic duties that women do for the family, in addition to paid employment. Why have time-saving devices and products such as dishwashers and laundry machines not made men's housework contributions equal to women's housework?

Technology advances have raised the bar on levels of acceptable cleanliness, and domestic housework has long been seen as "women's work."

(Q014) What is an example of hard power?

The United States enforced trade sanctions with North Korea.

(Q010) Why do many women often "bite the second shift bullet" when the threat of a divorce looms?

The anticipated financial cost of a divorce leads them to this decision.

(Q019) Same-sex marriage has been at the forefront of America's "culture wars" for more than a decade. What progress preceded the Supreme Court's 2015 decision to legalize same-sex marriage nationally?

The Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA) was struck down.

(Q007) What is true about the growing threat of global warming?

The effects of global warming have the potential to alter human societies drastically; at the same time, the primary cause of global warming is human activity.

(Q012) If success in the workplace typically requires learning on the job, why do Americans place so much emphasis on formal schooling?

The expansion of the education system attracts people who want to remain or become members of the elite.

(Q012) Why would three partners who own a small graphic design business fit into what Erik Olin Wright calls contradictory class locations?

The fact that they own their own business puts them in the capitalist class, but they do not control the labor of others.

(Q011) What is one way that wages were related to marriage in the early twentieth century?

The family wage impelled women to stay married, even if their marriages were oppressive.

(Q020) What is a major critique of how the poverty line is calculated in the United States?

The formula does not reflect the fact that housing now takes up a much larger portion of family budgets

(Q004) Why did the negative income tax experiment lead to more women leaving their marriages?

The guaranteed payment that people received through the program meant that many women were no longer financially dependent on a man.

(Q019) Angelica, a working-class Latina student, is admitted to college due to her scholastic ability, but by the end of her sophomore year, she is in debt, so a well-meaning professor suggests she consider transferring to a cheaper school. How might this suggestion contribute to her sense of stereotype threat?

The question simply reinforced what Angelica already had come to learn about herself as being too poor to attend college.

(Q020) In his interview with Dalton Conley, John Evans explains that Americans tend to readily accept genetically modified food, but that GMO products have resulted in deep concern and protests in Europe. What reason might explain this difference?

The religious nature of Americans lets many believe it is their role to dominate nature.

(Q021) What is a reason why the United States has a relatively high level of poverty compared to other advanced democracies?

The safety net in the United States was originally designed to exclude blacks.

A group of people is waiting to be helped at a customer service desk in a store. A woman in the waiting area suddenly clears her throat and spits on the floor. Everyone else in the room is taken aback and gives her horrified looks. How can this reaction be explained in sociological terms?

The woman who spit on the floor is not conforming to social norms that are shared by the other people in the room

Voter turnout in the United States for national elections has never been high, with about half of eligible voters, on average, not showing up at the polls. At the local level, though, estimates suggest that less than a quarter of eligible voters turn out. This lack of local engagement means that people miss the opportunity to influence decisions that affect their everyday lives and immediate environments. What larger social trend does this suggest?

There is a decline in the amount of civic engagement

(Q004) How was racism expressed in Ancient Greece?

There is no evidence that racism, as we know it today, was a part of Ancient Greek culture.

(Q018) Why might the findings of the Human Genome Project be interesting to sociologists?

They could increase stratification as people could be categorized as more or less useful or desirable according to what their genetic code says or predicts about them.

(Q022) Immigrants tend to differ from native-born Americans in what way?

They form and keep families together at a higher rate.

Which American sociologist was the first to undertake ethnography in the African American community?

W. E. B. DuBois

(Q006) What is ironic about how we define ourselves as individuals?

We generally define our individuality in terms of our association with various groups.

What is an example of a negative relationship between an independent and a dependent variable?

Wealthier individuals tend to be less concerned about environmental problems

(Q007) Which statement offers an essentialist explanation for gender differences?

Women are overrepresented in professions such as nursing, teaching, and social work because they are inherently more nurturing and caring than men.

(Q004) The annual World Naked Bike Ride protests oil use and attracts millions of people. Riders gather, disrobe, and then ride through a busy part of town, while they are watched and reacted to by nonriders. Is this consistent with the idea behind convergence theory?

Yes, because all participants have the same idea.

(Q009) In 2011, an Occupy Movement demonstration took place at the University of California at Berkeley. Demonstrators set up tents in a campus plaza, and police used riot batons to force the protesters to disperse. The campus community passed a resolution condemning the police actions. Is this an example of the paradox of authority, and if so, in what way?

Yes, because the police department used physical force to enforce its will and lost its legitimate authority.

Which scenario represents the highest amount of embeddedness? (Note that any knowledge is reciprocal; that is, if A knows B, then B knows A.)

You know Ted, Alice, Bob, and Carol. Bob knows Carol, Ted, and Alice. Carol knows Ted and Alice. Ted knows Alice

What is an example of using cultural relativism to think about cultural differences?

You see a news story about a country where people often eat spicy seafood dishes in the morning, and you reason that their long coastline and hot climate provide easy access to both seafood and hot peppers

(Q018) In which scenario is coercion used?

Your roommate tells you that he's going to break down your door if you don't stop playing music so loudly.

denomination

a big group of congregations that share the same faith and are governed under one administrative umbrella. (page 662)

(Q018) Josephine's parents divorced when she was five years old. By the time she was eight, both her parents had remarried and she had two stepsiblings on her father's side and a half-brother on her mother's side. Josephine's two new families are examples of what type of family?

a blended family

(Q003) What is an example of mass collective action?

a boycott of a clothing manufacturer that has factories overseas where child labor is used

offshoring

a business decision to move all or part of a company's operations abroad to minimize costs. (page 606)

(Q010) In India, a system of stratification persists, partially because it was exploited by British colonialism to persistently divide the people. This division of society into four main groups (Brahman, Kshatriya, Vaishya, and Shudra) is an example of

a caste system.

panopticon

a circular building composed of an inner ring and an outer ring designed to serve as a prison in which the guards, housed in the inner ring, can observe the prisoners without the detainees knowing whether they are being watched

(Q019) What is discussed in this chapter as the gateway to becoming middle class?

a college education

union busting

a company's assault on its workers' union with the hope of dissolving it. (page 607)

hegemony

a condition by which a dominant group uses its power to elicit the voluntary "consent" of the masses

social equality

a condition in which no differences in wealth, power, prestige, or status based on nonnatural conventions exist. (page 253)

alienation

a condition in which people are dominated by forces of their own creation that then confront them as alien powers; according to Marx, the basic state of being in a capitalist society. (page 585)

isomorphism

a constraining process that forces one unit in a population to resemble other units that face the same set of environmental conditions

reflexive spirituality

a contemporary religious movement that encourages followers to look to religion for meaning, wisdom, and profound thought and feeling rather than for absolute truths on how the world works. (page 681)

What is an example of a total institution?

a convent

(Q020) There has been a significant increase in the number of men joining the nursing profession. Since 1970, the US Census Bureau reports that there has been about an 8 percent jump in the number of male nurses. The pay disparity also exists, with male nurses being paid about 20 percent more than their female counterparts. This change in gender balance in this profession seems counter to the idea that

a female-dominated profession is the result of fewer men entering the field, with the corresponding increase in women in that field.

dictatorship

a form of government that restricts the right to political participation to a small group or even to a single individual. (page 643)

structural hole

a gap between network clusters, or even two individuals, if those individuals (or clusters) have complementary resources

secularism

a general movement away from religiosity and spiritual belief toward a rational, scientific orientation, a trend adopted by industrialized nations in the form of separation of church and state. (page 664)

(Q015) Residents of a small city learn that a big-box retailer is considering opening a new store in their community. Advocates on each side of the issue mobilize to hang banners and signs around town, write letters to local officials, speak at community meetings, and research how such stores have impacted similar communities. All this is an example of which type of social movement organization?

a grassroots organization

small group

a group characterized by face-to-face interaction, a unifocal perspective, lack of formal arrangements or roles, and a certain level of equality

large group

a group characterized by the presence of a formal structure that mediates interaction and, consequently, status differentiation

social movement organization

a group developed to recruit new members and coordinate participation in a particular social movement; these groups also often raise money, clarify goals, and structure participation in the movement. (page 774)

congregation

a group of people who gather together, especially for worship. (page 662)

What is an example of a primary group?

a group of three best friends who grew up together on the same block and see each other regularly

reference group

a group that helps us understand or make sense of our position in society relative to other groups

party

a group that is similar to a small group but is multifocal

corporation

a legal entity unto itself that has a legal personhood distinct from that of its members-namely, its owners and shareholders. (page 581)

bureaucracy

a legal-rational organization or mode of administration that governs with reference to formal rules and roles and emphasizes meritocracy. (page 622)

Think about your own experience of going to school. More than simply "what you learned in school today," much of our lives in the United States are shaped by that entire experience: what we choose to wear, with whom we make friends, whom we avoid, and how we respond to authority figures, whether teachers or preachers or police. Overall, our experience of school is

a major part of socialization

Jasmine has begun attending a large weekly support group for atheists raised in religious families. She hasn't felt very close to her family since she came out as an atheist, but when she is at these meetings she feels like for the first time in her life she is accepted and valued for who she really is. Her support group would be considered

a secondary group

What is the collective conscience?

a set of norms by which members of society abide

affirmative action

a set of policies that grant preferential treatment to a number of particular subgroups within the population-typically, women and historically disadvantaged racial minorities. (page 554)

social network

a set of relations-essentially, a set of dyads-held together by ties between individuals

Our birth families (mother, father, sister, and so on) are a central part of our lives. Suppose you family decides to host a foreign exchange student for a year. It goes well, and, the next year, the student's entire family (all nine of them) decides to visit America and your family. In the ensuing year, various members of the two families stay in touch, and you share these relationships with your own friends. In the context of social networks, what's happening between your two families, as well as the way you share the experience with your friends, is what sociologists call a tie, and although the two families are unrelated, this "tie that binds" is made real because of

a set of stories that explains our relationship to the other members of our network

feminism

a social movement to get people to understand that gender is an organizing principle in society and to address gender-based inequalities that intersect with other forms of social identity. (page 307)

gender

a social position, behaviors, and set of attributes that are associated with sex identities. (page 297)

bourgeois society

a society of commerce (modern capitalist society, for example) in which the maximization of profit is the primary business incentive. (page 260)

risk society

a society that both produces and is concerned with mitigating risks, especially manufactured risks (ones that result from human activity). (page 730)

meritocracy

a society where status and mobility are based on individual attributes, ability, and achievement. (page 271)

meritocracy

a society where status and mobility are based on individual attributes, ability, and achievement. (page 624)

(Q015) When you board an airplane, the boarding order generally starts with first-class passengers, and then makes its way down to the coach class. Imagine you are boarding an aircraft, and you are in coach class. As you search for a place to store your luggage, you notice that the people in first class are already being served free wine and snacks. This an example of

a status hierarchy.

achieved status

a status into which one enters; voluntary status

ascribed status

a status into which one is born; involuntary status

international state system

a system in which each state is recognized as territorially sovereign by fellow states. (page 632)

welfare state

a system in which the state is responsible for the well-being of its citizens. (page 633)

religion

a system of beliefs, traditions, and practices around sacred things; a set of shared "stories" that guide belief and action. (page 661)

democracy

a system of government wherein power theoretically lies with the people; citizens are allowed to vote in elections, speak freely, and participate as legal equals in social life. (page 643)

status hierarchy system

a system of stratification based on social prestige. (page 268)

elite-mass dichotomy system

a system of stratification that has a governing elite, a few leaders who broadly hold power in society. (page 270)

middle class

a term commonly used to describe those individuals with nonmanual jobs that pay significantly more than the poverty line-though this is a highly debated and expansive category, particularly in the United States, where broad swaths of the population consider themselves middle class. (page 276)

upper class

a term for the economic elite. (page 274)

Matthew effect

a term used by sociologists to describe the notion that certain scientific results get more notoriety and influence based on the existing prestige of the researchers involved. (page 722)

dialectic

a two-directional relationship following a pattern in which an original statement or thesis is countered with an antithesis, leading to a conclusion that unites the strengths of the original position and the counterarguments. (page 257)

grassroots organization

a type of social movement organization that relies on high levels of community-based membership participation to promote social change. It lacks a hierarchical structure and works through existing political structures. (page 776)

family wage

a wage paid to male workers sufficient to support a dependent wife and children. (page 590)

tracking

a way of dividing students into different classes by ability or future plans. (page 541)

(Q024) In neo-Marxist theory, the development of the welfare state is explained as

a way to mediate class conflict and avoid revolution.

organization

any social network that is defined by a common purpose and has a boundary between its membership and the rest of the social world

social deviance

any transgression of socially established norms

(Q021) Marissa Mayer was appointed the chief executive officer (CEO) of Yahoo Corporation in July 2012. Mayer is not the highest paid CEO in the United States, but her position suggests that more women are

able to break the glass ceiling.

the point at which a household's income falls below the necessary level to purchase food to physically sustain its members. (page 418)

absolute poverty

(Q003) Some Enlightenment thinkers felt that individuals preserving current resources and transforming them into assets was a good thing for society. Part of the thinking was that this opportunity would encourage individuals to work to build up society. In the eyes of the Enlightenment thinkers, this system

acceptably fosters inequality through the emergence of private property.

