SOC 120 FINAL
reasons western nations have taken for granted that conjugal family live in the same house hold until grown (2)
-Divorce splits conjugal unit into two households -Remarriage may bring multitude of ties across households
anti gay marriage arguments
-God divinely limited heterosexuals to marriage --> -marriage only for sexual procreatoin children of gays will be stigmatized gay marriage endangers heterosexual marriage
explain why remarriage ends in in divorce faster than first marriages (3)
In part, Selection: Remarried partners are different -May be inherently more willing to divorce (already did it once!) May be less skilled at finding a partner or holding a marriage together (personality traits, mental health, etc.)
for most people in the US what is cohabitation
a short life stage
in 1950 - 1970 how did peoples viewpoints change in marriage (2)
accept single hood, and accepted decrease in marriage
What did Li reccomend that society do to help children with divorce
address processes before and after divorce, rather than simply preventing divorce
when is the most difficult time to start a step family
adolescence
what are the three ways to become part of a family
adoption marriage birth
when did grand parentinng emerge and why (2 things)
after WW2 mortality decline and fertility decline
what is the key factor of when a step parent joins the family
age
percent of cohabitation adults decreases by what
age cohort
teenage birthrate is at what
all time low
what are altruism and exchange theory for intergenerational support
altruism = selfless concern for others exchange = give at some point and they give back later
2 perspectives explaining inter generational assistance
altruism and exchange theory
causation implies ___ but ___ does not imply ____
association --> association does not imply causation
what parenting style is parents contribute low levels of emotional support with coercive attempts at control of their children
authoritarian
what parenting style is parents combine high levels of emotional support with consistent , moderate control of children
authoritative
what is the acknowledged right of someone to supervise and control others behavior - what does this recognize
authority
since 1960 the __ and __ have been increasing what does this prove
average at marriage and divorce rate teen marriage cannot be the cause of the divorce revolution
when is the transition period for a step parent time frame and characteristics (2 things)
first 2 - 4 years when a step family adjust try to form lasting bonds 1. (affinity seeker) try to get kids to like them or 2. Polite outsider, avoid discipline and make little effort to be friends with child as time passes become slowly
de jure (means true and is fact with the law) is what kind of definition of family
formal
family policy sets the what for everybody example
framework marriage, divorce laws, contraception
when dating became popular what powers shifted (2 things)
from women power to men from parent power to kids
de facto (means true but not in accordance with the law) is what kind of definition of family
functional
care work at home is not _
fungible / exchangeable
income from market is _
fungible which means exchangeable
are girls or boys more sexually active as teens is A.A. , whites, or mexicans the most sexually active as teens
girls A.A.
what was the argument to protect family over people
giving wommen right to sue for rape etc would undermine of weaken family and encourage divorce
today many people experience stress trying to fulfill what 2 ideals
good parent and good worker
is cohabitation long term yes or no and give stats
half gone in a year half marry within year few last more than 5 years
marriage leads to what kind of behavior
healthier, lower level of negative behaviors and a decrease in mens risky behavior
remarriage rates are __ but __
high but decreasing
is there any divorce rate differences among blacks, hispanics, asian americans, and catholic/protestants
higher in blacks and hispanics low in asian americans no difference between catholic/protestant
what is a sexual encounter with no expectation of further development
hooking up
when and what is the third initiation era
hooking up - (1990 - present) unclear if hookup culture will replace traditional dating culture
statistics of single mother hood overstate what and why
how many children grow up without father in home --> because if not married considered single even if live with a father figure
many mothers who are single are however what
in relationship and live with child's rather but not married so doesn't count
there is a big difference in what type of fathers
in residence and out of residence
what is a model of the marriage market in which both spouses work for pay and pool their incomes does this model fit the marriage model well
income pooling model yes
is there an increase or decreases in single father families
increase
social consequences of mortality decline
increase in elderly population , graying of US demographic
average time until remarriage are has increased or decreased
increased
has marriage increased or decreased for adults since the 1950's if yes , for who
increased both whites and blacks but especially blacks
give examples of female labor force participation pull factors (3 things)
increased education, fewer children, expansion of service sector
repartnering rates are increasing or decreasing
increasing
