SOC 120 FINAL

reasons western nations have taken for granted that conjugal family live in the same house hold until grown (2)

-Divorce splits conjugal unit into two households -Remarriage may bring multitude of ties across households

anti gay marriage arguments

-God divinely limited heterosexuals to marriage --> -marriage only for sexual procreatoin children of gays will be stigmatized gay marriage endangers heterosexual marriage

explain why remarriage ends in in divorce faster than first marriages (3)

In part, Selection: Remarried partners are different -May be inherently more willing to divorce (already did it once!) May be less skilled at finding a partner or holding a marriage together (personality traits, mental health, etc.)

for most people in the US what is cohabitation

a short life stage

in 1950 - 1970 how did peoples viewpoints change in marriage (2)

accept single hood, and accepted decrease in marriage

What did Li reccomend that society do to help children with divorce

address processes before and after divorce, rather than simply preventing divorce

when is the most difficult time to start a step family

adolescence

what are the three ways to become part of a family

adoption marriage birth

when did grand parentinng emerge and why (2 things)

after WW2 mortality decline and fertility decline

what is the key factor of when a step parent joins the family

age

percent of cohabitation adults decreases by what

age cohort

teenage birthrate is at what

all time low

what are altruism and exchange theory for intergenerational support

altruism = selfless concern for others exchange = give at some point and they give back later

2 perspectives explaining inter generational assistance

altruism and exchange theory

causation implies ___ but ___ does not imply ____

association --> association does not imply causation

what parenting style is parents contribute low levels of emotional support with coercive attempts at control of their children

authoritarian

what parenting style is parents combine high levels of emotional support with consistent , moderate control of children

authoritative

what is the acknowledged right of someone to supervise and control others behavior - what does this recognize

authority

since 1960 the __ and __ have been increasing what does this prove

average at marriage and divorce rate teen marriage cannot be the cause of the divorce revolution

when is the transition period for a step parent time frame and characteristics (2 things)

first 2 - 4 years when a step family adjust try to form lasting bonds 1. (affinity seeker) try to get kids to like them or 2. Polite outsider, avoid discipline and make little effort to be friends with child as time passes become slowly

de jure (means true and is fact with the law) is what kind of definition of family

formal

family policy sets the what for everybody example

framework marriage, divorce laws, contraception

when dating became popular what powers shifted (2 things)

from women power to men from parent power to kids

de facto (means true but not in accordance with the law) is what kind of definition of family

functional

care work at home is not _

fungible / exchangeable

income from market is _

fungible which means exchangeable

are girls or boys more sexually active as teens is A.A. , whites, or mexicans the most sexually active as teens

girls A.A.

what was the argument to protect family over people

giving wommen right to sue for rape etc would undermine of weaken family and encourage divorce

today many people experience stress trying to fulfill what 2 ideals

good parent and good worker

is cohabitation long term yes or no and give stats

half gone in a year half marry within year few last more than 5 years

marriage leads to what kind of behavior

healthier, lower level of negative behaviors and a decrease in mens risky behavior

remarriage rates are __ but __

high but decreasing

is there any divorce rate differences among blacks, hispanics, asian americans, and catholic/protestants

higher in blacks and hispanics low in asian americans no difference between catholic/protestant

what is a sexual encounter with no expectation of further development

hooking up

when and what is the third initiation era

hooking up - (1990 - present) unclear if hookup culture will replace traditional dating culture

statistics of single mother hood overstate what and why

how many children grow up without father in home --> because if not married considered single even if live with a father figure

many mothers who are single are however what

in relationship and live with child's rather but not married so doesn't count

there is a big difference in what type of fathers

in residence and out of residence

what is a model of the marriage market in which both spouses work for pay and pool their incomes does this model fit the marriage model well

income pooling model yes

is there an increase or decreases in single father families

increase

social consequences of mortality decline

increase in elderly population , graying of US demographic

average time until remarriage are has increased or decreased

increased

has marriage increased or decreased for adults since the 1950's if yes , for who

increased both whites and blacks but especially blacks

give examples of female labor force participation pull factors (3 things)