(Q018) At his predominantly white boarding school, DeMarcus pretends not to care when his classmates ask to touch his hair or assume stereotypical things about him because he is black, but when he is at home in his predominantly black neighborhood he complains to his friends about these experiences. What is this an example of?

acceptance

(Q002) The use of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) to help women suffering from the symptoms of menopause began in the 1940s. As studies proliferated and the numbers of women taking HRT increased, additional data hinted that some approaches to the regimen did not work and instead seemed to increase health risks. This led to a dramatic shift toward careful, individual evaluation and screening. In the framework of Kuhn's theory of scientific revolutions, this paradigm shift is the result of the

accrual of an increasing number of anomalies.

collective action

action that takes place in groups and diverges from the social norms of the situation. (page 751)

(Q025) In August 2018, alt-right figurehead Jason Kessler organized the Unite the Right 2 Rally in Washington, D.C. to advocate for "white civil rights." This example illustrates white nationalists' reaction to the "browning of America" in that they are

adopting the rhetoric of minority status.

status set

all the statuses one holds simultaneously

(Q015) Betty Friedan's The Feminine Mystique championed women's right to work in the early 1960s. For many black feminists, Freidan's book ignored thousands of working women and instead suggested that

all women experience oppression in the same way.

(Q011) In response to rising crime perpetrated by teenagers, local residents band together to create more opportunities for recreational activities, jobs, and leadership training for young people. This is an example of what type of social movement?

alternative social movement

paradox of authority

although the state's authority derives from the implicit threat of physical force, resorting to physical coercion strips the state of all legitimate authority. (page 628)

(Q015) Some theorists argue that there can never be an absolute definition of poverty. In fact, the text suggests that wealth actually creates poverty. In other words, poverty is

always relational.

altruism

an action that benefits a group but does not directly benefit the individual performing the action. (page 645)

(Q006) According to Georg Simmel's view of monetary payment systems, who is in the best position?

an analyst for a federal government agency

In traditional societies, the village in which a person grew up shaped their identity and how others treated them. This is an example of

an ascribed status

(Q013) What is an example of an external risk?

an earthquake that destroys a city

socialism

an economic system in which most or all of the needs of the population are met through nonmarket methods of distribution. (page 588)

capitalism

an economic system in which property and goods are primarily privately owned; investments are determined by private decisions; and prices, production, and the distribution of goods are determined primarily by competition in an unfettered marketplace. (page 578)

class system

an economically based hierarchical system characterized by cohesive, oppositional groups and somewhat loose social mobility. (page 265)

rationalization

an ever-expanding process of ordering or organizing. (page 622)

Milgram experiment

an experiment devised in 1961 by Stanley Milgram, a psychologist at Yale University, to see how far ordinary people would go to obey a scientific authority figure. (page 625)

sexual harassment

an illegal form of discrimination revolving around sexuality that can involve everything from inappropriate jokes to sexual "barter" (where victims feel the need to comply with sexual requests for fear of losing their job) to outright sexual assault. (page 318)

(Q010) Although religious attendance in formal institutions in the United States is in decline, the number of Americans claiming religious beliefs or spiritual awakenings has gone up. We can understand this paradox as

an increase in the amount and depth of individual experience.

bisexual

an individual who is sexually attracted to both genders/sexes. (page 325)

social class or socioeconomic status (SES)

an individual's position in a stratified social order. (page 274)

social class or socioeconomic status (SES)

an individual's position in a stratified social order. (page 557)

religious experience

an individual's spiritual feelings, acts, and experiences. (page 680)

total institution

an institution in which one is totally immersed and that controls all the basics of day-to-day life; no barriers exist between the usual spheres of daily life, and all activity occurs in the same place and under the same single authority

generalized other

an internalized sense of the total expectations of others in a variety of settings-regardless of whether we've encountered those people or places before

union

an organization of workers designed to facilitate collective bargaining with an employer. (page 607)

political party

an organization that seeks to gain power in a government, generally by backing candidates for office who subscribe (to the extent possible) to the organization's political ideals. (page 647)

interest group

an organization that seeks to gain power in government and influence policy without campaigning for direct election or appointment to office. (page 647)

credentialism

an overemphasis on credentials (e.g., college degrees) for signaling social status or qualifications for a job. (page 551)

Building on Émile Durkheim's classic theory of suicide, sociologist Matt Wray describes a contemporary "American Suicide Belt." Wray finds elevated suicide rates in the American West, particularly among white men isolated from social contact by unemployment or being unmarried. What type of suicide are residents of this area prone to, according to Durkheim's typology?

anomic

In his interview with Dalton Conley, Victor Rios shares his own experience as a gang member in Oakland, California. His description of watching his best friend die in his arms, how police randomly upended his own and his friends' daily lives, and the sense of despair, chaos, and disconnection from society that resulted are a powerful reflection on what Durkheim called

anomie

in-group

another term for the powerful group, most often the majority

out-group

another term for the stigmatized or less powerful group, the minority

political participation

any activity that has the intent or effect of influencing government action. (page 649)

media

any formats, platforms, or vehicles that carry, present, or communicate information

status-attainment model

approach that ranks individuals by socioeconomic status, including income and educational attainment, and seeks to specify the attributes characteristic of people who end up in more desirable occupations. (page 285)

(Q012) One of the trends in the current era of globalization is the establishment of trade agreements that

are multilateral.

essentialist

arguments explaining social phenomena in terms of natural, biological, or evolutionary inevitabilities. (page 300)

(Q012) Consider "fracking," the forced extraction of natural gas from fractured ground, which in turn adds to carbon emissions after it is consumed. How might such a practice be understood in the context of what Ulrich Beck calls a "risk society"?

as a human-manufactured risk, the effects of which may be mitigated

(Q012) How did social scientists in the 1960s view the strong role held by women in many African American families?

as a negative characteristic that served to emasculate black men and ultimately increase social problems in African American communities

state

as defined by Max Weber, "a human community that (successfully) claims the monopoly of the legitimate use of physical force within a given territory." (page 627)

legal-rational authority

authority based on legal, impersonal rules; the rules rule. (page 621)

traditional authority

authority that rests on appeals to the past or traditions. (page 621)

charismatic authority

authority that rests on the personal appeal of an individual leader. (page 619)

Suppose you are part of a research team stationed in Uganda to do sociological surveys. You are there with your same-sex spouse of eight years. In Uganda, homosexuality was criminalized in 2009 and is currently punishable by life imprisonment. Attitudes in the country are not favorable toward homosexuality, but you have not experienced difficulties in daily life. As you begin the write-up of your research, you are especially aware of the scholarly need to

avoid letting your own beliefs about same-sex relationships enter your writing

(Q004) Prior to the 1800s, it was believed that both male and female orgasms were required to ensure successful conception. When the female could not achieve orgasm, a midwife was sometimes called to assist the woman in achieving orgasm by use of genital massage with essential oils. The idea that both male and female orgasm was needed challenges our current model of a

binary sex system.

(Q005) Your good friend Judy comes to you in a state of exasperation and tells you that she just left the girl's bathroom and saw what she swears was a man dressed in women's clothing walking in. "Men need to use their own bathroom. There's a reason we have different restrooms for different sexes!" Judy is expressing what many people feel, reflecting ideas about

biological determinism.

The case of a young girl named Genie is the most carefully documented and well-studied instance of what happens to a child who does not experience adequate contact with other people during infancy and childhood. Genie was locked in a room alone for nearly 13 years and never developed language skills the way most children do. Obviously, this is a story in part of severe parental neglect, but it also provides insight into whether such abilities as language are innate. Fundamentally, this case about a feral child is about whether

biology or socialization shapes human behavior

(Q009) According to the theory of the bell curve, a theory developed by two academics, genes have a key impact on children's outcomes. This argument is an updated approach to the idea that the dominant factor in the creation and persistence of poverty is

biology.

This chapter concludes with a look at the criminal justice system of the United States, noting that incarceration rates have risen significantly. A close look at current prison populations in America shows that the largest percentage of prison inmates are

black

While today the phrase "mass media" might bring to mind a cable TV network or a print publication with hundreds of thousands of subscribers, the earliest mass media were

books

(Q002) In 1969, Charles Manson and his followers murdered Hollywood actress Sharon Tate and six other people. Manson's "family" was comprised primarily of women whom he had befriended during his travels. That his followers were so easily persuaded to commit violence is an example of

charismatic authority.

(Q023) A sociologist conducts a study on the genetic markers that correlate with aggressive behavior in adolescence. She submits the paper to a top journal in sociology but the editor rejects it and responds with a letter stating that this research is not sociological and would be a better fit for a journal that publishes biological research. What is this an example of?

boundary work

(Q015) The text discusses two approaches to understanding why some states are more democratic than others. Moore suggests that the fate of each nation is determined by a struggle between different social classes. Acemoglu and Robinson, using game theory, suggest that citizens can induce change through the credible threat of revolution. The primary difference between these two approaches is Moore's emphasis on the

bourgeoisie.

There was an empty lot in a middle-class neighborhood, maintained by a nearby resident. That man moved away, and within a few weeks several bags of garbage and some old furniture were sitting in the lot. Then an old car was parked in the lot and teenagers started to gather there to drink beer and hang out. Within a few months, there was a mugging by the lot and the police made a handful of arrests for drug dealing there. This series of events is an illustration of __________ theory

broken windows

Material culture includes

buildings, artworks, and technological devices

(Q008) The experiences of the Irish and Muslims in the United States and Jews in Germany illustrate how racialization

can occur for both ethnic and religious groups

Definitions of deviant behavior tend to

change over time and vary from one context to another

(Q014) In her interview with Dalton Conley, Nitsan Chorev discusses the reasons why developing countries resist trade agreements that include labor and environmental protections. One reason is that

cheap labor in developing countries often is what gives them a comparative advantage.