what change in sex happened in 1970 - 1990 (4)
increasing acceptance of pre marital sex, cohabitation, childlessness, non marital child birth
is care work being increasingly outsourced of decreasingly outsourced
increasingly
what marriage market theory has income pooling and bargaining
independence
what marriage regime era had importance of personal fulfillment , flexible roles (dual earner),
individualistic (3)
what marriage regime era was enables by possibility of leaving dissatisfying relationships, happiness
individualistic (3)
what marriage regime era was marriage with emphasis on self development, flexible roles, and open communication
individualized 1960 - present the third era
what economic changes affected the marriage regime from institutional to companionate (1 - 2 eras) (3 things)
industrialization, urbanization, wage work
what marriage regime era was had male authority, the wife was domestic, dutiful, and submissive
institutional (1)
what marriage regime era did the church enforce marriage, law, and community they upheld their own marriage and the marriages of others
institutional (1)
what marriage regime era was where the wifes property was the husbands and the wife needed to ask permission for any decision that had to be make
institutional (1)
what marriage regime era were there clear rules that were fairly formalized, widely accepted, by which people conduct their lives
institutional (1)
what marriage regime era was one which the emphasis was on male authority, duty, and conformity to sexual norms
institutional pre - 1900
trends in gay marriage pace of acceptance is similar to what
interracial marriage
a person such as a step parent who plays a role in a family that is somewhere between that of a parent and that of a trusted friend
intimate outsider
explain EITC
introduced in 1975 modified later income subsidy for low earners and especially those with children must work to receive benefits increase with earnings up to a point
today dating ___ and hooking up is ___
is on the wane on the rise
how does the US divorce rate compare to other developed countries
it is the highest
two different types of step families
kinship based and household based
why is cohabitation a incomplete institution
lacks established rites, scripts, expectations etc. these are beginning to emerge
when did more people accept pre marital sex than the people who didn't accept pre marital sex
late 1970's/1980
US was the first or is a late comer to the second demographic transition
late comer
what is PRWORA
law that created TANF in 1996
slippery slope gay marriage arguments
lead to polygamy gay marriage will lead to anyone wanting to marry anyone gay marriage will increase divorce rates becayse gay relationshps are unstable
obergefell vs. hodges 2015 was what court case
legalized gay marriage in all states extending an existing right
fathers matter less or more than mothers
less
have the percentage of ederly been receiving more or less social security since 1975 until now
less
unmarried fathers pay less or more child support than divorced fathers
less
what kind of people does cohabitation attract
less committed and more independent, and more likely to have divorced parents
what percent of remarried couples have each their own kid and one together so (3)
less than 5%
extreme poverty below poverty but above extreme poverty low income medium income high income explain finances
less than 50% poverty line between 50 and 99% of poverty line between 100 - 199% of poverty line between 200 and 399% of poverty line 400% or more of the poverty line
children in step families are better well off or less well off than children with two biological parents
less well off
who favor accepting family diversity and support policies that would expand aid to single parents and their children
liberals
who supports the affordable care act
liberals
pre 1960 non marital coresidence was ____
limited to Low SES
is there a little or a big difference between how whites and blacks of the same social class raise kids
little
what is a relationship in which two people define themselves as a couple but do not live together
living together apart
what study would compare the behavior of children before and after divorce what was Li's finding about divorce
longitudinal effect of divorce on BP is tiny, preexisting family characteristics are likely to be responsible for BP
what is the widowhood effect for whites
loss of spouse increases mortality by about 15 - 20% in old age for whites
coresidence increased from 1960 - 2010 among everyone including high education. what is the group that is the most common for co residence now a days
low SES
married people have a higher or lower mortality risk at all ages than their unmarried peers
lower
what risk factor for divorce is no fault divorce legislation, cultural change, and employment
macro level factors
today the majority or minority of young Americans will cohabitate __ of first marriages are preceded by cohabitation
majority 2/3
marriage went from mark of conformity to whaat
mark of prestige
better health, longer life, more sex, more satisfaction of sex, more wealth, and higher earnings are all benefits of ___
marriage
what leads to enforceable trust from society why
marriage relationship is socially recognized compared to cohabitation is not
what is an analogy to the labor market in which single individuals search for others who will marry them or their children
