SOC 150 Final Exam

Thomas theorem:

"if people define situations as real, they are real in their consequences."

Racism

(set of beliefs), Prejudice (thought) and Discrimination (actions): similarities and differences.

Emotion work

(the process of evoking, suppressing, or managing feelings to create a public display of emotion)

What is the Process of Socialization?

- First, it teaches members the skills necessary to satisfy basic human needs - Second, teaches individuals the norms, values, and beliefs associated with their culture.

The "Genderbread person":

- gender identity (male, queer, female); - gender expression (feminine, androgynous, masculine); - biological sex (male, intersex, female); - sexual orientation (homosexual, bisexual, heterosexual).

Race in numbers (2019/ US Census Bureau):

60.3% White (Non-Hispanic) 18.5% Hispanic/Latino, 13.4% African-American5.9% Asian 2.8% Mixed Race 1.2% Native Americans and Alaska Natives 0.2% Native Hawaiians and other Pacific Islanders

Weber on Social Class:

: includes cultural components (social prestige, power) and the idea of market value (level of education; natural talent; skills; acquired knowledge, social mobility can exist by changes in market value.

How does Socioeconomic Status affect Life Chances?

According to Weber, the higher your socioeconomic status, the better your life chances.

Erving Goffman and impression management (work to control the impressions of others).

Backstage, - backstage behavior refers to the behaviors people engage in when they are no longer in the public view. frontstage - people engage in "front stage" behavior when they know that others are watching. , social construction.

What is Deviance?

Behavior, trait, or belief that deviates from the norm (or average). It usually generates a negative reaction in a particular group

Postmodern Theory on Social Class

Bourdieu and the concepts of social reproduction and cultural capital. Examples from the videos.

The Development of the Self: how do we create a sense of self?

Charles Cooley believed that one's sense of self depends on seeing oneself reflected in interactions with others. The looking-glass self refers to the notion that the self develops through our perception of others' evaluations and appraisals of us.

Coercive Power and Influential Power.

Coercive power—backed by the threat of force Influential power—supported by persuasion

Theories on Gender: functionalist perspective, symbolic interactionism, conflict theory.

Conflict theory- gender inequality has persisted because men seek to maintain their dominance. functionalist perspective- Instrumental role is more material support which is usually men. The expressive role is more of an emotional support which is usually a women's role.

Who are the main agents of socialization? What is primary and secondary socialization? How do they differ?

Family, School, Peer groups, Media as agents of socialization. Primary socialization takes place early in life, as a child and adolescent. Secondary socialization refers to the socialization that takes place throughout one's life,

Gender inequality and gender discrimination

Gender inequality is discrimination on the basis of sex or gender causing one sex or gender to be routinely privileged or prioritized over another ex: The wage gap between men and woman only increases with age.

Gender socialization: sanctions and social control; internalization of social norms.

Gender socialization: The lifelong process of learning to be masculine or feminine through the agents of socialization. Sanctions- Access (or lack of access) to opportunities or resources Punish gender and sexual deviants

Minority:

It is not necessarily fewer in number than the dominant group, but those that lack power, resources or access compared to the dominant group. Examples.

What Is a Group?

Primary groups and social networks. is a collection of people who share some attribute, identify with one another, and interact with each other.

Poverty and the "invisibility of the poor".

Residential segregation, political disenfrachisement, and the use of law enforcement to control the homeless can make poverty invisible to many Americans.

The distinction between gender and sex

Sex chromosomes (usually XX-female and XY-male), hormones, and reproductive organs. Male/Female Gender- Social characteristics; acceptable ways of behaving and presenting oneself. Masculine/Feminine

Gender roles and "performing gender".

Socially appropriate displays of masculinity or femininity

Theories of Deviance:

Structural Functionalism.- Durkheim argues that deviance serves a positive social function by clarifying moral boundaries and promoting social cohesion. Structural strain theory (Merton).- Crime and deviance as the result of strain caused by the lack of legitimate means to achieve socially approved goals. Conflict Theory.- In order for the powerful to maintain their power, they marginalize and criminalize the people who threaten their power. Differential Association (Sutherland).- Deviance is learned from hanging around deviant peers. Labeling Theory (Becker).- Deviance is caused by external judgments (labels) that change a person's self-concept and the way that others respond to that person.

What is Social Stratification?

The division of society into groups arranged in a social hierarchy, according to different criteria (race, religion, class, gender).

Incarceration in the US by racial group.

The overrepresentation of African American males.

The "Saints and the Roughnecks".

The story of the Saints and the Roughnecks shows how great the impact that appearance, background, and action can have on a reputation following the future. While both groups participated in deviant behavior only one (the Roughnecks) were perceived as bad within the community and received punishment.

What is Social inequality?

The unequal distribution of wealth, power, or prestige among members of a society.