While you're riding a crowded city bus, a woman sits on the seat next to you. Rather than strike up a conversation, she briefly rifles through her purse, then puts in earbuds, turns on some music, and stares past you out the bus window. The woman is exercising

civil inattention

(Q001) The feudal system under the Tudors in England gradually removed the commons, an area formerly available to graze animals, which led to urban migrations and the wage system. This demise of the feudal system left a framework in place for one facet of our contemporary economic system, the

class structure.

(Q020) In his interview with Dalton Conley, Jeffery Sachs highlights many social, structural, ecological, and historical aspects of global inequality, with a focus on Africa. For many countries, the way out of poverty, disease, and economic stagnation is through development of natural resources. As a result, what issue might be least likely to be embraced by African nations?

climate change

(Q023) Petra finds it appalling that her university doesn't have a comprehensive recycling program on campus. She's worried about the environmental harm of so much garbage going to landfills. She starts talking with her classmates and writing editorials in the college newspaper about this issue, but she becomes frustrated because nobody seems to care. She finally gives up and decides to transfer to another university that better shares her values. Petra's social movement failed to reach which stage?

coalescence

When children who speak languages other than English at home attend public schools in the United States, they not only are expected to learn and use academic English, they also are exposed to and expected to act in accordance with rules such as waiting in line to go through the lunch line and sitting in the cafeteria to eat lunch. When these children go home, they speak with their family in their shared language and follow different practices regarding shared meals. Moving between these different settings, these children grow adept at

code switching

social movement

collective behavior that is purposeful and organized (but not ritualized) and that seeks to challenge or change one or more aspects of society through institutional and extra-institutional means. (page 757)

(Q020) A Muslim classmate from your introductory sociology course helps organize a march protesting discrimination against Muslim Americans on campus. Hundreds of students from area colleges participate. What type of action is this?

collective resistance

an organized effort to change a power hierarchy on the part of a less-powerful group in a society. (page 379)

collective resistance

the view that racial inequality is perpetuated by a supposedly color-blind stance that ends up reinforcing historical and contemporary inequities, disparate impact, and institutional bias by "ignoring" them in favor of a technically neutral approach. (page 380)

color-blind racism

(Q021) Charles believes that racial equality has already been achieved and therefore there is no need for programs like affirmative action. He argues that the best way to improve the conditions of poor African Americans is to encourage them to change their values regarding work, marriage, and family. Charles's beliefs are an example of

color-blind racism.

Kalani has busy summers planned for her daughters. They take music lessons, play on soccer and basketball teams, and attend summer school classes. This summer schedule is an example of

concerted cultivation

(Q004) The argument that religion is used to perpetuate inequalities has its roots in which theoretical approach to studying religion?

conflict theory

In the United States, media ownership is

consolidated in the hands of a few big companies

In the "Sociological Conversations" video, Allison Pugh discusses how parents in very different socioeconomic strata decide whether or not to purchase the current popular toy for their children. She introduces us to the ideas of symbolic indulgence and deprivation. Families choosing which toys to purchase for children are participating in

consumer culture

(Q003) As discussed in the text, President Barack Obama, the son of a white Kansan mother and black Kenyan father, is widely perceived as a black man despite being biracial. This is illustrative of the

continued significance of the one-drop rule.

The US surgeon general published a report in 1964 that clearly outlined the health dangers of smoking. In 1994, the government began what would become a decades-long effort to prosecute the tobacco companies for fraud: criminal misrepresentation of the health issues and deliberate intent to deceive and cover up evidence about tobacco's effects. Despite the government's efforts, however, the tobacco industry continues to market tobacco products. In 2014, the industry finally agreed to publicly state that their advertising campaigns had lied about the harms of smoking. Taken together, the tobacco industry's actions can be understood as a protracted case of __________ crime.

corporate

(Q014) The Keystone XL Pipeline has been the target of politic protest in recent years. Proponents argue that it provides energy and jobs; opponents argue that it poses unacceptable environmental risks. If framed against Charles Perrow's thesis in The Next Catastrophe, the pipeline

could be built and any negative impact reduced by dispersing the risks.

Josie comes up with an idea to create and distribute satirical advertisements that expose the hypocrisy of a large tech company that promotes itself as a force for good in the world while exploiting factory workers in poor countries. This would be an example of

culture jamming

the argument that poor people adopt certain practices that differ from those of middle-class, "mainstream" society in order to adapt and survive in difficult economic circumstances. (page 399)

culture of poverty

(Q003) Illegal work, multigenerational living arrangements, multifamily households, serial relationships in place of marriage, and "swapping" are part of the

culture of poverty.

(Q014) Robert Park's model of how immigrants adapted to a new setting was called straight-line assimilation. Milton Gordon refined this theory and suggested that an immigrant population can pass through seven stages of assimilation. Harold Isaacs then observed that, despite what seemed to be full assimilation, ethnic identity persisted. His findings led Clifford Geertz to conclude that because it was not biological, ethnicity must be the result of

culture.

What is an example of informal deviance?

cutting in line at the cafeteria

(Q018) Unionization rates in the United States have __________ over the past 60 years, and recent studies show that __________ workers are interested in being part of a collective bargaining agreement.

declined; more

cisgender

describes people whose gender corresponds to their birth sex. (page 303)

transgender

describes people whose gender does not correspond to their birth sex. (page 302)

sexuality

desire, sexual preference, and sexual identity and behavior. (page 297)

(Q021) In the book, we are presented with a mobility table (Table 7.2). As you look at this table, you can begin to see what happens to the sons. The rate of occupational change is surprisingly low. The sons largely wind up in the same occupational category as the fathers. One of the conclusions from the mobility table analysis suggests that

despite the American belief that we live in the land of opportunity, mobility rates have declined significantly in the past decades.

To combat rising crime rates, a state introduces tough new sentencing laws. The hopes of politicians and law enforcement officials for a subsequent decrease in crime are based on

deterrence theory

(Q015) One reason why intelligence quotient (IQ) tests correlate highly with academic performance is that the tests were

developed to assess one kind of intelligence found in schools.(Q016) Students' socioeconomic status (SES) reflects parental level of education, employment, and assets, and is a big factor in their educational opportunity and success. What is one nonfinancial boost that parents can provide a student planning to attend college?

A friend of yours has invited you to a big social event. Knowing you might meet people who could offer you a job after graduation, you polish your shoes, buy a new outfit, and practice introducing yourself and explaining the insights you've gained during college, all in the hopes of making a strong professional impression. In sociological terms, you're preparing to present yourself as a young professional, in accordance with

dramaturgical theory

(Q007) Fluidity around who you are as you interact with different subcultures, particularly when it is facilitated by social media spaces such as fan pages and private groups, is representative of your

dynamic identity.

(Q022) In the Moving to Opportunity study done as a follow-up on the Gautreaux Assisted Housing Program, what measure showed no improvement?

earnings

rent seeking

economic activities that aim to move value from one person or company to another without increasing value. (page 604)

productivity enhancing

economic activities that increase the total economic value available to society. (page 604)

Differential opportunity theory links what two things in analyzing deviance?

economic opportunities and crime rates

(Q014) In responding to surveys asking them to rank various occupations by status, people place more emphasis on the __________ of the position than the position's __________.

educational requirements; income level

(Q022) Teaken is an environmental activist who is working on a campaign trying to convince people to walk or bike to work (rather than drive) as a strategy to combat climate change. In which of the three camps does this solution to climate change fall?

efforts to slow greenhouse gas emissions

(Q020) In his interview with Dalton Conley, Doug McAdam explains that the Internet makes it easy for new social movements to disseminate information broadly. However, he also notes some drawbacks, including the fact that

electronically based movements may not be able to take advantage of existing interpersonal relationships to mobilize behavioral change.

(Q014) Affirmative action has been found to affect the makeup of the student body primarily at what type of US colleges and universities?

elite institutions

(Q016) Consider outgoing president Dwight D. Eisenhower's 1961 farewell address, in which he forewarned of the rise of the "military-industrial complex" which had the potential for a "disastrous rise of misplaced power." Eisenhower's position critiques the __________ system.

elite-mass dichotomy

(Q013) Johannes's parents both work as highly paid executives in large multinational corporations. His parents have ensured that Johannes received lessons in a number of different languages, including Mandarin and Italian, and visited many countries as a child. Now, as a young adult, he is finding that being multilingual and having a global perspective gives him a competitive advantage in his education and career. Johannes is benefiting from possessing which form of cultural capital?

embodied

(Q023) Mariana works as a customer service representative for a large cable company. She often has to handle calls from irate customers who can be very hostile and demeaning towards her. Some days she just wants to scream back at them, but her employer has made it clear that no matter how horribly a customer treats her over the phone, she must maintain a pleasant demeanor and do her best to resolve the issue. Mariana's job involves

emotional labor.

literally meaning "well born;" a pseudoscience that postulates that controlling the fertility of populations could influence inheritable traits passed on from generation to generation. (page 349)

eugenics

(Q008) In the last few decades, women's earning power has increased, yet they continue to do more domestic work than men. The text notes that when a woman's earnings surpass that of her husband's, the husband often quits doing housework. From a sociological perspective, we might attribute this to

entrenched norms and values concerning masculinity and femininity.

(Q007) In 2014, the US Supreme Court upheld the state of Michigan's ban on affirmative action. In a passionate dissent, Justice Sonya Sotomayor argued that the law placed an undue burden on racial and ethnic minority students not faced by other applicants. What type of equality was Justice Sotomayor arguing in favor of?

equality of condition

(Q006) What standard of equality was key to the arguments of civil rights leaders in the 1960s?

equality of opportunity

(Q003) Sociologists are skeptical of ____ arguments that explain social phenomena in terms of natural ones and often rely on biological determinism.

essentialist

(Q009) At the outset of US history, eligible voters were white property owners or very wealthy. The gradual inclusion of African Americans, women, and other groups took a long time. More recently, voter ID laws have become popular. Many would argue that such laws restricting who can vote are an extension of this long history, which is largely what kind of stratification system?

estate

(Q012) In the United States, the poverty line is established by

estimating food costs based on meeting minimum nutritional requirements and assuming that the average family spends about one-third of their budget on food.

(Q021) Lars is actively trying to promote a religious movement based on a single idea ("Be excellent to each other.") that he thinks will help people live more meaningful, moral lives. The religion he is trying to establish would be considered an example of

ethicalism.

one's ethnic quality or affiliation. It is voluntary, self-defined, nonhierarchal, fluid and multiple, and based on cultural differences, not physical ones per se. (page 356)

ethnicity

the belief that one's own culture or group is superior to others, and the tendency to view all other cultures from the perspective of one's own. (page 346)

ethnocentrism

(Q005) You're traveling with a group in a foreign country. After a homestay with a local family, a member of your group remarks that the meal he had last night was horrifying: roasted dog! "No one eats dog!" he exclaims. "It's barbaric!" This person is speaking from a perspective of

ethnocentrism.

The process of choosing a urinal in a men's restroom may seem simple, but there is an underlying, implicit protocol that has actually been studied. One researcher found that the unspoken rule was to always ensure a "buffer zone" of at least one "open" urinal between yourself and another person. Being an intrepid sociologist, you have decided to see what happens when this norm is breached. In doing so, you are practicing

ethnomethodology

(Q007) Between 1924 and 1979, the state of Virginia performed sterilizations on individuals deemed "unfit." This included people with epilepsy, which today is recognized and treated as a medical condition. These cases represent a manifestation of

eugenics.

material culture

everything that is a part of our constructed, physical environment, including technology

(Q011) In his interview with Dalton Conley, Matthew Desmond talks about the "Aspen effect," wherein people who work in fashionable places such as Aspen, Colorado, are forced to commute long distances. But Desmond notes another factor that has a major impact: eviction. Families that cannot pay their rent must move and find a new place to live. The major challenge faced by those being evicted is that

eviction is time-consuming and forces people to miss work.