marriage market
repartnering includes what (2)
marriage or co habiataion
what is symbolic meaning for pro gay marriage
married confers privelaged status on couple in eyes in community --> gays wanna say we are just as serious about our commitment to each other as straight couples
what are three things included in childrearing and example
material support: food and shelter emotional support: kids helpless until 6-8 control: control behavior and discipline
wealthier and educated populations are no longer pre occupied with what (3 things) what type of values
materialist values authority, survival, and security
what model of domestic violence is seen as an illness and a source of injuries
medical model
did the social security act of 1935 favor men or women what did it enshrine
men family wage system
2 consequences of mortality decline
men and women live longer women live longer than men
for 25-34 year olds who completed college over 1940 to 2010 explain it for men and women
men peaked in 1980 and women peaked in 2000 but had a massive increase
is cohabitation a micro or macro factor of divorce is it a strong predictor? yes or no and why
micro yes, likely selection not causation reveals people that would be bad marriage risks, it doesn't cause them to be bad marriage risks
what are the two type of factors for divorce
micro and macro
what risk factor of divorce is age at marriage, race, premarital cohabitation, parental divorce, spouse similarity
micro level factors
how was US gay marriage framed as
moral issue with being gay
teen marriages are more or less likely to end in divorce than older marriages
more
earning more money than your partner confers what at home
more bargaining power
men are more or less likely than women to remarry why
more likely men rely more on spouse for social support because kids don't typically stay with them
men spending more time with their kids nowadays substitutes what
mothers time away
cohabitation compensates for what
much of the rising age at marriage
what led to an increase of grandparents as parents (2)
multigenerational households (same grad rate as 2 parent households) skipped generational housholds
what class of parenting style lets kids spend a lot of time in unstructured play
natural growth
what parenting presume their kids will spontaneously grow and these kids are given Independence in school and other institution
natural growth
what style parenting is one where parents are mostly fully themselves and away from work and with family
natural growth
what are two types of parenting (not authoritative etc.)
natural growth and concerted cultivation
does AFDC exist still even though TANF
no
does the no fault divorce explain long term rise of divorce
no
do majority of hook ups involve sex? is there and sexual gratification bias
no male
do non marital birth = pre marital births? yes or no and why
no 15% are to widowed or divorced women
how can gay marriage endanger heterosexual marriage
no arguements
studies on same sex partnerships and parenting in 1980 and 1990 were limited, but what did they sho
no difference between homo and hetero-sexual environments for raising children
Does moms work hurt kids
no except for infants
do fathers and mothers relate the same to kids if not say difference
no, father influence is more indirect
wealthier and more educated populations are increasingly emphasizing what values examples (5)
non maritalist self exression self realization emancipation autonnomy recognition
researchers currently have very comprehensive or no comprehensive explanation for the rise and fall of divorce rates for different groups
none, there are none that coherently explain group differences
what is a widely accepted rule about how people should behave
norm
define unemployed
not working but looking for work
define marriage metabolism
number of marriage and divorce related transitions that adults and their children undergo
what world wide changes in family behaviors and ideal what is this
nuptuality (marriage) values fertility second demographic shift
when dealing with divorce, describe conflict or unhappiness situation
often prolonged and takes to happen couple slowly gets sick of each other
what cohort older or younger is more conservative and less favorable to gay marriage
older
socialization is what type of process
ongoing
what are parents who give conflicting signals to their kids after divorce
parallel parenting
are benefits of marriage causal or selected
partial of each
what parenting style is parents provide emotional support but exercise little control over children
permissive
what is seperation
physically moving apart, like trying out a divorce
what model of domestic violence is seen as power and authority between men and women
political model
what is the ability to force someone to do something against their will can this look voluntary yes or no explain
power --> yes if they there is compliance
what was the sex and marriage era first and explain
pre - 1890 --> sex only in marriage and in moderation to have kids
when and what was the first era of marriage regime
pre - 1900, institutional marriage sex for procreation not for love and attraction
when was the first sexuality era in the US and describe
pre 1890 - choose spouse for practical reasons not love or sexual attraction
when and what was the first relationship initiation era
pre 1920 --> Courtship: female controlled institution, close supervision of the couple
