SOC 130 STUDY GUIDE EXAM 2
Fill in the blanks to complete the passage about abortion.
18 First About 18 percent of pregnancies that do not end in miscarriage are aborted in the United States. The vast majority of these abortions take place in the first trimes the pregnancy.
Select the couple whose attitude toward cohabitation is most rare.
A group of friends are all cohabiting with their partners. Emily and Shawn have been living together, testing out the possibility of marriage. Amy and Nance are saving money, enjoying each other, and have no definite future plans. AJ and Ben are in love and committed but see marriage as a legal trap and repressive social institution. Correct: AJ & Ben
intervention to the appropriate scenario.
A judge issues a document that threatens an abuser with harsher punishment if they offend again - civil protection order Some courts have specially trained staff and use a problem-solving approach for domestic violence cases - domestic violence court A police officer on the scene of a dom violence call asks the victim a questions that determines of risk of violent escalation - rapid assessment
Ch. 12 Intimacy
A type of relationship in which people love or at least know each other very well and interact in private
Four major types of perpetrators tend to rape female victims. Place the following list of perpetrators in order, from most to least common.
Acquaintances Intimate partner Stranger Other relatives
Fill in the blanks to complete the passage about marriage and welfare reform.
Aid to Families with Dependent Children the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Act Work Marriage promotion In 1996, the U.S. Congress ended Aid to Families with Dependent Children and voted in the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Act This move instituted Temporary Assistance to Needy Families, which implemented work requirements anc funded marriage promotion activities.
Identify the barriers to part-time work that mothers encounter.
Barriers: Employers often do not offer the option to work part-time. Part-time work creates barriers to career advancement. Not barriers: Part-time work is less fulfilling to mothers. Their partners prefer they work full-time or not at all.
Identify the scenarios that could cause a "marriage squeeze."
Cause(s): a sudden fertility rate (that is, the number of children born to each woman) drop among young women a large influx of young adult male migrants into the country Not Cause(s): a land war that wiped out a large number of civilians a preference among young people to marry others of similar educational attainment
Identify the causes of occupational gender segregation.
Causes: Women do paid work in fields similar to traditionally female work in the home. Men and women concentrate on different educational tracks. Not causes: Gender quotas limit the access women have to traditionally male jobs and vice versa. Limited access to unions and professional societies keep women out of certain jobs
Unlike courtship, dating usuall takes place in the market arena, involving personal spending and commercial consumption. Identity the ways commercial consumption changed the dating script in the twentieth century.
Changes: Dating became a public process. Families had less of-a say in whom young people dated and what they did. Not changes: Dating revolved around getting to know a romantic interest. Relationships became more gender equal.
Which statement best describes why some researchers argue that love is an evolutionary adaptation?
Children loved by their parents were more likely to survive infancy.
The textbook argues that increasing numbers of cohabiting couples could mean that marriage is eroding and being replaced by short-term cohabitation, or that cohabitation is replacing marriage as a form of long-term relationship. Identify the evidence that supports each argument.
Cohabitation is eroding marriage: Most cohabitations in the United States last fewer than six months. Cohabiting couples report lower levels of commitment than married couples. Cohabitation is replacing marriage: In countries where cohabitation is more common, relationships marked by cohabitation are usually stable and long-term. There is increasing agreement with the sentiment that partners do not need to be married in order to be committed to each other.
Identify the concerns that critics expressed about the federal government's funding marriage promotion.
Concern(s): Poverty, not singlehood, was to blame for major social problems. Men and women in abusive relationships might be encouraged to stay in those relationships. Not concerns: The government had not properly vetted the people and organizations running the programs. The government spent too much money on counseling and education.
Identify each contributing factor to declining rates of family violence.
Contributing Factors: women's increased economic independence and ability to divorce social services devoted to helping abuse victims a decline in the opportunity to abuse within cohabiting or married relationships Not contributing factors: a steadily growing economy
Identify the contributing factors to sexual abuse perpetrated across institutions, such as the Catholic Church and military.