increased education, fewer children, expansion of service sector

repartnering rates are increasing or decreasing

increasing

what change in sex happened in 1970 - 1990 (4)

increasing acceptance of pre marital sex, cohabitation, childlessness, non marital child birth

is care work being increasingly outsourced of decreasingly outsourced

increasingly

what marriage market theory has income pooling and bargaining

independence

what marriage regime era had importance of personal fulfillment , flexible roles (dual earner),

individualistic (3)

what marriage regime era was enables by possibility of leaving dissatisfying relationships, happiness

individualistic (3)

what marriage regime era was marriage with emphasis on self development, flexible roles, and open communication

individualized 1960 - present the third era

what economic changes affected the marriage regime from institutional to companionate (1 - 2 eras) (3 things)

industrialization, urbanization, wage work

what marriage regime era was had male authority, the wife was domestic, dutiful, and submissive

institutional (1)

what marriage regime era did the church enforce marriage, law, and community they upheld their own marriage and the marriages of others

institutional (1)

what marriage regime era was where the wifes property was the husbands and the wife needed to ask permission for any decision that had to be make

institutional (1)

what marriage regime era were there clear rules that were fairly formalized, widely accepted, by which people conduct their lives

institutional (1)

what marriage regime era was one which the emphasis was on male authority, duty, and conformity to sexual norms

institutional pre - 1900

trends in gay marriage pace of acceptance is similar to what

interracial marriage

a person such as a step parent who plays a role in a family that is somewhere between that of a parent and that of a trusted friend

intimate outsider

explain EITC

introduced in 1975 modified later income subsidy for low earners and especially those with children must work to receive benefits increase with earnings up to a point

today dating ___ and hooking up is ___

is on the wane on the rise

how does the US divorce rate compare to other developed countries

it is the highest

two different types of step families

kinship based and household based

why is cohabitation a incomplete institution

lacks established rites, scripts, expectations etc. these are beginning to emerge

when did more people accept pre marital sex than the people who didn't accept pre marital sex

late 1970's/1980

US was the first or is a late comer to the second demographic transition

late comer

what is PRWORA

law that created TANF in 1996

slippery slope gay marriage arguments

lead to polygamy gay marriage will lead to anyone wanting to marry anyone gay marriage will increase divorce rates becayse gay relationshps are unstable

obergefell vs. hodges 2015 was what court case

legalized gay marriage in all states extending an existing right

fathers matter less or more than mothers

less

have the percentage of ederly been receiving more or less social security since 1975 until now

less

unmarried fathers pay less or more child support than divorced fathers

less

what kind of people does cohabitation attract

less committed and more independent, and more likely to have divorced parents

what percent of remarried couples have each their own kid and one together so (3)

less than 5%

extreme poverty below poverty but above extreme poverty low income medium income high income explain finances

less than 50% poverty line between 50 and 99% of poverty line between 100 - 199% of poverty line between 200 and 399% of poverty line 400% or more of the poverty line

children in step families are better well off or less well off than children with two biological parents

less well off

who favor accepting family diversity and support policies that would expand aid to single parents and their children

liberals

who supports the affordable care act

liberals

pre 1960 non marital coresidence was ____

limited to Low SES

is there a little or a big difference between how whites and blacks of the same social class raise kids

little

what is a relationship in which two people define themselves as a couple but do not live together

living together apart

what study would compare the behavior of children before and after divorce what was Li's finding about divorce

longitudinal effect of divorce on BP is tiny, preexisting family characteristics are likely to be responsible for BP

what is the widowhood effect for whites

loss of spouse increases mortality by about 15 - 20% in old age for whites

coresidence increased from 1960 - 2010 among everyone including high education. what is the group that is the most common for co residence now a days

low SES

married people have a higher or lower mortality risk at all ages than their unmarried peers

lower

what risk factor for divorce is no fault divorce legislation, cultural change, and employment

macro level factors

today the majority or minority of young Americans will cohabitate __ of first marriages are preceded by cohabitation