when a man loses his wife in old age what does he lose on top of that when a wife loses her man in old age what does she lose on top of that
primary care giver income
what is learning norms, attitudes, and behaviors that enable membership of a culture what age does this occur
primary socialization young
three reasons to marry
public commitment social recognition social support
care work creates what and is devalued as what
public good in the kids and womens work
what two things led to female labor force participation increasing define both
pull factor (desire) and push factor (compelled by circumstance)
three dominant versions of cohabitation use
pure relationship pre cursor to marriage alternative to marriage
severe problems rare or common in kids in step families
rare
why is marriage a social institution
regulates individual behavior
are remarriages or first marriages more likely to end in early divorce
remarriages
what era of divorce was the fault regime apart of
restricted divorce, first era until mid 19 century and divorce tolerance second era, mid 19 century - 1960
are the elderly population richer or poorer than in 1960
richer
what court case gave right to abortion
roe v wade 1973
when did divorce rise sharply and peak why
rose sharply in 1970 due to no fault divorce and peaked in 1980
lawrence v. texas 2003 did what
same sex intercourse criminalized in 13 states
what is learning how to function in particular groups within society when does this occur
secondary after high school
what is problem with comparing kids test scores who are similar where one kid had divorce and the other didn't
see observable characteristics but not unobservable characteristics
evidence shows married men earning more than unmarried men is entirely explained by selection or causation
selection
explain the fact that kids of divorce have lower test scores in terms of either causation or selection
selection --> on average divorced people have lower incomes, education and support from the get go
be careful not to overstate either case of what
selection or causation on divorce and test scores
give example of married men earning more than unmarried men selection and causaion
selection: men who marry would earn more regardless --> causation --> marriage makes men more producrtive
is association between divorce and test scores due to causation or selection true or false some recent resaerch shows effect on divorce and test scores may be causal
selectoin true
exchange theory sees gender division of labor as _
self reinforcing
what is the divorce effect on women
sharp decrease in average economic well being 30% decline alimony child support
what happened between 1965 and 2003
shrinking discrepancy between women and men contribution to unpaid household work women still do far more than men
from 1980 - 2009 what happened
shrinking percentage of middle income children because the US shrunk the middle class
are divorce rates similar or different than in 1980 - explain
similar - rate increasing for less than highschool educated , plateauing for highschool / some college and decreasing for college plus
men 25-34 living with parents trend
similar to unemployment rate line, large spike during recession
when was the third sexuality era and explain
since 1960 - sexual activity has increasingly been legally regarded as a private matter --> this due to individualism ?? anal and incest taboo
2 types of childrearing are associated with what
social classes
what is the central task of the public family
child rearing
Positive/authoritative parenting and closeness do seem to promote (2)
child well being and adolsecent well being
compared to W. European countries and canada, US has much higher percentage of what
children living with mothers who have had 3 or more maternal partnerships
well being of children in step families is comparable to what
children of divorce
in canada how is gay marriage framed as
civil rights issue -> equal protection argument
what is parents who are able to have conversations with each other after divorce
co operating parents
companionship, sex, economies of scale, risk reduction (insurance function) are all benefits of what
co residence
what is sharing of a household by unmarried persons who have a sexual relationship
cohabitation
give example of diversification of living arrangments (3)
cohabitation living apart together intimate friendships
what marriage regime era had new emphasis on affection, friendship, and sexual gratification
companionate (2)
what marriage regime era had sharp gender division of labor (breadwinner/homemaker)
companionate (2)
what marriage regime era was external criteria of own role behavior to evaluate marital success
companionate (2)
what marriage regime era was marriage emphasis on affection, friendship, and sexual gratification
companionate 1900 - 1960
self restraint is rewarded by what parents
concerted cultivation
what parenting style keeps close supervision of kids experiences in school
concerted cultivation
what parenting style see their children as projects and seek to actively develop them through organized activities
concerted cultivation
what style parenting uses constrained choice and what uses don't do that because I said so
concerted cultivation NG
who favor government programs to support heterosexual marriage and oppose the recognition of same-sex marriage
conservative
who supports reducing nonmarital childbearing.