Contributing factors: a rigid hierarchy, and unwillingness among the leadership to fully address the problem institutions where men hold the vast majority of the power isolated victims Not contributing factors: institutions with powerful members who are the most likely abusers
Identify the factors that likely contribute to a doubling in the percentage of adults who do not live with children.
Contributing factors: greater educational and occupational attainment for women delayed marriage and childbearing having children is more of an option and less of a universal arrangement for American adults Not contributing: increasing religiosity
Identify the changes in institutions outside the family that could make the division of household work and child care more equitable.
Correct answers: less occupational gender segregation government support for paid leave and child care Not correct: higher-wage service economy jobs fewer depictions of married couples in schools and the media
Identify the correct and incorrect conclusions about the figure.
Correct conclusion: The greatest decline in birth rates has occurred among those under the age of 24. The birth rate for women over age 30 has been increasing most of the time since 2000. The birth rate for women under age 30 declined even more beginning in 2007. Incorrect conclusions: In 2011 the birth rate for women under age 30 leveled off after the recession.
Identify each conclusion about the figure as either correct or incorrect.
Correct conclusions: Infertility rates have a higher span, high to low, across race/ethnicity than educational attainment. Women with BA degrees or higher show the lowest rates of infertility. Incorrect conclusion: Given unequal rates of infertility by education, birth rates must be higher for more highly educated women. Infertility rates have a higher span, high to low, across educational attainment than race/ethnicity.
Select the bold phrases that represent ways that a wedding socializes the partners into their new roles.
Counseled them on their new roles Brought their families together Registered for new household items Opened a joint bank account Took their vows
Identify the characteristics that are associated with either endogamy or exogamy.
Endogamy: useful for maintaining distinct cultures and traditions Less extreme today than in ancient times Exogamy: difficult to engage in across race/ethnicity, religion, and social class useful for communication and exchange across groups
Identify the factors that tend to be associated with members of a racial-ethnic group who marry outside of their own group at higher rates.
Factors: belonging to a relatively small racial-ethnic group family acceptance of other racial-ethnic groups Not factors: belonging to a relatively large racial-ethnic group racial prejudice against the group in question
In light of the spread of egalitarian beliefs, most college students promote equality in dating. It is now the norm that either person may take the lead in formal dating situations, and either person may make the first sexual move.
False
The American Time Use Survey shows that men and women perform nearly equal hours of housework.
False
The Obergefell case concluded that same-sex couples cannot be legally forbidden from marrying because the right to marriage is specifically listed in the U.S. Constitution.
False
The general decline in criminal violence in the United States since the 1990s does not include family violence, which seems to have slightly increased.
False
With the exception of the last few decades, there has been a long-term trend over the last few centuries toward increasingly violent societies.
False
Why are fertility rates usually measured for women, and not for men?
Fertility data is often gathered from birth certificates, which always record the mother but not always the father
Rape
Forced vaginal, anal, or oral penetration or attempted penetration of a person without their consent
Fill in the blanks to complete the passage about housework by gender and couple type.
Housework Straight A national time use study found that women whose spouses or partners are men do much more housework than those who are partnered with other women. In general, there are more unequal divisions of labor among straight couples.
Which statement correctly describes the concept of lifelong consent, regarding marital rape?
In the past, wives were presumed to have consented to sex for their entire lives at the moment of their marriage.
Fill in the blanks to complete the passage about marriage in the modern era.
Individualism Lifelong Choice The modern era is defined by the importance of individualism , which makes lifelong marriage somewhat of a paradox. However, as the textbook explains, this paradox is resolved by portraying love as the result of individual choice
Identify the types of relationships that would be included under the category of intimate partner violence.
Intimate partner violence: dating couples married spouses cohabiting couples Not intimate partner violence: parent-child pairs best friends
Identify the government policies and laws that are likely to contribute to the occurrence of violence.