majority 2/3

marriage went from mark of conformity to whaat

mark of prestige

better health, longer life, more sex, more satisfaction of sex, more wealth, and higher earnings are all benefits of ___

marriage

what leads to enforceable trust from society why

marriage relationship is socially recognized compared to cohabitation is not

what is an analogy to the labor market in which single individuals search for others who will marry them or their children

marriage market

repartnering includes what (2)

marriage or co habiataion

what is symbolic meaning for pro gay marriage

married confers privelaged status on couple in eyes in community --> gays wanna say we are just as serious about our commitment to each other as straight couples

what are three things included in childrearing and example

material support: food and shelter emotional support: kids helpless until 6-8 control: control behavior and discipline

wealthier and educated populations are no longer pre occupied with what (3 things) what type of values

materialist values authority, survival, and security

what model of domestic violence is seen as an illness and a source of injuries

medical model

did the social security act of 1935 favor men or women what did it enshrine

men family wage system

2 consequences of mortality decline

men and women live longer women live longer than men

for 25-34 year olds who completed college over 1940 to 2010 explain it for men and women

men peaked in 1980 and women peaked in 2000 but had a massive increase

is cohabitation a micro or macro factor of divorce is it a strong predictor? yes or no and why

micro yes, likely selection not causation reveals people that would be bad marriage risks, it doesn't cause them to be bad marriage risks

what are the two type of factors for divorce

micro and macro

what risk factor of divorce is age at marriage, race, premarital cohabitation, parental divorce, spouse similarity

micro level factors

how was US gay marriage framed as

moral issue with being gay

teen marriages are more or less likely to end in divorce than older marriages

more

earning more money than your partner confers what at home

more bargaining power

men are more or less likely than women to remarry why

more likely men rely more on spouse for social support because kids don't typically stay with them

men spending more time with their kids nowadays substitutes what

mothers time away

cohabitation compensates for what

much of the rising age at marriage

what led to an increase of grandparents as parents (2)

multigenerational households (same grad rate as 2 parent households) skipped generational housholds

what class of parenting style lets kids spend a lot of time in unstructured play

natural growth

what parenting presume their kids will spontaneously grow and these kids are given Independence in school and other institution

natural growth

what style parenting is one where parents are mostly fully themselves and away from work and with family

natural growth

what are two types of parenting (not authoritative etc.)

natural growth and concerted cultivation

does AFDC exist still even though TANF

no

does the no fault divorce explain long term rise of divorce

no

do majority of hook ups involve sex? is there and sexual gratification bias

no male

do non marital birth = pre marital births? yes or no and why

no 15% are to widowed or divorced women

how can gay marriage endanger heterosexual marriage

no arguements

studies on same sex partnerships and parenting in 1980 and 1990 were limited, but what did they sho

no difference between homo and hetero-sexual environments for raising children

Does moms work hurt kids

no except for infants

do fathers and mothers relate the same to kids if not say difference

no, father influence is more indirect

wealthier and more educated populations are increasingly emphasizing what values examples (5)

non maritalist self exression self realization emancipation autonnomy recognition

researchers currently have very comprehensive or no comprehensive explanation for the rise and fall of divorce rates for different groups

none, there are none that coherently explain group differences

what is a widely accepted rule about how people should behave

norm

define unemployed

not working but looking for work

define marriage metabolism

number of marriage and divorce related transitions that adults and their children undergo

what world wide changes in family behaviors and ideal what is this

nuptuality (marriage) values fertility second demographic shift

when dealing with divorce, describe conflict or unhappiness situation

often prolonged and takes to happen couple slowly gets sick of each other

what cohort older or younger is more conservative and less favorable to gay marriage

older

socialization is what type of process

ongoing

what are parents who give conflicting signals to their kids after divorce

parallel parenting

are benefits of marriage causal or selected

partial of each

what parenting style is parents provide emotional support but exercise little control over children

permissive

what is seperation

physically moving apart, like trying out a divorce

what model of domestic violence is seen as power and authority between men and women

political model

what is the ability to force someone to do something against their will can this look voluntary yes or no explain