Weber's 3 types of (legitimate) authority:

Traditional- based in custom, birthright, or divine right Legal-rational - based in laws, rules, and procedures. Charismatic.- based in the perception of remarkable personal qualities in a leader.

What is Social Mobility?

Upward, downward, intergenerational, and intragenerational, and structural mobility. The connection to an open or closed stratification system. Homogamy and heterogamy and how it relates to social mobility.

In-group

a group that one identifies with and feels loyalty toward

out-group.

a group toward which an individual feels opposition, rivalry, or hostility

Bureaucracy

a type of secondary group designed to perform tasks efficiently. Bureaucratic regulations are supposed to make organizations run smoothly; however, bureaucracy can also be impersonal, inflexible, and hyperrational.

Groups dynamics

are the patterns of interaction between groups and individuals.

nature

argue that behavioral traits can be explained by genetics

nurture

argue that human behavior is learned and shaped through social inter- action

transgender

beyond conventional notions of gender and sexuality

What is Human Nature

culture and society are what make us human. These things that we have created also make us who we are

dyad

dyad is the smallest possible social group (two members).

McDonaldization and its 4 principles:

efficiency, predictability, calculability, non-human technology.

Feminist Movements: First, Second and Third Wave.

first wave - Women and s right to vote the 19th century second wave- woman's right to employment and education in the 20th century third wave- focused on diversity because it was mostly middle class white women.

Gender identity and the fluidity of gender (versus the gender binary).

gender Identity- An individual's self-definition or sense of gender gender binary- the classification of gender into two distinct, opposite forms of masculine and feminine, whether by social system, cultural belief, or both simultaneously

Types of discrimination: individual and institutional. Examples.

individual- carried out by one person against another. institutional -systematic discrimination carried out by social institutions (political, economic, educational, and others) that affects all members of a group who come into contact with it.

Intersex

individuals possess defining characteristics of both sexes.

Leadership

instrumental and expressive.

Statuses

is a position in society that comes with a set of expectations. (ascribed, achieved, master status) and Roles (role conflict, role strain, role exit).

Race

is a socially defined category, based on real or perceived biological differences between groups of people.

Inequality and the American Dream.

is that anyone can achieve material success if he or she works hard enough. It explains and justifies our social system, but it has been criticized for legitimizing stratification by implying that everyone has the same opportunity to get ahead.

What is Resocialization?

is the process of replacing previously learned norms and values with new ones as a part of a transition in life

Deviance is "socially constructed"

it varies over time. What is deviant in one culture may not be deviant in another culture

income

measures the amount of money (or goods) that is obtained over a given interval of time

wealth.

measures the amount of valuable economic goods that have been accumulated at a given point in time;

Homophobia.

negative attitudes towards homosexual individuals or those who are perceived to be non-heterosexual.

Sexuality: social construction of sexuality

norms on appearance for both men and women, and what is acceptable and appealing for each sex.

Marx and Engels on Social Class

only two classes exist based on means of production (economic power), the capitalists and the workers, no chance for social mobility, need for revolution.

Trends on poverty:

poverty is increasing overall, particular groups at risk are children and the elderly, and Hispanics and Blacks.

Symbolic ethnicity.

reclaiming ethnicity for a specific occasion to feel included

What is the "culture of poverty"?

refers to learned attitudes that can develop among poor communities and lead the poor to accept their fate rather than attempt to improve their situation.

Media Reports on Crime

reports of crime are not aligned with the reality of crime.

Systems of Stratification:

slavery, caste systems, Apartheid, social class (based on access to resources such as wealth, property, power, and prestige).

Ethnicity.

socially defined category based on a common language, religion, nationality, history, or some other cultural factor

Heteronormativity and Homophobia.

societal norms that individuals should fall into a category of man or woman and that heterosexuality is the only "normal" sexual orientation.

Structural-Functional Theory on Social Class:

some roles are more important for the functioning of society, but all are needed.

cisgender.

term used when gender identity and/or expression aligns with the sex assigned at birth

Sexual orientation

the fluidity of sexuality and being asexual.

George Herbert Mead and the different stages of the development of the self:

the preparatory stage- a phase in which children copy or imitate the behaviors of others as a way of learning the play stage- the phase in which children start to take on and act out roles during their playtime. the game stage- children develop self-awareness. During this stage, people learn to follow rules and how to take on social roles through their experiences

Second shift and intersectionality (matrix of domination).

the unpaid housework and child care often expected of women after they complete their day's paid labor. ex: woman are expected to clean after work but men are not.

triad

triad (a three-person group) is more stable than a dyad.

Symbolic Interaction Theory on Social Class:

we categorize ourselves and others by examining status differences.

Situational ethnicity.

where we deliberately asset our ethnicity in some situations while downplaying it to others

The double standard of sexuality (promiscuity and subject vs. object)

woman- objects /men- subject promiscuity men vs. woman