Likely to contribute to family violence: Parents or legal guardians are often required to give permission in order for children to acces services or programs. Parents may choose to homeschool their children, sometimes with little documentation. Unlikely to contribute to family violence: Parents can lose custody of their children in family court. Parents are required to enroll their children in school.
Marriage rates have declined overall since the 1960s, but they have fallen faster for some groups over others. Match each group to the appropriate label based on whether its members have a higher or lower chance of marrying in any given year.
Lower chance: African Americans The poor Higher chance: The wealthy College degree holders
Identify the major changes in dating and romantic relationships that have made following social scripts more difficult in recent years.
Major changes: There are more ways to form and sustain a relationship. The Internet has broadened the social world for many people, changing how people meet and socialize. More divorced and older single adults are in the dating pool. Cohabitation has increased. Not major changes: Sexual freedom has increased. Couples are less committed to each other.
Match each example of work to the institutional arena with which it is most associated.
Market - Andres drops his son off at day care the mornings. Feeling overworked, Rimsa hired a cleaning service to tidy and clean her house once a week. State - Carrie was thrilled to learn that her city had expanded free, public prekindergarten education, and she enrolled her daughter at once. Family - Antoine sings songs to his daughter to get her to fall asleep.
Which statement describes the assumptions that underlie Becker's marketplace theory of marriage?
Marriage is voluntary and there is competition for mates
Fill in the blanks to complete the passage about educational endogamy.
Matching College Within Between Educational endogamy is also called educational matching because people tend to marry others with a similar level of education. The division between high school and college is especially pronounced, with relatively few marriages across that gap. Over time, educational endogamy produces more similarity within any given couple, and increased inequality between couples.
Identify each scenario as either more likely to happen during a hookup or a date.
More likely during hookup : Lynelle and Amy have sex. Jamie and Francis drink alcohol together. More likely during a date: lan invites Jenna to spend time together. Issi texts Paulo after their outing.
Fill in the blanks to complete the sentence about adoption.
Much less More Compared with half a century ago, adoption has become more open and acceptable, so we probably discuss it much less common, but it is more
Which clause of the Convention on the Rights of the Child do religious conservatives object to?
Parties shall take all appropriate legislative, administrative, social and educational measures to protect the child from all forms of physical or mental violence, injury or abuse, neglect or negligent treatment, maltreatment or exploitation, including sexual abuse, while in the care of parents), legal guardian(s) or any other person who has the care of the child.
Ch. 12 Identify the plausible explanations for racial-ethnic differences in rates of intimate partner violence.
Plausible explanation: Poverty and unemployment are stratified by race/ethnicity. Social services for victims of family violence are more accessible to some racial-ethnic groups than others. Implausible explanations: Some racial-ethnic groups have a cultural inclination towards abuse. The likelihood of reporting intimate partner violence to the police varies by race/ethnicity.
Select the band that represents the proportion of 45-year-old women in the United States in 2018 who had four or more children.
Purple & yellow
International adoptions in the U.S. reached their peak in 2004. Identify the reasons they declined so sharply after that year.
Reasons: Ethical and legal violations were more closely scrutinized. Adoptions from some nations were halted entirely. Not reasons: Fewer children were placed in foster care. Many people reacted against open adoptions.
Identify the reasons why the government might be the ideal institution for pushing reforms that improve work-family life.
Reasons: Gender roles are deeply entrenched in family life. Government can incentivize employers to make helpful changes. Not reasons: Employers are not legally able to implement work-family policies without making legal changes. The government is a fast-moving institution.
Identify the reasons given by the narrator for the declining rates of marriage in young adulthood.
Reasons: Many women do not need marriage for financial stability. Declining job prospects among Black men and men who have not completed college are high. Marriage is less central to how many people define a happy life. Not reasons: A decline in religiosity has made marriage less valued.
Identify the reasons why women with less education have more children, on average, than women with more education.