power --> yes if they there is compliance

what was the sex and marriage era first and explain

pre - 1890 --> sex only in marriage and in moderation to have kids

when and what was the first era of marriage regime

pre - 1900, institutional marriage sex for procreation not for love and attraction

when was the first sexuality era in the US and describe

pre 1890 - choose spouse for practical reasons not love or sexual attraction

when and what was the first relationship initiation era

pre 1920 --> Courtship: female controlled institution, close supervision of the couple

when a man loses his wife in old age what does he lose on top of that when a wife loses her man in old age what does she lose on top of that

primary care giver income

what is learning norms, attitudes, and behaviors that enable membership of a culture what age does this occur

primary socialization young

three reasons to marry

public commitment social recognition social support

care work creates what and is devalued as what

public good in the kids and womens work

what two things led to female labor force participation increasing define both

pull factor (desire) and push factor (compelled by circumstance)

three dominant versions of cohabitation use

pure relationship pre cursor to marriage alternative to marriage

severe problems rare or common in kids in step families

rare

why is marriage a social institution

regulates individual behavior

are remarriages or first marriages more likely to end in early divorce

remarriages

what era of divorce was the fault regime apart of

restricted divorce, first era until mid 19 century and divorce tolerance second era, mid 19 century - 1960

are the elderly population richer or poorer than in 1960

richer

what court case gave right to abortion

roe v wade 1973

when did divorce rise sharply and peak why

rose sharply in 1970 due to no fault divorce and peaked in 1980

lawrence v. texas 2003 did what

same sex intercourse criminalized in 13 states

what is learning how to function in particular groups within society when does this occur

secondary after high school

what is problem with comparing kids test scores who are similar where one kid had divorce and the other didn't

see observable characteristics but not unobservable characteristics

evidence shows married men earning more than unmarried men is entirely explained by selection or causation

selection

explain the fact that kids of divorce have lower test scores in terms of either causation or selection

selection --> on average divorced people have lower incomes, education and support from the get go

be careful not to overstate either case of what

selection or causation on divorce and test scores

give example of married men earning more than unmarried men selection and causaion

selection: men who marry would earn more regardless --> causation --> marriage makes men more producrtive

is association between divorce and test scores due to causation or selection true or false some recent resaerch shows effect on divorce and test scores may be causal

selectoin true

exchange theory sees gender division of labor as _

self reinforcing

what is the divorce effect on women

sharp decrease in average economic well being 30% decline alimony child support

what happened between 1965 and 2003

shrinking discrepancy between women and men contribution to unpaid household work women still do far more than men

from 1980 - 2009 what happened

shrinking percentage of middle income children because the US shrunk the middle class

are divorce rates similar or different than in 1980 - explain

similar - rate increasing for less than highschool educated , plateauing for highschool / some college and decreasing for college plus

men 25-34 living with parents trend

similar to unemployment rate line, large spike during recession

when was the third sexuality era and explain

since 1960 - sexual activity has increasingly been legally regarded as a private matter --> this due to individualism ?? anal and incest taboo

2 types of childrearing are associated with what

social classes

what is the central task of the public family

child rearing

Positive/authoritative parenting and closeness do seem to promote (2)

child well being and adolsecent well being

compared to W. European countries and canada, US has much higher percentage of what

children living with mothers who have had 3 or more maternal partnerships

well being of children in step families is comparable to what

children of divorce

in canada how is gay marriage framed as

civil rights issue -> equal protection argument

what is parents who are able to have conversations with each other after divorce

co operating parents

companionship, sex, economies of scale, risk reduction (insurance function) are all benefits of what

co residence

what is sharing of a household by unmarried persons who have a sexual relationship

cohabitation

give example of diversification of living arrangments (3)

cohabitation living apart together intimate friendships

what marriage regime era had new emphasis on affection, friendship, and sexual gratification

companionate (2)

what marriage regime era had sharp gender division of labor (breadwinner/homemaker)

companionate (2)

what marriage regime era was external criteria of own role behavior to evaluate marital success

companionate (2)

what marriage regime era was marriage emphasis on affection, friendship, and sexual gratification

companionate 1900 - 1960

self restraint is rewarded by what parents

concerted cultivation

what parenting style keeps close supervision of kids experiences in school

concerted cultivation

what parenting style see their children as projects and seek to actively develop them through organized activities

concerted cultivation

what style parenting uses constrained choice and what uses don't do that because I said so

concerted cultivation NG

who favor government programs to support heterosexual marriage and oppose the recognition of same-sex marriage

conservative

who supports reducing nonmarital childbearing.