conservatives and liberals
NG have emerging sense of what in social situations
constraint
availability of what lead to an increase in sex before marriage
contraception
what led to decline in teenage birth rate
contraception and abortion
The first moves to legalize gay marriage were countered by what
countered by state bans on gay marriage in most state
what is the period during the first year or two after parents separate when both the custodial parent and the children experience difficulties in dealing with the situation
crisis period
what study would compare the children of divorce and children of non divorce
cross sectional
why has there been a single living increase among elderly since mid century (3) and examples
cultural: prefer independence economic: they can demographic: gender difference in life expectancy
when and what was the second initiation era
dating, 1920 - present --> male controlled institution
do daughters or sons leave step family homes earlier
daughters
give examples of female labor participation push factors (2)
decline in wages in middle class and lower education men, high divorce rate
is mortality declining or increasing
declining
marriage has a ____ organizing role in society why
declining sex, coresidence, child bearing, gender division of labor are all things that are possible outside of marriage so marriage is no longer the exclusive organizing principle
as education increases does cohabitation increase or decrease
decrease
rates of child maltreatment of all types between 1993 and 2005 increased or decreased
decreased
between 1950 and 2000 male labor participation _____ and female ____
decreased and increased
Is US marriage similar of different than marriage elsewhere around the world
different
9 out of 10 remarriages follow what
divorce
what is a legal separation of assets, legal and physical arrangements of child custody
divorce
what are the two possibilities in relationship between divorce and behavior problems which is the new and which is the old consensus
divorce causes BP (old) x causes divorce and BP (new) "divorce by itself doesn't cause BP" the x in this could be personality, or social class or other family characteristics
what and when was the second era of divorce
divorce tolerance mid 19 century - 1960's grounds for divorce widened and made more accessible to women,
what is a functional family
doesn't fit the formal definition of family, but does a group function as a family --> share affection, think of each other as family and present themselves to neighbors and others as a fmaily
is there more assistance down (older to younger generations) or up (younger to older generations)
down (older to younger generation)
___ is the age of independence
early adulthood
What is EITC
earned income tax credit
what confers power at home
earning more money than your partner
what changes contributed to change in marriage regime
economic changes
what is face to face activity for which one person cares for a dependent 2 ex
eldercare or childcare
there has been a single living increase among __ since mid century
elderly
what is inter generational support
elders assist young and young assist elders
explain AFDC
entitlement program (get if meet criteria) no limit on time benefits at first there was no requirment system then gradually work requirements first widows, later all poor families with children,then mostly divorced/never married women with children enshrines family wage 1935 - 1996
pro gay marriage arguments (4)
equality arguement --> marriage gives important rights symbolic argument civil unions are separate but equal marriage is privelaged status
what is a detailed, in depth description of everyday life and practice
ethnography
what was the decision of supreme court as to why they accepted it into all 50 states not court case
extending the fundamental right to marry all couples
family policy programs only benefit the poor true/false
false
true or false cohabitation is a conscious decision normally
false
true or false the increase in the female labor force participation has systematically reduced mothers time with children
false
True or false marriage and birth rates are increasing in teens explain
false, declining
What is a family formed through voluntary ties among individuals who are not biologically or legally related
family of choice
what are political beliefs about how the government should assists families in caring for dependents
family policy
what is a broad set of laws and programs influencing family structure and behavior
family policy
men who cease to be husbands cease to be what else
fathers
why is daughters taking care of elderly parent possibly decreasing (2)
female labor force participaton declining ferility --> less daughters
what led to a profound change in gender balance of power in marriage
female labor participation
what was one of the most important changes to the US family in the 20 century
female labor participation
natural growth causes kids to have conflict at school sometimes why
structure where at home unstructured
children as a means for parental self expression
sub replacement fertility
shrinking populations , and increased reliance on migration is what
sub replacement fertility
what is contraception to delay and avoid, rather than to cap
sub replacement fertility
elements in marriage market theory
supply (possible mates preferences (what youre looking for) resources (what youre bringing to the table)
tax expenditures are what who gets dispoporionate share examples
tax breaks upper class exclusion of rental income mortage interest deduction lower tax rate for capital
marriage is what experience