(Q017) The sect-church cycle helps to explain the

existence of so many types of Christian churches in the United States

What is an example of an application of midrange theory?

exploring the role of churches in maintaining community ties in rural areas

(Q016) The idea that there is a high level of competition among the various religions in America seems to lead religions to work harder to attract more adherents. One of the main reasons for this competition is the

extensive diversity of religions found in America.

nuclear family

familial form consisting of a father, a mother, and their children. (page 487)

(Q020) What is one of the strongest predictors of sibling-on-sibling violence?

fathers with short tempers

(Q012) Native Americans have been the target of racial and ethnic abuses since Europeans arrived. In Indian Bureau boarding schools and schools provided on reservations, English was mandatory and children were severely punished if they spoke or wrote their native language, resulting in the gradual erosion of culture. This policy was an attempt at

forced assimilation.

Students, faculty, and staff at Flint River College interact with each other as they all contribute to the mission of the college in various ways. They also have identification cards that mark them as belonging on the campus. This social network would be defined as a(n)

formal organization

(Q003) Talcott Parsons's claim that the nuclear family was necessary to modern industrial society because it fulfilled society's need for productive workers (men) and child rearers (women) is an example of a functionalist approach to sociology. The main problem with this idea is that the

function of fulfilling a need for productive workers is not exclusively that of a single institution.

(Q011) The number of high school and college graduates in the United States has significantly increased over the past century. Explaining this as a case of supply and demand in which a need for a more educated workforce encouraged more people to stay in school longer would be in line with

functionalism.

In her interview with Dalton Conley, C. J. Pascoe talks about the ways in which boys in high school police the boundaries of masculinity, specifically by using the term "fag." What is at stake is not sexual orientation, but gender norms regarding what is perceived as "masculine." In 2010, Billy Lucas, a 15-year-old high-school student, hanged himself after repeatedly being called a "fag" by his peers for "looking different." Lucas's peers were enforcing norms based on

gender-role socialization

(Q015) Appearing first as a lowly weed, corn has, over the past several thousand years, become embedded in our food chain as a vegetable, a sweetener, and even a fuel. The long process of selecting, weeding, cultivating and fostering selected strains of the original weed is a form of

genetic modification.

the mass killing of a group of people based on racial, ethnic, or religious traits. (page 377)

genocide

(Q019) Studies show that a primary concern held by US workers about unionizing is related to management hostility. In this age of technology, there's another consideration: employee monitoring. Underlying all this is the fear of

getting fired.

The Asch test provides insight into what concept?

group conformity

triad

group of three

dyad

group of two

secondary groups

groups marked by impersonal, instrumental relationships (those existing as a means to an end)

Facebook surpassed 1 billion monthly active users in 2012, and that number has continued to climb. Facebook wasn't the first social media site, of course; it had to compete with earlier sites, such as Friendster and MySpace. Today, though, Facebook is many people's default way of staying in touch with family, friends, and colleagues through messages, posts, likes, and event invitations. Widespread reliance on the site is a good example of

hegemony

(Q022) Jordan's parents are both college-educated professionals who make a comfortable living and have a sizeable net worth. Jerome was raised by his mom who dropped out of high school and has worked in various low-wage jobs in the restaurant industry. As they approach high-school graduation, Jordan is trying to decide which admission offer she should accept from several elite universities, whereas Jerome is worried that he won't even graduate because of low grades in several of his classes. This illustrates

how parents' socioeconomic status tends to affect students' educational achievement.

norms

how values tell us to behave

social integration

how well you are integrated into your social group or community

resource dilution model

hypothesis stating that parental resources are finite and that each additional child gets a smaller amount of them. (page 568)

Climate change has evoked a politically polarized debate in the United States. For many, the cause and effect relationship between human activity and climate change seems obvious based on the science available. For others, such a claim seems ludicrous. Although it may seem that climate change is a matter of science, underlying the disagreement are attachments to opposing

ideologies

According to George Herbert Mead's stages of development, children first start to learn to recognize an "other" through

imitation

What is an example of a given-off gesture?

inadvertently glancing at the clock during a boring lecture

(Q005) The Milgram experiment shed light on people's

inclination to obey an authority figure even when asked to do something unconscionable.

(Q011) Suppose you have a good friend who has done well after college. His work in telecommunications helped him land him a job with a six-figure salary last year. He lives in a tiny apartment in the suburbs and keeps his money in a checking account. In addition, he lives off a credit card, and he still has $50,000 in college loans. Your friend is in the category of people considered to have high

income.

conformist

individual who accepts both the goals and the strategies that are considered socially acceptable to achieve those goals

rebel

individual who rejects both traditional goals and traditional means and wants to alter or destroy the social institutions from which he or she is alienated

ritualist

individual who rejects socially defined goals but not the means

(Q005) Suppose you are a freelance graphic designer, and you ask clients to pay you immediately online. One client insists on paying by check, a less immediate process. You start declining this client's projects in favor of clients who pay online. In Adam Smith's terms, your decision is based on finding an unacceptable level of _______ in the proposed exchange.

inefficiency

Suppose you are a participant in an online forum where people review online games, and one participant recently posted an angry rant in all caps, which elicited a harsh rebuke from several other users. Such a reprimand is a kind of

informal social sanction

Joey grew up in an impoverished rural community in the Appalachian Mountains with a high joblessness rate. He learned early on that to be successful meant achieving financial wealth, but without any hope of landing a lucrative career in his hometown, he turned to selling stolen opioid painkillers and became relatively wealthy. According to Merton's strain theory, Joey is a(n)

innovator

(Q001) At a store, you pay the cashier $20.00 for your $13.95 purchase. The cash register is malfunctioning, so the clerk calculates your change in his head. He gives you $5 and a nickel: a dollar short of the correct amount. You don't interpret the incident as getting deliberately shortchanged but rather as an example of the clerk's

innumeracy.

Many cell phone companies have similar offers and restrictions on changing numbers, adding numbers to a plan, getting a new phone, paying for minutes used beyond those allotted, and so on. These similarities are due to which of the following processes?

institutional isomorphism

institutions and social dynamics that may seem race neutral but actually disadvantage minority groups. (page 384)

institutional racism

(Q019) Jordi founded an organization to advocate for improvements in community mental health services in his state. His group files lawsuits to hold the government accountable for its legal responsibilities and also lobbies state representatives directly to convince them of the importance of mental health care. Jordi's organization is an example of a(n)

interest group.

matrix of domination

intersecting domains of oppression that create a social space of domination and, by extension, a unique position within that space based on someone's intersectional identity along the multiple dimensions of gender, age, race, class, sexuality, location, and so on. (page 313

(Q001) Feminists argue that gender matters because

it structures social relations between people.

extended family

kin networks that extend outside or beyond the nuclear family. (page 489)

(Q024) Zaria is on her way to a job interview when she gets a call from the babysitter that her daughter Mia is sick. Zaria can't afford to miss the interview so she calls her aunt who agrees to pick up Mia and take her to the pediatrician. Zaria was able to make the interview (and get the job) because she had help and support from her ____

kinship network.

Chad is the captain of the high-school golf team and son of a prominent business owner in town. Orhan is a refugee from Syria who attends the same school and lives with his single mother on the poor side of town. Both Chad and Orhan were caught cheating on a recent biology exam, but only Orhan was punished, which led him to drop out of school due to the shame he felt and to become involved in the illicit economy of street crime. Chad, on the other hand, went on to become a successful corporate executive after attending a prestigious college. This is an example of which theory of deviance?

labeling theory

Montrice attends an orientation session on her first day of college. There are 45 students and two orientation leaders in her session. This type of group is known as a

large group

(Q003) What is an example of what sociologist Phillip Jackson called the "hidden curriculum" in schools?

learning not to talk when the teacher or a classmate is talking

Under Adolf Hitler, the Nazis developed a carefully planned network of concentration camps. These were designed to hold all those deemed "undesirable" by the Nazi leadership. An individual consigned to a camp was forced to work, wore a specific uniform, had a limited ration of food, and faced a near certain death. This tragic episode in human history is an extreme example of

life in a total institution

ethnomethodology

literally "the methods of the people"; this approach to studying human interaction focuses on the ways in which we make sense of our world, convey this understanding to others, and produce a shared social order

cohabitation

living together in an intimate relationship without formal legal or religious sanctioning. (page 490)

(Q024) Ahmed's daughter, Elif, suffers from a moderately severe developmental delay. Her school suggested she might be better off in a special classroom just for disabled students. Ahmed argued forcefully against this plan because he thinks Elif would benefit socially if not academically by being in a typical classroom with the "normal" children.Ahmed is arguing for the ______ approach to special education.

mainstreaming

(Q004) The debate over whether intelligent design is a religious belief, as the courts have ruled, or a scientific theory in its own right shows the difficulties and importance of

maintaining the border between legitimate and nonlegitimate science.

(Q009) In 2011, a Toronto police officer, during a crime prevention talk, said "women should avoid dressing like sluts in order not to be victimized." The remark prompted formation of a protest movement dubbed SlutWalk, whose stated objective was to stop oppression by slut-shaming and "of being judged by our sexuality and feeling unsafe." Although controversial in many respects, the effort sparked a larger debate on rape culture, socially acceptable dress and appearance, and the idea of slut shaming. The idea that women are supposed to dress within a particular set of largely unspoken social boundaries, and thereby avoid being called sluts, speaks to the

maintenance of a gender order.

emotional labor

managing emotions and their outward expression to meet the expectations of a job, especially in service sector work. (page 597)

(Q021) What is rent seeking?

manipulation to increase profits

exogamy

marriage to someone outside one's social group. (page 486)

Despite being a business executive and competitive athlete, Jorge is often treated as helpless by people he encounters in his daily life because he is paraplegic and uses a wheelchair. Jorge's disability is a(n)

master status

(Q013) Joan is a white, straight, middle-aged, working-class woman who lives in suburban New Mexico. Zia is a black lesbian woman who recently came to the United States from South Africa to attend Harvard University. Patricia Hill Collins would point out that these two women each face a different

matrix of domination.

(Q017) In the model of premodern societies, Georg Simmel suggests that they are characterized by concentric circles of social affiliation. At the center of this circle of affiliation is

me.

formal social sanctions

mechanisms of social control by which rules or laws prohibit deviant criminal behavior

social control

mechanisms that create normative compliance in individuals

evangelicals

members of any Christian denomination distinguished by four main beliefs: the Bible is without error, salvation comes only through belief in Jesus Christ, personal conversion is the only path to salvation (the "born again" experience), and others must also be converted. They proselytize by engaging with wider society. (page 675)

(Q018) One theory about the growth of conservative churches is that

members value the high demands of a stricter organization and are more willing to commit time and energy.

qualitative methods

methods that attempt to collect information about the social world that cannot be readily converted to numeric form

the technical term for interracial marriage; literally meaning "a mixing of kinds"; it is politically and historically charged-sociologists generally prefer exogamy or outmarriage. (page 351)

miscegenation

exchange mobility

mobility resulting from the swapping of jobs. (page 285)

structural mobility

mobility that is inevitable from changes in the economy. (page 285)

classical model

model of social movements based on a concept of structural weakness in society that results in the psychological disruption of individuals. (page 767)

resource-mobilization theory

model of social movements that emphasizes political context and goals but also states that social movements are unlikely to emerge without the necessary resources. (page 768)

political process model

model of social movements that focuses on the structure of political opportunities. When these are favorable to a particular challenger, the chances are better for the success of a social movement led by this challenger. (page 769)

cultural scripts

modes of behavior and understanding that are not universal or natural

income

money received by a person for work, from transfers (gifts, inheritances, or government assistance), or from returns on investments. (page 274)

(Q018) In her interview with Dalton Conley, Paula England highlights the changing gender dynamics of relationships for college students. England's research found that students hook up rather than date, and that when they did, "something sexual happens" (which may or may not be intercourse). Furthermore, the whole idea of a relationship is very tenuous. Dating has a very different meaning, with an expectation that it might mean a relationship, and that it is

monogamous.

values

moral beliefs

(Q015) Highly educated people are more likely to explore faiths that are less traditional. Given what we have studied thus far about class, inequality, and education, one of the reasons this might be true is that more highly educated people are

more likely to have been exposed to alternative thinking.