conservatives and liberals

NG have emerging sense of what in social situations

constraint

availability of what lead to an increase in sex before marriage

contraception

what led to decline in teenage birth rate

contraception and abortion

The first moves to legalize gay marriage were countered by what

countered by state bans on gay marriage in most state

what is the period during the first year or two after parents separate when both the custodial parent and the children experience difficulties in dealing with the situation

crisis period

what study would compare the children of divorce and children of non divorce

cross sectional

why has there been a single living increase among elderly since mid century (3) and examples

cultural: prefer independence economic: they can demographic: gender difference in life expectancy

when and what was the second initiation era

dating, 1920 - present --> male controlled institution

do daughters or sons leave step family homes earlier

daughters

give examples of female labor participation push factors (2)

decline in wages in middle class and lower education men, high divorce rate

is mortality declining or increasing

declining

marriage has a ____ organizing role in society why

declining sex, coresidence, child bearing, gender division of labor are all things that are possible outside of marriage so marriage is no longer the exclusive organizing principle

as education increases does cohabitation increase or decrease

decrease

rates of child maltreatment of all types between 1993 and 2005 increased or decreased

decreased

between 1950 and 2000 male labor participation _____ and female ____

decreased and increased

Is US marriage similar of different than marriage elsewhere around the world

different

9 out of 10 remarriages follow what

divorce

what is a legal separation of assets, legal and physical arrangements of child custody

divorce

what are the two possibilities in relationship between divorce and behavior problems which is the new and which is the old consensus

divorce causes BP (old) x causes divorce and BP (new) "divorce by itself doesn't cause BP" the x in this could be personality, or social class or other family characteristics

what and when was the second era of divorce

divorce tolerance mid 19 century - 1960's grounds for divorce widened and made more accessible to women,

what is a functional family

doesn't fit the formal definition of family, but does a group function as a family --> share affection, think of each other as family and present themselves to neighbors and others as a fmaily

is there more assistance down (older to younger generations) or up (younger to older generations)

down (older to younger generation)

___ is the age of independence

early adulthood

What is EITC

earned income tax credit

what confers power at home

earning more money than your partner

what changes contributed to change in marriage regime

economic changes

what is face to face activity for which one person cares for a dependent 2 ex

eldercare or childcare

there has been a single living increase among __ since mid century

elderly

what is inter generational support

elders assist young and young assist elders

explain AFDC

entitlement program (get if meet criteria) no limit on time benefits at first there was no requirment system then gradually work requirements first widows, later all poor families with children,then mostly divorced/never married women with children enshrines family wage 1935 - 1996

pro gay marriage arguments (4)

equality arguement --> marriage gives important rights symbolic argument civil unions are separate but equal marriage is privelaged status

what is a detailed, in depth description of everyday life and practice

ethnography

what was the decision of supreme court as to why they accepted it into all 50 states not court case

extending the fundamental right to marry all couples

family policy programs only benefit the poor true/false

false

true or false cohabitation is a conscious decision normally

false

true or false the increase in the female labor force participation has systematically reduced mothers time with children

false

True or false marriage and birth rates are increasing in teens explain

false, declining

What is a family formed through voluntary ties among individuals who are not biologically or legally related

family of choice

what are political beliefs about how the government should assists families in caring for dependents

family policy

what is a broad set of laws and programs influencing family structure and behavior

family policy

men who cease to be husbands cease to be what else

fathers

why is daughters taking care of elderly parent possibly decreasing (2)