the capston
what sex and marriage era was sex only socially acceptable in marriage and to have children
the first pre - 1890
what sex and marriage era was female pleasure discounted and society wasn't sure if women could get sexual pleasure
the first, pre - 1890
why don't conservatives support afforadable care act
think it represents an unwarranted extension of government into family life
what sex and marriage era did the sex become acceptable outside of marriage, freedom from state interference, availability of contraception
third from 1960 - present
cohabitators are more likely to divorce regardless of cohabitation true or false
true
true or false parenting class position is normally inherited by children
true
true or false recently there has been an increase in moms time with kids
true
true or false the gendered division of labor is self reinforcing
true
true or false there is central evidence for health benefits of marriage
true
true or false, step mothers typically do not live with step children so must establish relationship during visits
true
true/false --> benefits of coresidence accrue to both married and cohabitators
true
women less likely to remarry and repartner true or false
true
true of false there is no apparent widowhood effect for blacks why
true more likely for elderly A.A. women to live with other kin than alone than whites
true or false no effect on divorce if cohabitors marry partner expalinn
true, trial marriage, worse matches of couples weeded out
marriage being a socially enforced public commitment enforces what
trust
what is income effect
two earners should decrease economic stress and stabalize marriage
what two factors could prevent parents from doing what they are supposed to do
unemployment or poverty
divorce process say three stepss
unhappiness / conflict separation divorce
what is a stable intimate relationship between two people who live in the same household may be married or not
union
single means what
unmarried
when and what was the first era of divorce
until mid 19 century restricted divorce divorces only granted on grounds of adultery or desertion (usually only to men)
non marital teen birth rate is up or down how much percent
up about 80%
when parents divorce, what happens to kid sometimes
used as a weapon and sometimes have to listen to parents fight
what is a goal or principle that is held in high esteem by a society
value
problem with care work?
wage penalty make 25% less than women work in other fields
put the percents of whites, hispanics and african americans to remarry
whites 50% hispanic 30% black 20%
what percent of women in college experience rape or attempted rape how many call it rape
20% experience 10% call it rape
are majority of non marital births teens of people in their 20's
20's
what are Two strategies to control for preexisting differences between divorce/no-divorce kids (i.e. selection):
1. Compare treatment and control kids that resemble each other in every observed respect , compare close to identical kids of divorce and of non divorce --> high income and high education 2. Compare kids to themselves before and after divorce -->
3 reasons how marriage in the US is different than around the world
1. greater attachment to marriage 2. greater marriage metabolism 3. more controversy over gay and lesbian partnerships
7 reasons for increase in moms times with kids
1. overestimation of time non employed women spend with kids 2. half of employed married women only work part time 3. outsourcing house work and less house work in general over time 4. men do more house work (still gender gap) freeing up time 5. fewer children 6. less leisure time for working mothers (preserving time for kids) 7. rise in preschool enrollment
3 main arguments of obergfell v. hodges
1. right to personal choice in merriage is individual autonomy 2. right to marry is fundamental bc it suppoerts two person union 3. marriage is keystone of social order and no difference between gay and straight
when can divorce help children well being give percent
1/3 severely conflict marriage--> physical abuse and constant yelling
what is the effect of divorce on men
15-20% decline less than women man may rise standard of living if he makes bank and his wife mooched
what and when was the second sex and marriage era
1890 - 1960 sexual attraction and romantic love increasingly important for choice of spouse
when was the second sexuality era and explain
1890 - 1960 - romantic love and sexual attraction increasingly seen as foundations for healthy marriage
when and what was the second era of marriage regime
1900 - 1960's especially 1920 companionate companionship and romantic love were basis of marriage
when was dating and what characterizes dating
1920 - 1980 sex follows relationship, one night stands non normative
when was contraception increasingly tolerated since
1930
when was there a big rise in wives with kids under 18 working (upper and middle class)
1948 - 1990
average age at first marriage has been rising since _____
1950's
when was the third era of sex and marriage and what was it
1960 - present love and sex centrally important for marriage
when and what was the third era of marriage regime
1960 - present --> individualistic emphasis on personal satisfaction
griswold v CT was in what year and what did it do
1965 birth control for married couples
cohabitation is increasing, but when did it start to increase rapidly
1970
when was there a rapid increase in coresidence how much increase
1970 15 fold 1960 - 2010
when and what was the third era of divorce
1970 - present, unrestricted divorce No fault divorce, first state california in 1970.