Reasons: Schooling delays the start of childbearing. The opportunity cost of having children is lower for less educated women. Not reasons: It is less expensive for less educated women to have children. Many educated women don't want to have children.
Based on this figure, identify the reasons why family diversity has increased since around 1970.
Reasons: There are far fewer father-only families than mother-only families in all racial-ethnic groups. There is greater representation of non-two-parent family structures. Not reasons: The percentage of children living in "other" family structures has grown for all groups. Some groups have seen a growth in mother-only households, while others have seen a decline.
Ch. 9 Fill in the blanks to complete the passage about parenting.
Social bonds Socialize Social networks Parenting involves raising a child, and parents do this by providing three categories of skills or resources. First, parents forge social bonds with their children, providing them with love and support and receiving love in return. Second, parents also socialize their children by modeling behaviors and by instruction. Third, parents build social networks that help them parent and provide resources.
Steve and Sharon are married with children. Steve works 40 hours per week outside the home, and Sharon works 10 hours per week outside the home. Select the prediction that is most strongly supported by time use studies about gender balance.
Steve will do less unpaid housework because his greater obligations outside the home leave him with less available time.
Place the following events in the gay rights movement in chronological order.
Stonewall riot signing of "don't ask, don't tell" policy initiation of Defense of Marriage Act Supreme Court decision in Obergefell v. Hodges case
Identify the statements that are supported by research on hookup culture and sex on college campuses.
Supported by research: The role of alcohol and drugs in hookup culture increases the risk of sexual assault. The majority of young men appear to engage in hookup culture. Not supported by research: Almost all young men who avoid hookup culture explain that they are delaying sex for religious reasons. Hookup culture is mainly driven by men's preferences, whereas women would prefer long-term relationships in college.
Identify whether or not each important value is one that today's parents prioritize as a "survival" value.
Survival values: Pairing Token: cb13-2d2a Not survival values: enjoyment of play compassion autonomy
Identify the true and false statements about why unpaid labor (family-based housework and care work) often seems invisible, especially to people outside the family.
TS: There is no formal accounting of both work completed and compensation. The benefits of this work sometimes take years to appear. FS: Unpaid labor cannot be accounted for, because much of it is care work. Sociologists study work time but mostly ignore what people do when they are unpaid.
Based on the "Story Behind the Numbers" animation, and the accompanying figure in the textbook, identify each statement as either true or false.
TS: A higher percentage of women than men eventually get married. The gap between marital status in 1970 and in 2018 narrows with age. FS: By their early 30s modern men and women experience almost the same rates of marriage. In 2018 the age range at which most men are married is their late 20s.
Identify the true and false statements regarding the changes in housework over the last half-century.
TS: As women's incomes have increased, their tendency to be the primary caregiver has decreased. Married women have decreased their total time doing housework. In 1965, married women spent seven times as many hours on housework as married men. The amount of time women and men devote to housework has been affected by women joining the labor force. FS: Since 2010, married women and married men have spent equal amounts of time doing housework. Married men have decreased their total time doing housework.
Identify the true and false statements about intimate partner violence.
TS: Less extreme forms of family violence are the most common ones reported by victims. Women are nearly twice as likely to experience physical or sexual violence than men. FS: Women are more likely to be victims of violent crime, but men are more likely to be victims of certain types of acts such as being kicked or hurt by a weapon. Only three-fourths of violent crimes committed by intimate partners are reported.
Ch. 7 Identify the true and false statements about dating in the mid-twentieth century.
TS: Single men and women often went on dates with multiple people in the same week or month. Single men and women often went on multiple dates per week. FS: Single men and women mostly dated partners they intended to marry. Dating multiple partners tended to lead to less stable marriages.
Half-sibling (half-brother/half-sister)
The biological child of one's parent and another person
Stepbrother/stepsister
The child (son/daughter) of one's stepparent
Based on the "Changing Culture" feature, why would the culture of intensive parenting contribute to more people choosing to be childfree?