female labor force participaton declining ferility --> less daughters

what led to a profound change in gender balance of power in marriage

female labor participation

what was one of the most important changes to the US family in the 20 century

female labor participation

natural growth causes kids to have conflict at school sometimes why

structure where at home unstructured

children as a means for parental self expression

sub replacement fertility

shrinking populations , and increased reliance on migration is what

sub replacement fertility

what is contraception to delay and avoid, rather than to cap

sub replacement fertility

elements in marriage market theory

supply (possible mates preferences (what youre looking for) resources (what youre bringing to the table)

tax expenditures are what who gets dispoporionate share examples

tax breaks upper class exclusion of rental income mortage interest deduction lower tax rate for capital

marriage is what experience

the capston

what sex and marriage era was sex only socially acceptable in marriage and to have children

the first pre - 1890

what sex and marriage era was female pleasure discounted and society wasn't sure if women could get sexual pleasure

the first, pre - 1890

why don't conservatives support afforadable care act

think it represents an unwarranted extension of government into family life

what sex and marriage era did the sex become acceptable outside of marriage, freedom from state interference, availability of contraception

third from 1960 - present

cohabitators are more likely to divorce regardless of cohabitation true or false

true

true or false parenting class position is normally inherited by children

true

true or false recently there has been an increase in moms time with kids

true

true or false the gendered division of labor is self reinforcing

true

true or false there is central evidence for health benefits of marriage

true

true or false, step mothers typically do not live with step children so must establish relationship during visits

true

true/false --> benefits of coresidence accrue to both married and cohabitators

true

women less likely to remarry and repartner true or false

true

true of false there is no apparent widowhood effect for blacks why

true more likely for elderly A.A. women to live with other kin than alone than whites

true or false no effect on divorce if cohabitors marry partner expalinn

true, trial marriage, worse matches of couples weeded out

marriage being a socially enforced public commitment enforces what

trust

what is income effect

two earners should decrease economic stress and stabalize marriage

what two factors could prevent parents from doing what they are supposed to do

unemployment or poverty

divorce process say three stepss

unhappiness / conflict separation divorce

what is a stable intimate relationship between two people who live in the same household may be married or not

union

single means what

unmarried

when and what was the first era of divorce

until mid 19 century restricted divorce divorces only granted on grounds of adultery or desertion (usually only to men)

non marital teen birth rate is up or down how much percent

up about 80%

when parents divorce, what happens to kid sometimes

used as a weapon and sometimes have to listen to parents fight

what is a goal or principle that is held in high esteem by a society

value

problem with care work?

wage penalty make 25% less than women work in other fields

put the percents of whites, hispanics and african americans to remarry

whites 50% hispanic 30% black 20%

what percent of women in college experience rape or attempted rape how many call it rape

20% experience 10% call it rape

are majority of non marital births teens of people in their 20's

20's

what are Two strategies to control for preexisting differences between divorce/no-divorce kids (i.e. selection):

1. Compare treatment and control kids that resemble each other in every observed respect , compare close to identical kids of divorce and of non divorce --> high income and high education 2. Compare kids to themselves before and after divorce -->

3 reasons how marriage in the US is different than around the world

1. greater attachment to marriage 2. greater marriage metabolism 3. more controversy over gay and lesbian partnerships

7 reasons for increase in moms times with kids

1. overestimation of time non employed women spend with kids 2. half of employed married women only work part time 3. outsourcing house work and less house work in general over time 4. men do more house work (still gender gap) freeing up time 5. fewer children 6. less leisure time for working mothers (preserving time for kids) 7. rise in preschool enrollment