(Q005) Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel's concept of the master-slave dialectic highlighted the fact that there is a(n) _______ between master and slave.

mutual dependency

glass ceiling

n invisible limit on women's climb up the occupational ladder. (page 321)

the movement to protect and preserve indigenous land or culture from the allegedly dangerous and polluting effects of new immigrants. (page 349)

nativism

(Q013) In the Moynihan report, The Negro Family, released in 1965, it was found that 25 percent of black wives outearned their husbands, leading the report to conclude that there was a "pathological" matriarchy. One of the chief conclusions that emerged from this report was that black women

needed to be more feminine in order to be successful wives.

androgynous

neither masculine nor feminine. (page 301)

Today, some people engage in open relationships, or polyamory, wherein all partners share details about their sexual health. In some relationships, the size of the group may be as large as a dozen people who share links to one or more of the others in the group. To protect all those involved, everyone agrees to disclose information upon testing positive for a sexually transmitted disease (STD). If someone fails to do this, or simply does not know he or she has an infection, what could the group employ to try to determine what happened?

network analysis

(Q002) Which factor played a role in the development of capitalism?

new farming technologies

(Q021) It has been argued that the drastic cultural shift in our society's tolerance of homosexuals in recent decades resulted from homosexuality no longer being medically classified as a mental illness along with increased visibility of homosexuals as they took pride in their sexual orientation and "came out of the closet." This is an example of which cause of social change?

new ideas and identities

Through network analysis a hidden rule was discovered that governs romantic relationships among teenagers. It prohibits dating the ex of your ex's current boyfriend or girlfriend. This rule is known as "______."

no cycles of four

(Q001) The United States is highly religious compared to other industrialized countries. The fastest growing religious affiliation in America today is

no religious affiliation.

(Q008) At the health food store, you notice that some chickens are labeled "certified organic," some "made with organic ingredients," others as "free range," and still others as "raised without growth hormones." About the only thing you can be sure of here is that the products labeled as "organic" will

not contain genetically modified ingredients.

sexism

occurs when a person's sex or gender is the basis for judgment, discrimination, or other differential treatment against that person. (page 315)

(Q009) In her interview with Dalton Conley, Jen'nan Read discusses the meaning of the terms "Arab" and "Muslim." Prior to the terrorist attacks of 9/11, Arab Americans were mostly unnoticed in the United States. Since then, however, Arab Americans have been the targets of racism and discrimination, and they have now been effectively racialized because

of the tendency to conflate the terms "Arab" and "Muslim."

white-collar crime

offense committed by a professional (or professionals) against a corporation, agency, or other institution

(Q020) Vikalp's donut shop has made him quite wealthy. One reason his business has been so lucrative is that he has an implicit agreement with the only other two donut shops in town to set prices at a very profitable level. This situation is an example of a(n)

oligopoly

master status

one status within a set that stands out or overrides all others

retreatist

one who rejects both socially acceptable means and goals by completely retreating from, or not participating in, society

I

one's sense of agency, action, or power

the belief that "one drop" of black blood makes a person black, a concept that evolved from US laws forbidding miscegenation. (page 351)

one-drop rule

the philosophical and religious notion that all people are created equal. (page 348)

ontological equality

There are many different student organizations on a college campus, each of which appeals to different segments of the student body. Like a larger society, such organizations have

organizational culture

A company changes from a hierarchical approach to product development, with managers alone promoted or fired based on how well a product eventually sells, to a team-based approach, where team members' salaries rise or fall in relation to how a product fares. This is a fundamental change to the company's

organizational structure

In the United States, atheists are one of the most disliked religious groups. In fact, most Americans believe atheists, who make up about three percent of the population, should not be allowed to put up public displays that celebrate their beliefs. Atheists are a(n)

out-group

a paradigm in which low income, unstable employment, a lack of cultural resources, and a feeling of inferiority from social class comparisons exacerbate household stress levels; this stress, in turn, leads to detrimental parenting practices such as yelling and hitting, which are not conducive to healthy child development. (page 423)

parenting stress hypothesis

(Q014) Winona is picking up her children from day care. Her nine-hour minimum-wage shift as a temp leaves her exhausted. As she piles her two kids into the car, she loses her temper after one of them refuses to sit still for her to fasten the seatbelt. Winona's solution is to yell at the child until he does what she asks. A sociologist might say that Winona's situation is an example of the

parenting stress hypothesis.

(Q007) Sorting students according to ability, also known as tracking, is controversial. In his interview with Dalton Conley, Stephen Morgan describes his work with non-Catholic students attending Catholic schools. He casts doubt on the benefits of tracking and instead suggests that

parents' goals for their children may play a large part in their success.

(Q019) Tyrone is frustrated by having submitted dozens of resumes to tech companies around the Pacific Northwest, resulting in zero job interviews. He decides to try submitting three resumes as "Tyler," and receives two calls from prospective employers. What is this an example of?

passing

(Q010) Studies show that when low-achieving students are placed in a class with mostly high-achieving students, their academic performance tends to improve. This is an example of the importance of

peer-to-peer dynamics.

(Q022) Who is counted in the "underemployment rate"?

people not working full time who would like full-time work plus those actively looking for work

reward structures that lead to suboptimal outcomes by stimulating counterproductive behavior; for example, welfare-to the extent that it discourages work efforts-is argued to have perverse incentives. (page 404)

perverse incentives

deterrence theory

philosophy of criminal justice arising from the notion that crime results from a rational calculation of its costs and benefits

the presence and engaged coexistence of numerous distinct groups in one society. (page 371)

pluralism

(Q007) In the late 1960s, social scientists observed an apparent increase in secularization and thought that the future of religion was in doubt. According to Peter Berger, secularization was the result of a larger crisis in religion we understand as

pluralism.

(Q015) Following the attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941, the US government decreed that all people of Japanese descent living in the United States, whether or not they were citizens, were subject to internment in concentration camps. At the time, enclaves of Japanese Americans thrived in several American cities. The fear and rejection of anyone with Japanese ancestry following the attacks reflected a decline in

pluralism.

(Q022) Fiona recently moved to a new city and noticed that on just one block there was a synagogue, a Hindu temple, a Greek Orthodox church, and a mosque. She thinks that this diversity in religion is a good thing. Fiona is in favor of

pluralism.

(Q016) The investment firm Goldman Sachs was indirectly implicated in the events precipitating the 2008 financial crisis. Some have alleged that the firm's deep ties to the US government made it possible to capitalize on gains using

political arbitrage.

(Q020) In the past year, Yolanda has voted in the midterm elections, volunteered for a congressional candidate's campaign, called her senator's office to share her position on certain issues, and attended several protests in her city. All of these activities are examples of

political participation.

(Q012) What are the three types of citizenship rights as defined by sociologist T. H. Marshall?

political rights, social rights, and civil rights

(Q002) The US television show Sister Wives tells the true story of Kody Brown, a Utah man with four wives. Existing legal sanctions in the United States prohibit polygamy, including the type of polygamy that Brown practiced, which is referred to as

polygyny.

Certain ideals about women's appearance are highly valued in the United States, such as thinness, muscular definition, and blemish-free skin. Reflection theory suggests that this obsession in our culture with the "perfect female body" emerges from our social structures and shapes the kinds of relationships we seek and value: we want to be around people who meet this standard of perfection. That is, the culture of women's bodies is a result of our own proclivities, and not a result of how women are depicted in the media. The primary difficulty with this idea is that it

presumes culture is a one-way process

Clifford Geertz's term to explain the strength of ethnic ties because they are fixed and deeply felt or primordial ties to one's homeland culture. (page 369)

primordialism

supernatural compensators

promises of future rewards, such as salvation or eternity in heaven. (page 692)

a group of people who share a set of characteristics-typically, but not always, physical ones-and are said to share a common bloodline. (page 342)

race

the formation of a new racial identity by drawing ideological boundaries of difference around a formerly unnoticed group of people. (page 354)

racialization

the belief that members of separate races possess different and unequal traits. (page 343)

racism

(Q001) The text discusses the plight of Irish immigrants in the United States in the late 1800s, when vicious, racially motivated attacks were directed toward them. In 2014, there was a series of angry demonstrations in Waterford, a town in Ireland, directed against the Roma (formerly referred to as gypsies). The irony of the attacks on the Roma in Waterford is that, like the anti-Irish attacks in the United States, they are an example of

racism.

(Q017) In her interview with Dalton Conley, Zephyr Teachout draws attention to the fact that elected officials spend a considerable amount of their time in office

raising money for their campaigns.

(Q005) The Industrial Revolution had a dramatic effect on the division of labor between (white) men and women, changing the nature of gender roles and shifting kinship networks. This represents a major shift in the

realms of the public and private.

Devah Pager's research on employment prospects for individuals with a prior criminal record exemplifies the serious consequences for certain stigmas. If an individual with a criminal record cannot easily find a job and decides to return to committing crimes to support his or her family, what sociological idea is this an example of?

recidivism

(Q019) In her interview with Dalton Conley, Alondra Nelson addresses the question of whether race is a social construction or a biological one. Genetics is one way to resolve questions of ancestry and forces us to reconcile biology with social realities. Although genetic testing may help many African Americans trace their genealogy, one of the major obstacles is that

records of slaves' origins are not complete or even existent in many cases.

At finals time, you are studying at a downtown coffee shop. Feeling stressed, you are relieved to hear two students from a college across town who are sitting at a nearby table and talking about how tough their tests are. You strike up a conversation with the pair, and you all end the conversation by agreeing that both schools could give students an extra study day to relieve the pressure. This insight came about thanks to your use of the other students as a

reference group

(Q011) Even though Sharon belongs to and is committed to her evangelical church in which belief in creationism is a tenet, she also believes there is some truth to the theory of evolution. She resolves this contradiction by considering that the absolute truth is unknowable and even if it's not completely true, there's useful wisdom in the story of creation. Sharon is practicing

reflexive spirituality.

Some businesses in the United States, especially food-service establishments, will post signs that read, "No shirt, no shoes, no service." These signs

reinforce a cultural norm

absolute poverty culture of poverty perverse incentives underclass relative poverty parenting stress hypothesis a measurement of poverty based on a percentage of the median income in a given location. (page 422)

relative poverty

(Q020) John was thinking deeply about the nature of existence as he was hiking in the mountains one morning when after a brief rain shower the clouds parted and a double rainbow appeared. At that moment he sensed a deep connection to a benevolent force in the universe and felt his perception of the world around him shift. John had a(n) _____ experience.

religious

fundamentalists

religious adherents who follow a scripture (such as the Bible or Qur'an) using a literal interpretation of its meaning. (page 675)

churches

religious bodies that coexist in a relatively low state of tension with their social surroundings. They have mainstream, "safe" beliefs and practices relative to those of the general population. (page 698)

cult

religious movement that makes some new claim about the supernatural and therefore does not easily fit within the sect-church cycle. (page 699)

As a budding sociologist, you decide to study American politics by attending presidential caucuses. You identify as a liberal independent, but you are interested in the process from different perspectives. Your first stop is at a caucus for Republican candidates. Everyone in the audience is passionate about their beliefs, and you find yourself swept up in the process, reacting against ideas that you see as extreme. In developing the paper discussing your study results, what is one of the challenges you in particular must overcome to produce an unbiased study?

remembering that everyone, including you, is inculcated into systems of beliefs that influence thinking and perceptions

In Discipline and Punish, the French theorist Michel Foucault examines how the modern penal system

represents a transformation in social control

(Q023) An important distinction between dictatorships and democracies is how

restricted the right to political participation is.