among girls (15 - 19) when was there an increase in sex was there a decrease if so was it for boys also
1971 - 88 decreased since 1988 for girls and boys as well
eisenstadt v Baird was in what year and what did it do
1972 birth control for unmarried couples
carey v population was in what year and what did it do
1977 birth control for minors
what court case had to do with functional definition of family
1980 Alison D. v Virginia M.
when did the womens second shift of working at work and then home slow down because mens started to help
1990
there was an increase in sexual intercourse until when has there been a decline if so what kind
1990 noticeable decline
easier for children to accept two father figures or two mother figures
2 father
what percent of men and women report being physically assaulted
22 in women 8 in men
how many era's or divorce are there
3
how many eras of marriage regime are there
3
how many eras were there in relationship initiation
3
how many sex and marriage eras are there
3
how many sexuality eras in US attitudes are there
3
what percent of americans have been married three or more times
3%
what sex and marriage era did the second revolution occur
3, 1960 - present
EITC lifted how many famlies out of poverty
30,000,000
what percent of men and women are physically assaulted and injured by intimate partner
43% women 20% men
what percent of women are supposed to receive support what percent of custodial mothers get anything
60% 46%
how many teens become pregnant how many give birth how does this compare to europe
750,000 --> 450,000 3-10x higher incidence
what percent of women reported ever being raped of attempted rape by intimate partner
8%
TANF replaced what
AFDC
what is the fundamental problem of causal inference
But we can't observe both potential outcomes at the same time because parents either divorce or they don't!
what are the two types of childrearing and state their social class
Concerted cultivation (upper/middle class) Natural Growth (working class and poor)
how do conservatives think non marital pregnancy should be dealt with liberals
Conservatives favor programs that advocate abstinence, whereas liberals prefer sex education and more access to contraception
what is the largest program for poor families
EITC
problem of pre test post test divorce and test scores
Maybe, marital conflict in the run up to the divorce harmed kids such that the simple pre-post test masks the harm done by the process of divorce
what are kinship based step families
Stepfamilies are groups of people linked by remarriage or repartnering chains and who recognize each other as family.