3 main arguments of obergfell v. hodges

1. right to personal choice in merriage is individual autonomy 2. right to marry is fundamental bc it suppoerts two person union 3. marriage is keystone of social order and no difference between gay and straight

when can divorce help children well being give percent

1/3 severely conflict marriage--> physical abuse and constant yelling

what is the effect of divorce on men

15-20% decline less than women man may rise standard of living if he makes bank and his wife mooched

what and when was the second sex and marriage era

1890 - 1960 sexual attraction and romantic love increasingly important for choice of spouse

when was the second sexuality era and explain

1890 - 1960 - romantic love and sexual attraction increasingly seen as foundations for healthy marriage

when and what was the second era of marriage regime

1900 - 1960's especially 1920 companionate companionship and romantic love were basis of marriage

when was dating and what characterizes dating

1920 - 1980 sex follows relationship, one night stands non normative

when was contraception increasingly tolerated since

1930

when was there a big rise in wives with kids under 18 working (upper and middle class)

1948 - 1990

average age at first marriage has been rising since _____

1950's

when was the third era of sex and marriage and what was it

1960 - present love and sex centrally important for marriage

when and what was the third era of marriage regime

1960 - present --> individualistic emphasis on personal satisfaction

griswold v CT was in what year and what did it do

1965 birth control for married couples

cohabitation is increasing, but when did it start to increase rapidly

1970

when was there a rapid increase in coresidence how much increase

1970 15 fold 1960 - 2010

when and what was the third era of divorce

1970 - present, unrestricted divorce No fault divorce, first state california in 1970.

among girls (15 - 19) when was there an increase in sex was there a decrease if so was it for boys also

1971 - 88 decreased since 1988 for girls and boys as well

eisenstadt v Baird was in what year and what did it do

1972 birth control for unmarried couples

carey v population was in what year and what did it do

1977 birth control for minors

what court case had to do with functional definition of family

1980 Alison D. v Virginia M.

when did the womens second shift of working at work and then home slow down because mens started to help

1990

there was an increase in sexual intercourse until when has there been a decline if so what kind

1990 noticeable decline

easier for children to accept two father figures or two mother figures

2 father

what percent of men and women report being physically assaulted

22 in women 8 in men

how many era's or divorce are there

3

how many eras of marriage regime are there

3

how many eras were there in relationship initiation

3

how many sex and marriage eras are there

3

how many sexuality eras in US attitudes are there

3

what percent of americans have been married three or more times

3%

what sex and marriage era did the second revolution occur

3, 1960 - present

EITC lifted how many famlies out of poverty

30,000,000

what percent of men and women are physically assaulted and injured by intimate partner

43% women 20% men

what percent of women are supposed to receive support what percent of custodial mothers get anything

60% 46%

how many teens become pregnant how many give birth how does this compare to europe

750,000 --> 450,000 3-10x higher incidence

what percent of women reported ever being raped of attempted rape by intimate partner

8%

TANF replaced what

AFDC

what is the fundamental problem of causal inference

But we can't observe both potential outcomes at the same time because parents either divorce or they don't!

what are the two types of childrearing and state their social class

Concerted cultivation (upper/middle class) Natural Growth (working class and poor)

how do conservatives think non marital pregnancy should be dealt with liberals

Conservatives favor programs that advocate abstinence, whereas liberals prefer sex education and more access to contraception

what is the largest program for poor families

EITC

problem of pre test post test divorce and test scores

Maybe, marital conflict in the run up to the divorce harmed kids such that the simple pre-post test masks the harm done by the process of divorce

what are kinship based step families

Stepfamilies are groups of people linked by remarriage or repartnering chains and who recognize each other as family.

what is household step families

Stepfamily is a household in which (a) two adults are married or cohabiting, and (b) at least one adult has a child present from a previous marriage or relationship

what caused a massive reduction in welfare roles, and increased labor force participation of poor mothers

TANF

CC children have emerging sense of entitlement and empowerment why

because they see opportunities to get what they want

does gender division in tasks benefit men or women explain

benefit men, less outdoor/repair to do

child support payments associated with whaat

better child outcomes, especially academic achievement and less externalizing behavior problems

ann laraue finds whaat about parenting styles

big differences in parenting style by class not race

do blacks or whites benefit from marriage longer

blacks

explain TANF

block grant not entitlment must work within two years of receipt 5 year time limit

what is a state in which family members are uncertain about who is in our out of their family

blurred boundaries / ambiguous boundaries

aid for families tax code rewards what model how

breadwinner/homemaker rewards those in which one spouse earns way more than other and increases tax code and taxed couples where couples earn similar

what is the stabilization period of step parenting and time frame if integrated successfully what does the step parent become

c. Stabilization period: subsequent years step parent take on full parentlike role 1.If parent is integrated successfully they are an intimate outsider