Since the 1970s, both violent and overall crime rates have gone down, while at the same time, incarceration rates in the United States have

risen dramatically

global warming

rising atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases, resulting in higher global average temperatures. (page 723)

(Q019) The megachurch is a relatively new phenomenon. What is one major characteristic of this type of church?

rock bands

Roberto works as regional sales manager, a job that requires him to travel frequently for long periods of time. He often dreams of quitting his job so that he can spend more time with his daughters and be a better father. Roberto is experiencing

role conflict

As a mother, Linda sometimes feels torn. Most of the time she focuses on being loving and supportive, but sometimes she needs to be firm to discipline her children. These opposing expectations are an example of

role strain

The decision to marry is a major life step. Contemporary Americans do so with certain cultural expectations: that our partner will love and care for us, will share the duties of managing a household (nowadays, fairly equally and regardless of gender), and will support us in our lives when problems arise at work or with other family members. These expectations of a spouse are an example of

roles

normal science

science conducted within an existing paradigm, as defined by Thomas Kuhn. (page 714)

(Q018) Modern social organization began to replace premodern social relations with the rise of

scientific knowledge and the concept of rationality.

nineteenth-century theories of race that characterize a period of feverish investigation into the origins, explanations, and classifications of race. (page 346)

scientific racism

(Q013) Suppose you believe your supervisor at work is jeopardizing a current project through incompetence, but you don't say anything because it won't improve anything and could result in you being removed from the project. This scenario is an example of which dimension of power, according to Steven Lukes's definition of the concept?

second dimension

Suppose a teenage girl caught smoking marijuana in her car in the high-school parking lot is suspended. As a result, she gains a reputation around school as a "druggie." After that, she begins using cocaine and eventually tries heroin. The girl's actions following the initial suspension are an example of

secondary deviance

(Q003) The increasing activity of groups such as ISIS in the Middle East is part of the far-right Islamic factions' efforts to reject what aspect of Western life?

secularism

the legal or social practice of separating people on the basis of their race or ethnicity. (page 372)

segregation

(Q016) In some urban neighborhoods, buying food staples requires a lengthy journey to another (more white) part of the city. "Food deserts" are a significant problem for people whose resources are limited. According to the text, a food desert is a possible marker of

segregation.

(Q009) Max Weber asserted that capitalism would not have arisen without the Protestant Reformation because theological insecurity and predestination

served, along with accounting advances, to make people see monetary fortune as a sign from God.

gender roles

sets of behavioral norms assumed to accompany one's status as male or female

(Q011) The model family in the 1950s in America was a happy, simple one. Mom stayed home and raised the kids. Dad went to work and made a good living. Even the dog was happy. In this Father Knows Best model, we can clearly see the structure of

sex role theory

(Q002) At a party, you listen in on a conversation about sex. One person states that he has had sex in some pretty far-out places. He is referring to

sexuality.

(Q026) The brief review of Peggy McIntosh's essay on white privilege lists just a few of the 50 privileges that McIntosh identified in her original work, which included not being asked to represent your entire race and not having to educate children to be aware of systematic racism for their own protection. Which of the following could also be considered white privilege?

shopping in a store without fear that security guards will scrutinize your behavior

A television ad campaign for a new toy starts playing nationwide in late October. Within weeks, big box retailers are selling out of the toy as parents prepare for the holidays. This response is an example of a

short-term, intended media effect

Tig tells her best friends Shonice and Petra about a job interview she had recently as they drink coffee in the student union building. Shonice then recounts her latest trip back home, after which Petra shares a story about her most recent rock-climbing adventure. This social group would best be described as a

small group

the application of Darwinian ideas to society-namely, the evolutionary "survival of the fittest." (page 348)

social Darwinism

social cohesion

social bonds; how well people relate to each other and get along on a day-to-day basis

Suppose you attend a dinner party, to which you were invited by a close friend who is trying to help you land a job in your chosen field of human resources. Your friend was unable to attend, and you knew nobody at the dinner, even though the dozen guests were all employed in human resource departments in the area. During the dinner, you were quiet and reserved, just listening to conversations around you. Afterward, you worry you missed the chance to gain new

social capital

(Q006) Researchers find that private Catholic schools are among the most successful in preparing students academically, particularly students from disadvantaged backgrounds. Several researchers attribute this to the beneficial connections made through the schools; this is an example of

social capital.

organic solidarity

social cohesion based on difference and interdependence of the parts

mechanical or segmental solidarity

social cohesion based on sameness

innovator

social deviant who accepts socially acceptable goals but rejects socially acceptable means to achieve them

(Q001) Jean-Jacques Rousseau argued that if we stripped away all elements of society that result from the institution of private property, only _____ would remain.

social equality

a nationality, not in the sense of carrying the rights and duties of citizenship but of identifying with a past or future nationality. For later generations of white ethnics, something not constraining but easily expressed, with no risks of stigma and all the pleasures of feeling like an individual. (page 356)

symbolic ethnicity

(Q011) A woman whose maternal grandparents came to the United States from Norway participates in a Norwegian folk dance group and bakes Norwegian pastries for special occasions. This is an example of

symbolic ethnicity.

A sociologist studying the meaning of bicycle theft finds that the young men in her neighborhood who steal bicycles do so as a way of proving that they are more clever than the owners of expensive bicycles, since they can get away with rifling through unlocked or poorly secured garages, porches, and basements unnoticed. In a way, stealing these pieces of sports equipment is a sport in itself for the thieves. This researcher's focus on how those who steal bicycles think of their actions is an example of

symbolic interactionism

(Q009) The text recounts an example of classroom difficulties around discipline when students become rowdy and hard to manage. The teacher, Mr. Ortiz, uses classroom time to encourage students to insult one another. What kind of approach is Mr. Ortiz failing to use in this case?

teaching methods that are supported by extensive research

Melinda and Alex are co-leads on a project at work, but their working styles differ greatly and they are having trouble agreeing on procedures and objectives. Elena, a member of their team who is relatively new to the company, steps in and pulls together a crucial part of the project to meet a tight deadline. The account manager is impressed with Elena's work, and Elena ends up getting a promotion after the project is completed. In this triad, Elena could be said to have assumed what role?

tertius gaudens

For a research project in an introductory sociology course, a student decides to compare how women's magazines cover health and beauty topics versus career and professional topics. This student is conducting

textual analysis

In her interview with Dalton Conley, Annette Lareau discusses the work found in her book, Unequal Childhoods, and gives numerous examples of the ways in which different parenting strategies play out in the home, and the results of those different strategies. Socioeconomic class differences (middle-class, working-class, and poor) figure prominently into the results, and she notes that the success of the child often hinges upon the knowledge and acceptance that what matters is

that children enter institutions, and institutions have rules

(Q005) Max Weber argued that the development of capitalism was closely intertwined with beliefs and values of Protestantism. Once the capitalist system took full root, however, he held that it was possible that

the Protestant ethic could simply fade away.

(Q008) Leticia, a high-school student who has been in remedial math classes for years, changes schools and is placed in a regular math class. Her new math teacher encourages Leticia and tells her she shows promise. In a few weeks, Leticia is surprised to find that she is doing well in the class. This scenario is an example of

the Pygmalion effect.

power

the ability to carry out one's own will despite resistance. (page 626)

(Q006) Suppose you have been invited to a big party by a good friend. When you text your friend to cancel, she issues a few veiled threats about how she might be getting too busy to hang out in the future. What is the difference between your friend's attempts to persuade you and what the text calls "domination by authority"?

the absence of a threat of physical force from your friend

glass escalator

the accelerated promotion of men to the top of a work organization, especially in feminized jobs. (page 322)

culture jamming

the act of turning media against themselves

ethicalism

the adherence to certain principles to lead a moral life, as in Buddhism and Taoism. (page 662)

(Q006) When a child is born, doctors make a decision about what sex they are. Usually, this is very straightforward. However, when a baby is born with atypical or ambiguous genitalia, most doctors recommend sex-reassignment surgery during infancy to make them conform to typical male or female genitalia. While this decision may or may not be a good choice, a sociologist might view the doctor's rationale as resulting from

the belief in a binary sex system.

labeling theory

the belief that individuals subconsciously notice how others see or label them, and their reactions to those labels over time form the basis of their self-identity

mediator

the member of a triad who attempts to resolve conflict between the two other actors in the group

(Q022) Rosie unsuccessfully ran for mayor of her city last year. Her campaign focused mainly on trying to convince poor, marginalized, politically apathetic residents to get out and vote for her so she can work to improve their situation. Which theory or model would explain her failure by pointing out that mobilization efforts can increase political participation only among the willing and able?

the civic voluntarism model

routinization

the clear, rule-governed procedures used repeatedly for decision making. (page 622)

hegemonic masculinity

the condition in which men are dominant and privileged, and this dominance and privilege is invisible. (page 305) hegemonic masculinity

tie

the connection between two people in a relationship that varies in strength from one relationship to the next; a story that explains our relationship with another member of our network

(Q023) Sara runs a blog called "Home and Hearth" that focuses on tips for stay-at-home wives and mothers to express their true feminine nature by making their homes a warm, nurturing haven for their husbands and children. Sara is promoting the notion of ____.

the cult of domesticity

embeddedness

the degree to which social relationships are reinforced through indirect ties (i.e., friends of friends)

collective action problem

the difficulty in organizing large groups because of the tendency of some individuals to freeload or slack off. (page 644)

One of the consequences of mass incarceration in the United States has been

the disenfranchisement of millions of former felons

subculture

the distinct cultural values and behavioral patterns of a particular group in society; a group united by sets of concepts, values, symbols, and shared meaning specific to the members of that group distinctive enough to distinguish it from others within the same culture or society

role

the duties and behaviors expected of someone who holds a particular status

oligopoly

the economic condition that exists when a handful of firms effectively control a particular market. (page 603)

(Q010) The Gautreaux Assisted Living Program in Chicago and the Moving to Opportunity study provided opportunities to explore

the effects on families of living in a low-poverty versus a high-poverty neighborhood.

face

the esteem in which an individual is held by others

(Q010) The gender wage gap generates considerable discussion. As defined by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), this gap is the "difference between male and female earnings expressed as a percentage of male earnings." Critics of the pay gap note that women do not work as many hours as men, that children necessitate women as primary caregivers (as the sole persons able to bear children), and that the entire problem "can be explained away by simply taking account of college majors." All of this debate underscores what basic idea?

the extent of male dominance in society

routinization or institutionalization

the final stage of a social movement, in which it is institutionalized and a formal structure develops to promote the cause. (page 774)

primary deviance

the first act of rule breaking that may incur a label of "deviant" and thus influence how people think about and act toward you

emergence

the first stage of a social movement, occurring when the social problem being addressed is first identified. (page 770)

(Q024) Lizzy is trying to get by in the expensive city of San Francisco but hasn't been able to secure a full-time job with benefits. She instead has pieced together a living by finding work through online apps through which she can earn money by delivering food, walking dogs, and doing freelance writing. Although she has, for the most part, been able to get by, Lizzy worries about affording health insurance and her inability to save for retirement. Lizzy is a participant in

the gig economy.