The culture of intensive parenting ramps up expectations for how much time and resources parents devote to children.
Ch 11. Work
The exertion of effort to produce or accomplish something
Opportunity cost
The price one pays for choosing the less lucrative of the available options
Match: single older adults, divorced adults, unmarried parents, widowed adults
They often have more resources to invest in dating and romance - single older adults Older adults form a large proportion of this group (although they are not the majority - divorced adults They don't have much time to date, but many still do - unmarried parents This group makes up a much smaller proportion of the dating pool than it used to - widowed adults
Place each example in the appropriate part of the figure.
Top left - Yellow blue - Tim makes extra money mowing lawns in the summers. Top right - Yellow pink - Jacob works as a registered nurse at a local Yellow pink blue - Juanita drives 35 minutes to her job as a insurance salesperson Blue - Calvin does laundry every Sunday. Pink - Isabelle helps her elderly mother run errands Bottom blue pink - Hamid makes doctor appointments for his children
The figure shows that Black men and women are the least likely to receive replies when they out to others on OKCupid.
True Endogamy works both through lack of opportunity to meet others of different racial-ethnic groups and through discrimination. OKCupid's data show the importance of discrimination in this process.
Fill in the blanks to complete the passage about fertility in the United States.
Two Four Thirteen Annali and her partner Jorge finished having babies early in the 2000s. They have two children, the most common number of children per family in the United States. Annali was born in the 1980s to baby boomer parents. Her parents had four child which was the most common number of children per family in the United States for their generation. Annali and Jorge are friends with just one female friend who has four children, which by 2018 represented only thirteen percent of women turning 44.
Elian is a gay nineteen-year-old man. His cousin, Nance, is a bisexual thirty-year-old woman. Identify the scenarios that current research finds to be typical of many LGBTQ+ lives.
Typical: Elian came out when he was eleven. Nance came out when she was twenty-four. Elian's first sexual experience was with a girl. Nance's first sexual experience was with a man. Not typical: Nance's first serious relationship with a woman was at age seventeen. Elian's first serious relationship with a man was also at age seventeen.
Defining family violence is sometimes ambiguous. Identify each aspect as either usually present between victims and perpetrators or only sometimes present.
Usually Present: -intimacy between victim and perpetrator -a care relationship between victim and perpetrator Sometimes Present: -emotional, verbal, and physical violence are all present -violence that escalates from serious to life-threatening
Ch. 8 Place each racial-ethnic group in order from least to most likely to marry across racial-ethnic lines.
White people Black people Hispanic people Asian people American Indian people
Which statement accurately describes how research has answered the question: Is "dating" older for college students?
With apps such as Tinder, students meet and socialize with people in ways very similar to older forms of dating.
Several work reforms have been proposed that would ease work-family conflict. Match each advantage or disadvantage to the appropriate work reform.
Work Hours Flexibility - Employees could schedule their work around family obligations. The line between work and family time could be blurred. Work Hours Reduction - Workers would have more leisure hours. Providing benefits would be costlier for employers. Family Supports - Workers could afford to take care of family members without losing time at work. Employers might penalize workers for taking advantage of these programs.
Identify each work family conflict issue as more characteristic of either professional parents or working-class parents.
Working Class parents: going through periods of not working working too few hours working multiple jobs Professional parents: working too many hours lacking a barrier between work and home life
Hooking up
a casual sexual or romantic encounter without explicit commitment or exclusivity
Ch. 7 - Social Script
a commonly understood pattern of interaction that serves as a model of behavior in familiar situations.
Love
a deep affection and concern for another, with whom one feels a strong emotional bond.