2 reasons why marriage might have different outcomes

causal (marriage causes somethings) selection (different kinds of people select into marriage than into being single or cohabitating)

selection effect is contrasted with what

causal effect

what is the difference between the potential outcome under treatment (i.e. divorce) and the potential outcome under control (i.e. no divorce)

causation

list of middle class entitlements

social security medicare children health insurance school lunch snap enemployment insurance child tax credit earned income tax

why has elderly standard of living increased (4)

social security , medicare, medicaid and some elderly continue to work

what created (AFDC) aid for dependent children or welfare

social security act of 1935

what forces women out of federal employmen

social security act of 1935

what year and what is the federal act that that created among other provisions, social security, unemployment compensation, and aid to mothers with dependent children

social security act of 1935

why is poverty among elderly lower than most people expect

social security payments

what three major things did social security act of 1935 do

social security, unemployment payments, aid mothers with dependent children

what can vary by race,/ethnicity, social class and gender

socialization

what marriage market model is trading comparitive advantages it is ___ but ____

specialization efficient but risky

what is a model of the marriage market in which women do the housework and males get paid work outside of their home does this model fit the marriage market well

specialization theory no

what model says that if people have different productive skills, household should be more productive if each partner does what they do the best

specilization model

list rights and obligations accrued to married (4)

spousal medicare and social security benefits employer health insurance medical leave to take care of sick spouse tax benefits

over all increase in what led to the changes in the 3 marriage regimes

standards of living

what is a government that claims the right to rule a given territory and its population and to have a monopoly on force in that territory

state policy

a wedding is what symbol

status

from 1948 to 2012 explain female labor participation is this the same or different for mothers with kids if different elaborate

steady rise with a plateau in 1990 same

explain trend of percent of population living in non-nuclear family , multigenerational households

steep decline since WW2 and slow rise since 1980

____ outnumber ___ families in US give stat on the one that outnumbers

step families out number nuclear families 1/3 Americans are part of step families

what is a household in which two adults are married or cohabitating and at least on has a child present from a previous marriage or relationship

step family

step mother or step father have easier time integrating

step fathers

what economic changes affected the marriage regime from era 2 - 3 or from companionate to individualistic (1 thing)

wives joined labor force

sexual activity today is a greater threat to ___ than a _____

womans reputation than a mans reputation

did men or women used to wait longer to remarry? how is it now

women and now men wait longer

why is gender division of labor self reinforcing

women depend on men

what is the "second shift" and when did it start when was it less true

women did work at home in addition to working a job starting in the 1990's

what is reverse causality

women joining labor force in anticipation of divorce

what is opportunity effect

women with income are now able to leave dissatisfying relationships

what class of parents have natural growth and what class have concerted cultivation

working class have NG middle class have C.C.

is there more to gay marriage then symbol

yes

is willfull malnutrition a type of child abuse

yes

in the second sex and marriage era 1890 - 1960 was sex confined to marriage was pleasure from sex for women more or less valued than it was in the first sex and marriage era

yes more

have similar family changes occured around the world where

yes north,west, europe south Europe post communist central and eastern europe most developed countries in asia

public opinion has steadily bevome more favorable of same sex marriage is this true for all groups of society yes or no and why (2)

yes, part cohort replacement part pursuasion

when it comes to teenage childbearing does it cause a disadvantage? explain

yes, but it is due to selection not causation. teen moms come from families that on average produce less favorable outcomes regardless of teenage birth

is there any difference in divorce rates among educational classes if yes explain

yes, no education is highest and college educated is lowest

when was courting and what was it what inititaion era was sex reserved for marriage?

you go to the girls parents home pre - 1920 --> first initiation era yes

younger or older women more likely to remarry

younger