(Q022) In 2014, the top 10 models in the fashion industry all had earnings well over $1 million, with a few - Kate Moss and Heidi Klum - earning over $10 million. In her interview with Dalton Conley, Ashley Mears points out that top male fashion models quickly hit a limit as to how far they can go in modeling work, whereas a small number of women can continue on to be top, obviously well-paid, models. According to Mears, this particular career is an example of what in reverse?

the glass escalator

stratification

the hierarchical organization of a society into groups with differing levels of power, social prestige, or status and economic resources. (page 253)

(Q023) Average household net worth is much higher for white families than for black and Latino families. This "equity inequality" is BEST explained as a result of

the historical disadvantage of minority groups.

intersectionality

the idea it is critical to understand the interplay between social identities such as race, class, gender, ability status, and sexual orientation, even though many social systems and institutions (such as the law) try to treat each category on its own. (page 313)

reflection theory

the idea that culture is a projection of social structures and relationships into the public sphere, a screen onto which the film of the underlying reality or social structures of a society is projected

equality of outcome

the idea that each player must end up with the same amount regardless of the fairness of the "game." (page 261)

equality of opportunity

the idea that everyone has an equal chance to achieve wealth, social prestige, and power because the rules of the game, so to speak, are the same for everyone. (page 259)

equality of condition

the idea that everyone should have an equal starting point. (page 260)

heteronormativity

the idea that heterosexuality is the default or normal sexual orientation from which other sexualities deviate. (page 330)

contradictory class locations

the idea that people can occupy locations in the class structure that fall between the two "pure" classes. (page 267)

role strain

the incompatibility among roles corresponding to a single status

self

the individual identity of a person as perceived by that same person

social capital

the information, knowledge of people or things, and connections that help individuals enter, gain power in, or otherwise leverage social networks

social capital

the information, knowledge of people or things, and connections that help individuals enter, gain power in, or otherwise leverage social networks. (page 541)

authority

the justifiable right to exercise power. (page 619)

(Q014) What is the primary difference between a participatory movement organization and a professional movement organization?

the level of involvement of rank-and-file members

(Q008) According to Marx, capitalism is doomed to fail because of a self-made crisis of overproduction, leading to goods becoming unaffordable to workers. This in turn gives rise to socialism. The fundamental mechanism of distribution differing between these systems is

the market.

free rider problem

the notion that when more than one person is responsible for getting something done, the incentive is for each individual to shirk responsibility and hope others will pull the extra weight. (page 262)

According to the sociologist Georg Simmel, what can you use to predict the behavior of members of a social group?

the number of people in the group

social regulation

the number of rules guiding your daily life and, more specifically, what you can reasonably expect from the world on a day-to-day basis

sex

the perceived biological differences that distinguish males from females. (page 296)

agricultural revolution

the period around 1700 marked by the introduction of new farming technologies that increased food output in farm production. (page 580)

(Q016) The divorce rate in the United States rose steadily since the nineteenth century. In his interview with Dalton Conley, Andrew Cherlin suggests that one of the primary reasons for this paradox of the increasing divorce rate at the same time the "love of marriage" persists is due to

the pervasive idea of individualism that has flourished in America since the Colonial period.

(Q012) Why have social movements, such as the temperance movement of the nineteenth century and the civil rights movement of the twentieth century, been closely linked with religious institutions?

the power of public confession and the idea of national sin

polygamy

the practice of having more than one sexual partner or spouse at a time. (page 487)

polyandry

the practice of having multiple husbands simultaneously. (page 487)

polygyny

the practice of having multiple wives simultaneously. (page 487)

monogamy

the practice of having only one sexual partner or spouse at a time. (page 486)

pluralism

the presence and engaged coexistence of numerous distinct groups in one society. (page 673)

domination

the probability that a command with specific content will be obeyed by a given group of people. (page 627)

(Q005) Studies have shown that students in private schools outperform students in public schools. In his interview with Dalton Conley, Shamus Khan talks about St. Paul's School. Khan notes that students attending essentially convert their "birthright into credentials." What important aspect of education in the United States is reflected in his comments?

the problem of addressing inequality in schools

socialization

the process by which individuals internalize the values, beliefs, and norms of a given society and learn to function as members of that society

resocialization

the process by which one's sense of social values, beliefs, and norms are reengineered, often deliberately, through an intense social process that may take place in a total institution

specialization

the process of breaking up work into specific, delimited tasks. (page 623)

education

the process through which academic, social, and cultural ideas and tools, both general and specific, are developed. (page 532)

(Q007) According to Karl Marx, workers in a capitalist economy are alienated from the products they produce because

the production process is distributed among many different people.

(Q016) Which group is most likely to have a collective action problem?

the residents of a county trying to block natural gas drilling in their area

(Q021) Julia is the fourth of five children. When she started college, her parents told her she would have to get a job to help pay for her education. Julia's parents are an example of

the resource dilution model.

divide et impera

the role of a member of a triad who intentionally drives a wedge between the other two actors in the group

What is an example of nonmaterial culture?

the rules for using the weight room at the gym

coalescence

the second stage of a social movement, in which resources are mobilized (i.e., concrete action is taken) around the problems outlined in the first stage. (page 771)

service sector

the section of the economy that involves providing intangible services. (page 597)

me

the self as perceived as an object by the "I"; the self as one imagines others perceive one

organizational culture

the shared beliefs and behaviors within a social group; often used interchangeably with corporate culture

homosexual

the social identity of a person who has sexual attraction to and/or relations with people of the same sex. (page 326)

consumerism

the steady acquisition of material possessions, often with the belief that happiness and fulfillment can thus be achieved

(Q008) In her interview with Dalton Conley, Susan Crawford shared findings of her research with lower-class religious women. She was surprised to hear that while the women said religion was very important, they rarely attended services at churches, mosques, or temples. Why was this the case?

the stigma of being poor, especially at moments like the collection of offerings

Martha wants to get a highly competitive internship with a state senator. She has shared this interest with her family and friends, but no one seems to have any useful contacts who can help her. One day, she runs into a former classmate she has not seen for several years and learns that the classmate has a cousin who worked as the assistant campaign manager for that senator in a recent election. The classmate then offers to introduce Martha to his cousin. This is an example of what concept?

the strength of weak ties

game theory

the study of strategic decisions made under conditions of uncertainty and interdependence. (page 643)

narrative

the sum of stories contained in a set of ties

(Q002) The first naturalization law in the United States in 1790 limited citizenship to "free white persons," which set up a relatively broad and inclusive definition of "whiteness." However, the definition of whiteness narrowed such that it applied only to Anglos by the early twentieth century. What social change led to this increasingly exclusive definition of whiteness?

the surge in immigration of non-Anglo Europeans to the United States

cultural capital

the symbolic and interactional resources that people use to their advantage in various situations. (page 558)

(Q023) Zaria failed a few classes early in high school due to a stressful family situation. Due to her performance, she was subsequently placed in classes meant for students that will not go on to attend college after graduating high school. This is an example of

tracking.

(Q001) In Carlos' family, his oldest brother always gets his way and bosses his younger siblings around. He invariably gets to choose the restaurants they eat out at, which chores he has to do, and what channel the TV is on. When Carlos asks his parents why this is, they tell him that in their culture the eldest son is special and that's how it was in their families growing up. What kind of authority is displayed in this example?

traditional authority

In August 2014, police in Ferguson, Missouri, shot Michael Brown, a young black man. The incident sparked a wave of protest and elicited a dialogue about police and race relations nationwide. The town of Ferguson is predominantly African American, having become increasingly so as white residents moved to the suburbs. Some people have argued that part of the problem in Ferguson originated from the disparity between the residents and police department, where the city was comprised of one population (black) and the police department of another (white). This underlies a more fundamental problem faced by many communities, in that the decline of communal ties has lessened the amount of

trust

megachurch

typically, a conservative Protestant church that attracts at least 2,000 worshipers per week. (page 691)

the notion, building on the culture of poverty argument, that the poor not only are different from mainstream society in their inability to take advantage of what society has to offer but also are increasingly deviant and even dangerous to the rest of us. (page 404)

underclass

(Q001) In the United States, poverty is usually thought of as severe economic deprivation that prevents people from living with dignity. Despite decades of effort and billions of dollars, poverty in the United States continues unabated. Recent research suggests that poverty is a kind of proxy, or stand-in, for the

underlying social disease of inequality and economic segregation.

Sociologist Allison Pugh researched consumer culture and socioeconomic class differences through parental purchases for children. In their relationship with their children, low-income parents tended to strive for symbolic indulgence, whereas high-income parents tended toward symbolic deprivation. Both of these approaches are an attempt to ensure that kids "fit in" at school, indicating that parents of all classes shy away from difference. These actions reflect

values

(Q023) Siying's mother and father both lacked any formal education and supported their family by working as shoe shiners in a New York City subway station. Siying got a scholarship to attend an Ivy League university, went to medical school, and is now a neurosurgeon at a hospital in Boston. This is an example of

vertical social mobility.

If you were to tell someone that you were conducting breaching experiments, you would be telling them that you were intentionally

violating social norms to see what happens

(Q019) Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram give us instant access to the smallest details of others' lives. We need no personal connection to those we follow, nor knowledge of their culture or history. For the postmodernist, this embodies the idea that

we should question whether there is a history.

(Q024) In her interview with Dalton Conley, Jennifer Lee observes that the black-white divide is now the black-nonblack divide. Her argument is based on the experiences of first- and second-generation Asians and Latinos, a group in which each successive generation's outcomes improve. Among black Americans this is not the case, however. Disparities are apparent between blacks and all other groups in

wealth and educational attainment.

(Q023) In recent years it has become harder to fully participate socially and economically in American society without having a smartphone. Some might even consider them a requirement for being able to live with dignity in our society. This would be an example of how

what is considered a necessity is socially defined and can change over time.

recidivism

when an individual who has been involved with the criminal justice system reverts to criminal behavior

paradigm shift or scientific revolution

when enough scientific anomalies accrue to challenge the existing paradigm, showing that it is incomplete or inadequate to explain all observed phenomena. (page 714)

stereotype threat

when members of a negatively stereotyped group are placed in a situation where they fear they may confirm those stereotypes. (page 564)

(Q009) What are two factors that are used to distinguish between different types of social movements?

whose behavior they seek to change; whether the change sought is limited or radical

(Q017) After facing persecution by the Nazis in Poland, many Jews left the country for good. Which group response to domination is this an example of?

withdrawal

second shift

women's responsibility for housework and child care-everything from cooking dinner to doing laundry, bathing children, reading bedtime stories, and sewing Halloween costumes. (page 502)

boundary work

work done to maintain the border between legitimate and nonlegitimate science within a specific scientific discipline or between legitimate disciplines. (page 719)

functionalism

the theory that various social institutions and processes in society exist to serve some important (or necessary) function to keep society running

code switch

to flip fluidly between two or more languages and sets of cultural norms to fit different cultural contexts

Comparative research usually involves studying

two or more units of analysis that have a number of things in common but differ on a dimension (or dimensions) of interest.

What is an example of using one's sociological imagination?

understanding that the divorce of one's parents is part of a larger societal trend toward marriage dissolution

nonmaterial culture

values, beliefs, behaviors, and social norms

correlation or association

when two variables tend to track each other positively or negatively

The contemporary social movement with the slogan "Fight for 15" seeks a $15 minimum wage and unionization. This attempt to mobilize and make gains for workers can be viewed as in line with the view of the social world of which classical sociological theorist?