Annulment of marriage
a legal or religious determination that the marriage was never valid
Care relationship
a relationship in which one person is responsible for another's care
Then match the costs to the correct category.
amount per child a married couple making more than $98,000 a year can expect to spend on childcare for the first 18 years of their child's life - $370,000 amount per child a married couple making less than $57,000 a year can expect to spend on childcare for the first 18 years of their child's life - $160,000 amount per child a higher-income family can expect to pay for additional child-related housing amenities (extra bedrooms, extra bathrooms, a yard) - $125,000
Blended family
any family that includes stepparents, stepsiblings, or half-siblings
Select the bold phrases that represent the three categories of skills or resources that parents offer their children.
ask her teacher questions talked to Karen attended parent-teacher conferences talked to other parents Karen's parents were very attentive to her development and performance in school. They made sure she knew she should ask her teacher questions when she was unsure of what to do in school. They also talked to Karen about her day in school every evening. They attended parent-teacher conferences and talked to other parents when they were concerned about how the school was handling Karen's attention problems. Their close friends, the Matthews, had a son in the same grade who sometimes came to them with questions as well; the four parents enjoyed socializing with one another.
Place the following life events in chronological order to reflect the sequence that typically occurs for an educated young adult woman today.
complete education begin a career get married
Intensive motherhood
cultural pressure on women to devote more time, energy, and money to raising their children
System of care
how a society accomplishes the necessary care work and housework
Match each evolutionary trait to the reason why it may have attracted mates.
increased success in competition - a stocky, muscular figure increased the odds of survival - the ability to run fast gave the impression of reproductive fitness - wide hips on women
Cohabitation
living together as a sexual or romantic couple without being married
Endogamy
marriage and reproduction within a distinct group
Occupational gender segregation
men and women having jobs in separate occupations
Select the bold phrases that represent accurate statements about contemporary concerns regarding parenting.
more families impacted by parent opioid addiction. especially parents of Black children. Issi is a social worker who interacts with many families. In recent years she has seen more families impacted by parent opioid addiction. She observes "snowplow parents" who dominate their children with physical and verbal abuse. She has also seen families work hard in protecting their children from racism and violence, especially parents of Black children.
Romantic relationships
mutually acknowledged, ongoing interactions featuring heightened affection and intensity
Match each type of unmarried parent to the appropriate description.
not ready or willing to marry yet and typically poor - young adults single and not typically poor - alone older women a diverse group, including some living with a partner and others not partnered - divorced adults
Select the bold phrases that represent examples of how marriage and cohabitation in an individual's life reflect larger social changes.
safe place for her true self to blossom her vision of family life includes legal marriage, but her partner defines family as "those we love," not "those with whom we share a legal arrangement." Ava's parents are married, and she also hopes to marry. She is looking for a partnership that will be a safe place for her true self to blossom, and her partner's too. She falls in love and struggles because her vision of family life includes legal marriage, but her partner defines family as "those we love," not "those with whom we share a legal arrangement."
Parenting
the activity of raising a child
Biological parents
the adults whose bodies - including the father's sperm and the mother's egg - produce a child
Gender division of labor
the allocation of work between men and women in society
Social change
the alteration of culture and societies over time
Stepsibling
the child (son/daughter) of one's stepparent
Stepchild
the child of one's spouse or committed partner
Work-family conflict
the conflict that occurs when the time demands, strains, or obligations of work or family roles make it difficult to fulfill obligations in either role
Ch. 10 Marital dissolution
the end of a marriage through permanent separation or divorce
Infertility
the failure of a couple to have a successful pregnancy despite deliberately having sex without contraception
Male provider ideal
the father as an economic provider and authority figure for his children
Involved father ideal
the father as an emotional, nurturing companion who bonds with his children as well as providing for them
Divorce
the legal dissolution of marriage according to the laws of the state
Fertility
the number of children born in a society or among a particular group
Total fertility rate
the number of children born to the average woman in her lifetime
Romantic love
the passionate devotion and attraction one person feels for another
Elder abuse
the physical, sexual, or emotional abuse of old people by someone with whom they share an intimate or caring relationship
utilitarian love
the practical, rational dedication of one person to another based on shared understanding and emotional commitment
Homophily
the principle by which similar people have more of a given kind of contact than dissimilar people
Selection effect
the problem that occurs when the cause being studied has already been determined by the outcome that is under investigation
Mate selection
the process by which people choose each other for sexual or romantic relationships
Boundary ambiguity
the situation in which family members do not know or do not agree on who is in the family and what role each person plays
Marriage market
the social space in which people search for potential marriage partners
Stepparent
the spouse or committed partner of one's biological or adoptive parent
Inequality
the unequal distribution of valued goods and opportunities in society
Sexual assault
unwanted penetration or touch, by force or threat of force, without consent
Separation
the formal or informal separation of married spouses into different households
Research about online dating finds that a substantial percentage of users use misleading pictures or information. Identify the reasons why people misrepresent themselves online.