what is household step families
Stepfamily is a household in which (a) two adults are married or cohabiting, and (b) at least one adult has a child present from a previous marriage or relationship
what caused a massive reduction in welfare roles, and increased labor force participation of poor mothers
TANF
CC children have emerging sense of entitlement and empowerment why
because they see opportunities to get what they want
does gender division in tasks benefit men or women explain
benefit men, less outdoor/repair to do
child support payments associated with whaat
better child outcomes, especially academic achievement and less externalizing behavior problems
ann laraue finds whaat about parenting styles
big differences in parenting style by class not race
do blacks or whites benefit from marriage longer
blacks
explain TANF
block grant not entitlment must work within two years of receipt 5 year time limit
what is a state in which family members are uncertain about who is in our out of their family
blurred boundaries / ambiguous boundaries
aid for families tax code rewards what model how
breadwinner/homemaker rewards those in which one spouse earns way more than other and increases tax code and taxed couples where couples earn similar
what is the stabilization period of step parenting and time frame if integrated successfully what does the step parent become
c. Stabilization period: subsequent years step parent take on full parentlike role 1.If parent is integrated successfully they are an intimate outsider
2 reasons why marriage might have different outcomes
causal (marriage causes somethings) selection (different kinds of people select into marriage than into being single or cohabitating)
selection effect is contrasted with what
causal effect
what is the difference between the potential outcome under treatment (i.e. divorce) and the potential outcome under control (i.e. no divorce)
causation
list of middle class entitlements
social security medicare children health insurance school lunch snap enemployment insurance child tax credit earned income tax
why has elderly standard of living increased (4)
social security , medicare, medicaid and some elderly continue to work
what created (AFDC) aid for dependent children or welfare
social security act of 1935
what forces women out of federal employmen
social security act of 1935
what year and what is the federal act that that created among other provisions, social security, unemployment compensation, and aid to mothers with dependent children
social security act of 1935
why is poverty among elderly lower than most people expect
social security payments
what three major things did social security act of 1935 do
social security, unemployment payments, aid mothers with dependent children
what can vary by race,/ethnicity, social class and gender
socialization
what marriage market model is trading comparitive advantages it is ___ but ____
specialization efficient but risky
what is a model of the marriage market in which women do the housework and males get paid work outside of their home does this model fit the marriage market well
specialization theory no
what model says that if people have different productive skills, household should be more productive if each partner does what they do the best
specilization model
list rights and obligations accrued to married (4)
spousal medicare and social security benefits employer health insurance medical leave to take care of sick spouse tax benefits
over all increase in what led to the changes in the 3 marriage regimes
standards of living
what is a government that claims the right to rule a given territory and its population and to have a monopoly on force in that territory
state policy
a wedding is what symbol
status
from 1948 to 2012 explain female labor participation is this the same or different for mothers with kids if different elaborate
steady rise with a plateau in 1990 same
explain trend of percent of population living in non-nuclear family , multigenerational households
steep decline since WW2 and slow rise since 1980
____ outnumber ___ families in US give stat on the one that outnumbers
step families out number nuclear families 1/3 Americans are part of step families
what is a household in which two adults are married or cohabitating and at least on has a child present from a previous marriage or relationship
step family
step mother or step father have easier time integrating
step fathers
what economic changes affected the marriage regime from era 2 - 3 or from companionate to individualistic (1 thing)
wives joined labor force
sexual activity today is a greater threat to ___ than a _____
womans reputation than a mans reputation
did men or women used to wait longer to remarry? how is it now
women and now men wait longer
why is gender division of labor self reinforcing
women depend on men
what is the "second shift" and when did it start when was it less true
women did work at home in addition to working a job starting in the 1990's
what is reverse causality
women joining labor force in anticipation of divorce
what is opportunity effect
women with income are now able to leave dissatisfying relationships
what class of parents have natural growth and what class have concerted cultivation
working class have NG middle class have C.C.
is there more to gay marriage then symbol
yes
is willfull malnutrition a type of child abuse
yes
in the second sex and marriage era 1890 - 1960 was sex confined to marriage was pleasure from sex for women more or less valued than it was in the first sex and marriage era
yes more
have similar family changes occured around the world where
yes north,west, europe south Europe post communist central and eastern europe most developed countries in asia
public opinion has steadily bevome more favorable of same sex marriage is this true for all groups of society yes or no and why (2)
yes, part cohort replacement part pursuasion
when it comes to teenage childbearing does it cause a disadvantage? explain
yes, but it is due to selection not causation. teen moms come from families that on average produce less favorable outcomes regardless of teenage birth
is there any difference in divorce rates among educational classes if yes explain
yes, no education is highest and college educated is lowest
when was courting and what was it what inititaion era was sex reserved for marriage?
you go to the girls parents home pre - 1920 --> first initiation era yes
younger or older women more likely to remarry
younger