Karl Marx

Rather than complaining about "kids these days," 52-year-old Professor Cathy Small enrolled as an undergraduate at a large university in an attempt to better understand the college experience of her students. She published her findings in the book, My Freshman Year (under the pen name of Rebekah Nathan). This research is in line with the methodology developed by which of the following early sociologists?

Max Weber

postmodernism

a condition characterized by a questioning of the notion of progress and history, the replacement of narrative within pastiche, and multiple, perhaps even conflicting, identities resulting from disjointed affiliations

interpretive sociology

One of the challenges faced by many colleges and universities is binge drinking on campus. Imagine you are tasked with developing solutions to this problem. Thinking sociologically, you suggest that it would be useful to understand the meaning placed on the parties where binge drinking happens, so solutions are based on a deeper understanding of the experience itself. Your approach relies on the methodology of

macrosociology

a branch of sociology generally concerned with social dynamics at a higher level of analysis-that is, across the breadth of a society

microsociology

a branch of sociology that seeks to understand local interactional contexts; its methods of choice are ethnographic, generally including participant observation and in-depth interviews

social institution

a complex group of interdependent positions that, together, perform a social role and reproduce themselves over time; also defined in a narrow sense as any institution in a society that works to shape the behavior of the groups or people within it

double consciousness

a concept conceived by W. E. B. Du Bois to describe the two behavioral scripts, one for moving through the world and the other incorporating the external opinions of prejudiced onlookers, which are constantly maintained by African Americans.

One of the classes you are enrolled in fills up every semester it is offered, and students rave about it. There's something about it beyond the topic and the instructor, which makes you curious. You have an idea about why this is so, so you decide to test your theory by jotting down a hypothesis, asking other students a few questions, and then seeing if the results fit your theory. You are employing what kind of research in your sociological search for answers?

a deductive approach

What is a moderating variable?

a factor that affects the relationship between the independent and dependent variables

participant observation

a qualitative research method that seeks to uncover the meanings people give their social actions by observing their behavior in practice

deductive approach

a research approach that starts with a theory, forms a hypothesis, makes empirical observations, and then analyzes the data to confirm, reject, or modify the original theory

inductive approach

a research approach that starts with empirical observations and then works to form a theory

anomie

a sense of aimlessness or despair that arises when we can no longer reasonably expect life to be predictable; too little social regulation; normlessness

feminist methodology

a set of systems or methods that treat women's experiences as legitimate empirical and theoretical resources, that promote social science for women (think public sociology, but for a specific half of the public), and that take into account the researcher as much as the overt subject matter

reverse causality

a situation in which the researcher believes that A results in a change in B, but B, in fact, is causing A

Drivers stop at red lights for no other reason than that there is a shared understanding that this is what you're supposed to do at a red light. This shared meaning becomes the basis for how people act and interact with each other on the road and thus takes on the appearance of an objective fact. This is an example of

a social construction

What is defined as a complex group of interdependent positions that, together, perform a social role and reproduce themselves over time?

a social institution

positivist sociology

a strain within sociology that believes the social world can be described and predicted by certain observable relationships (akin to social physics)

What is an example of a panel survey?

a survey of 1,000 high-school seniors who are then contacted every two years for a 10-year period to participate in a follow-up survey

ideology

a system of concepts and relationships, an understanding of cause and effect

content analysis

a systematic analysis of the content rather than the structure of a communication, such as a written work, speech, or film

Professor Chang has spent years studying human history and social change and developed an abstract, systematic model that explains how as countries become wealthier their cultures shift to become more tolerant and open. This would be an example of

a theory

midrange theory

a theory that attempts to predict how certain social institutions tend to function

In her interview with Dalton Conley, Julia Adams talks about the differences between sociology and history. As a self-identified historical comparative sociologist, Adams makes the point that sociologists are less concerned with uniqueness than they are with commonalities. Consider Henry the VIII of England during the mid-1500s. Henry's succession of marriages (six wives in all) is often seen as a unique case. Six wives is a lot by the norms of many European societies. A sociologist, however, might well look at it by considering the ways in which Henry's marriages

affected religious life in England then, with ramifications that continue through the present.

theory

an abstracted, systematic model of how some aspect of the world works

population

an entire group of individual persons, objects, or items from which samples may be drawn

social construction

an entity that exists because people behave as if it exists and whose existence is perpetuated as people and social institutions act in accordance with the widely agreed-on formal rules or informal norms of behavior associated with that entity

case study

an intensive investigation of one particular unit of analysis in order to describe it or uncover its mechanisms

survey

an ordered series of questions intended to elicit information from respondents

reflexivity

analyzing and critically considering our own role in, and effect on, our research

"Thinking like a sociologist" means that you

apply analytical tools to the things you've always done without much conscious thought in the past

research methods

approaches that social scientists use for investigating the answers to questions

Both quantitative and qualitative methods (the way sociologists can gather data about a social issue or problem) are approaches that ideally attempt to establish a __________ between social elements

causal relationship

What is the best example of a quantitative research method?

conducting a survey of how frequently people exercise

Amber is conducting research on the negative portrayal of Latinos in the media. She searches through newspapers to document instances of discriminatory language toward Latinos. What type of research is Amber conducting?

content analysis

You've noticed that when you sleep less, your grades suffer. At the same time, you realize that lower grades could also lead to a lack of sleep: that worrying about a possible dip in your grade point average could keep you up at night. What kind of relationship between the two variables, lack of sleep and lower grades, are you noticing here?

correlation

What three factors are needed to establish causation?

correlation, time order, and ruling out alternative explanations

Sociology is distinct from other academic disciplines in its attempt to

detect patterns in how different societies respond to similar phenomena.

Using the sociological imagination helps sociologists (and students of sociology)

develop the ability to see the connections between our own personal experience and the larger forces of history

Which description captures a feature of feminist approaches to social research?

engaging in research that may bring about policy changes to help improve women's lives

In an effort to understand how group dynamics change under duress, a research team gathers 100 people at a remote mountain location, bringing them all in by helicopter. Using carefully designed interviews, the researchers begin the lengthy process of interviewing the participants. After the second day, however, there are a dozen participants who express unhappiness and want to leave. The research team reminds them that they signed an agreement to be interviewed knowing what it entailed, that leaving is not practical, and that they need to continue with the process. The research team is failing to fulfill what golden rule of research?

ensuring voluntary participation

Allison is concerned with the subtle messages that her niece receives from her kindergarten teacher about suitable careers. For example, picture books read in class portray women as nurses and secretaries but the doctors and engineers in the books are male. Allison's concerns reflect what kind of theoretical perspective?

feminist

The early sociological writer, Harriet Martineau, wrote a book in 1838 that examined the institution of marriage and challenged assumptions about women's inferiority. In this respect, Martineau espoused what kind of theoretical position in her sociological writing?

feminist

A theoretical perspective most popular in the mid-twentieth century held that social realities such as the roles that men and women play in heterosexual couples or the existence of inequality could be explained by the necessary purpose they served in society. What was this theoretical perspective?

functionalism

A researcher observes that most teens entering a café choose to sit near other occupied tables, whereas most retirees choose a table that is farther away from other customers. The researcher then theorizes that youth like to feel that they are part of a larger group of people, whereas the elderly are more comfortable being alone. This is an example of which kind of research approach?

inductive

In an interview with Dalton Conley, Mitchell Duneier describes his desire to conduct research that adheres to the ethical guidelines of social research. If Duneier had interviewed street vendors by secretly recording their interactions, what ethical guideline would he have violated?

informed consent

You have decided to conduct an interview-based study on your campus that examines sexual assault with the hope of offering recommendations to the administration for policy changes. You have selected as your sample the members of all the campus fraternities, as this is a subpopulation of the entire campus and seems often to be at the center of the cases. Although this is an interesting approach, your results will likely be

limited in generalizability because of your sampling decision.

Getting ready to go out on a first date with someone she first contacted through a dating app, Jada tries on a dress and stilettos. Then, remembering that the person mentioned liking sporty women, Jada reconsidered and changed into shorts and a tank top. Jada's wardrobe change illustrates what social theory?

looking-glass self

In his experiment, Duncan Watts created a website where respondents could rate songs. His sample size was 14,341 respondents. If Watts selected a new sample of 14,341 different respondents and their average ratings of each song were significantly different than the first sample, what problem would Watts's research suffer from?

low reliability

experimental methods

methods that seek to alter the social landscape in a very specific way for a given sample of individuals and then track what results that change yields; they often involve comparisons to a control group that did not experience such an intervention

quantitative methods

methods that seek to obtain information about the social world that is already in or can be converted to numeric form

Observing and analyzing the conversations patients have with their doctors would be an example of what kind of sociology?

microsociology

In the effort to stop the spread of HIV, organizations and countries have invested in research to understand how the virus spreads within a population. Often, this research investigates transmission through "having sex." Here, one of the challenges is to precisely define what "having sex" means, so that researchers can identify the relevant variables. This challenge of specifying a key idea is crucial to any good sociological study and is called

operationalization

What data collection method was primarily used by Mary Pattillo to study the influx of black professionals into a Chicago neighborhood where many lower-class blacks already lived?

participant observation

Suppose you're at a party at a friend's apartment. One of the guests strikes up a conversation with you about voter apathy and claims he has a pretty good idea as to why it is so high, calling it a "well-educated hypothesis." You point out (much to his annoyance) that his idea is really nothing more than a guess. In order to accurately call his idea a hypothesis, he would need to

propose a relationship between two variables

Suppose that researchers find that if they ask respondents to report their happiness twice over the course of an interview, the respondents nearly always give identical responses. However, they also find that respondents are generally unwilling to report feeling unhappy because they think they will be judged negatively by the interviewer. This measure of happiness would be

reliable but not valid

historical methods

research that collects data from written reports, newspaper articles, journals, transcripts, television programs, diaries, artwork, and other artifacts that date back to the period under study

Zayvon has conducted a study in which he found that college students with more friends tend to have higher GPAs. He concluded that as a person makes more friends, she has more social support and that helps her do better academically. However, when he collected longitudinal data in a follow-up study and was able to take into account time order, Zayvon found that, actually, as a person increases her GPA, she gains status on campus and attracts more friends. This is a case of

reverse causality

A researcher spends time with small organic farmers on their land and at market in order to understand their particular subculture, noting the brands of work clothes they prefer; their conversations about hoop houses, compost, and aquaponics; and the nonverbal greetings they give other drivers on rural roads. This focus reflects which approach to research?

symbolic interactionism

cultural relativism

taking into account the differences across cultures without passing judgment or assigning value

sociological imagination

the ability to connect the most basic, intimate aspects of an individual's life to seemingly impersonal and remote historical forces

validity

the extent to which an instrument measures what it is intended to measure

generalizability

the extent to which we can claim our findings inform us about a group larger than the one we studied

conflict theory

the idea that conflict between competing interests is the basic, animating force of social change and society in general

reliability

the likelihood of obtaining consistent results using the same measure

causality

the notion that a change in one factor results in a corresponding change in another

dependent variable

the outcome the researcher is trying to explain

The Chicago School of Sociology emphasized the importance of

the social environment in shaping people's behavior and personality.

sociology

the study of human society

sample

the subset of the population from which you are actually collecting data

culture

the sum of the social categories and concepts we embrace in addition to beliefs, behaviors (except instinctual ones), and practices; everything but the natural environment around us

You would like to understand why some high-school students in a private religious school are prone to being cyberbullied. After thoroughly operationalizing the terms, developing well-honed variables, and identifying a sample, you must apply to an institutional review board in order to conduct the research. One of the main concerns is that

you are dealing with a protected population group