Reasons: to conform to what they think others are doing to manage their self-images and representations of self Not reasons: to trick young people into involvement in underground illicit activity to not be recognized by others
Match: Hispanics, Whites, Blacks, Asians
the highest chance of dating a Hispanic - Hispanics the highest chance of dating someone who is White and the lowest chance of dating someone who is Black - Whites the highest chance of dating someone from their own group - Blacks the highest chance of dating a white person (though this group is not white) - Asians
Adoptive parents
parents to a child they did not produce biologically
Ch. 8 Diversity
(n.) difference, variety; a condition of having many different types of forms
Select the bold phrases that represent examples of sociologist Ann Swidler's four qualities of the romantic ideal.
-fiftieth wedding anniversary -a perfect fit -her family's objections to the match
Match each group to the dating scenario it best fits.
-says, "No one dates anymore!"--a college student today -go on about three dates a week with various men, which is socially acceptable.--1950s women entering college -appreciate parental advice, and see moral value in a woman's virginity.--Mexican-American students today -use the term "game" to describe gaining persuasive skills used in dating.--African-American students today
Fill in the blanks to complete the passage about infertility.
10 About the same Demographers estimate that about 10 percent of married or cohabitating couples in the United States experience infertility in a given year. This rate is about the same as the global infertility rate.
According to the 2015 National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey conducted by the federal government, what percentage of women in the United States have been raped at some time in their lives?
14%
Identify the cases in which abuse of children might be considered ambiguous.
Ambiguous Case: -allowing a 9-year-old to stay home alone -frequently neglecting to bring a child to school Not Ambiguous Case: -not allowing a child to eat for 24 hours as punishment -leaving a toddler alone at home
Ch. 9 Parent
An adult intimately responsible for the care and rearing of a child
Identify the arguments raised by Bernadette Powell's defenders regarding family violence.
Argument raised: Violence can be a controlling force, preventing a victim from leaving a violent situation. The danger of family violence increases when victims leave without support. Not arguments raised: Victims can obtain support that will curb violence while staying with their abusers. Addressing family violence will stop the intergenerational cycle of violence.
Place the racial-ethnic groups in order from lowest to highest fertility rate.
Asian Americans White Americans American Indians Black Americans Latino Americans
Place the following racial-ethnic groups in order from the lowest to the highest marriage rates.
Black adults American Indian adults Latino adults White adults Asian adults
Fill in the blanks to complete the passage about family violence.
Common Privacy Isolation Family violence is common in the United States. Because families are protected by an expectation of privacy however, victims often suffer in isolation
Identify the ways marriage brings about health benefits.
Correct: through enhanced status through changes in behavior through increased cooperation through additional responsibility None incorrect
Identify whether or not each of the following is an example of a selection effect.
Examples: Cohabitors may have a more equal division of labor in the home than married couples because those who value equity may be more likely to cohabit. People who marry may earn higher wages because higher earners are more attractive mates. Not examples: Marriage may make men happier than women because men receive more benefits than women from being married. People living in rural areas may be more likely to marry because of the heavy cultural norms encouraging marriage in their communities.
Ch. 11 Identify the explanations for why women perform more housework and child care, on averag than men do.
Explanations: Women have more time available at home. Men and women play out the roles they've seen before. Women have fewer economic resources with which to bargain. Not explanations: Women have greater resources, allowing them to take time off from work. Men are not as competent at household tasks.
Intensive parenting is an ideology of affluent families, not working-class families.
False
"Time use" is a common phrase in sociology. Based on this figure, identify the gender difference in time use in a typical day in 2018.
Gender differences: Women spend more time caring for household members. Women spend less time watching television. Men spend more time in paid work. Not gender differences: Men spend more time on grooming. Women spend more time on nonwork activities.
Label the figure according to parenting types: authoritative, authoritarian, indulgent, and neglectful.
High - High - authoritative Low - High - indulgent High - Low - authoritarian Low - Low - neglectful
Complex economic factors affect who is more likely to marry. Identify whether the following statements are more likely to be associated with either low-income or high-income people.
High-income people have no need for a financial partnership are sought after on the marriage market Low-income people see marriage as a burden feel they don't fit the marriage mold
Fill in the blanks to complete the sentence about the feminist perspective on intimate partner violence.
Male domination Every part According to the feminist perspective, intimate partner violence against women is the consequence of male domination in every part of society.
Identify the reasons for the "motherhood penalty" in wages.
Reasons: Employers discriminate against women with children. Women often stop working or drop to part-time work after having children. Work-family conflict interferes with the time and energy women devote to work. Not reasons: "Fathers' earnings increases allow women to shift to less demanding careers.
Fill in the blanks to complete the passage about adoptions.
Secretive Open Know Half a century ago, adoptions were often secretive often open Today, almost all adopted children In contrast, today they are more know they live in an adoptive family.
Fill in the blanks to complete the passage about family solutions to work-family conflict.
Service worker family members Single To alleviate the pressures of work-family conflict, some wealthy families employ service workers replace unpaid work in the home, while other families may arrange for family members to move in with them or may attempt alternating work schedules. These solutions are not always available, however, especially for single mothers.
Identify the situations in which social scripts are likely to be shared among participants and followed by them.
Shared Social Script(s): attending the opera meeting a love interest's parents Not Shared Social Script(s) attending school in a new country watching TV while eating dinner alone at home
Select the bold phrases that represent sociologists' objection to the marriage market model.
She was torn Against her instincts, she set up a date with Clyde. she didn't have a lot of options.
Identify how wearing high heels and foot binding are similar.
Similar: Both practices are directly enforced by women's choices. Both practices originated as a way to make women attractive to men. Both practices cause physical harm to women's feet. Not similar: Both practices are directly enforced by men.
Based on the research described in the "Valuing Unpaid Work" box, label the family box with the statement that best describes it.
Smith - The adults in this family are more economically vulnerable. Johnson - This family is economically better off.
Fill in the blanks to complete the passage about trends in violence.
Steep declines Families Since the 1990s the United States has experienced steep declines. Violence within families seems to have followed this trend.
Fill in the blanks to complete the passage about care work and housework.
System care Market work The ways that societies organize care work and housework are called the system of care. In the last half century, there has been a remarkable growth of market work in the system of care.
Identify the true and false statements about utilitarian love.
True Statement(s): It is based on rational calculations in addition to emotion. It depends upon open communication. False Statements: It thrives on spontaneity. It is romantic and passionate.
Identify the true and false statements about women who spend more time doing unpaid work.
True statements: They have less power in the household. They are at greater economic risk. False statements: They have less fulfilling family lives. They have more vibrant social lives.
Intimate partner violence
Violence between partners who are (or were) involved in a sexual or romantic relationship
Incest
sex between close relatives
Child abuse and neglect
the act or failure to act on the part of a parent or caretaker that results in (or puts children at imminent risk for) physical or emotional harm, sexual abuse, or exploitation
Market work
work done by employees for pay
Care work
work performed face-to-face for the purpose of enhancing the capabilities of another person
Housework
work to maintain a household's functions