SOC 170 Midterm QUIZ

What was the world population estimates to be in 2015?

7.25-7.4 billion

What is the demographic transition?

A sequence of population change: mortality declines first, followed by fertility decline

What does the narrowing above the base of a population pyramid usually indicate?

High child mortality

Which of the following is not a reason for low fertility mentioned by Geitel-Basten?

Devaluation of children

Why did Caroline Sten Hartnett describe US fertility rates as "unusually high"?

Since 1990, US fertility rates have been higher than the rates in most comparable European countries.

Which of the following is NOT consistent with the technological critique of Malthus?

Social inequality interferes with the implementation of technological innovations

In the "Magic Washing Machine" video, what is the air line?

The category of resources consumption defined by the ability to afford air travel

What is the "baby boom echo" (or the "echo boomers")

The population of children born to the "baby boom" cohort.

True or False: Thomas Malthus believed that poverty was the greatest threat to the environment.

False

According to Preston and Vierboom, what percentage of all U.S. deaths would be prevented if the U.S. had the same mortality rates as Europe?

12%

According to Stephenson, Newman, and Mayhew, why will future environmentally-induced migration increasingly consist of movements out of urban areas?

60% of the world's largest cities are located in low-lying coastal areas that will be affected by rising sea levels

Why are lower dependency ratios desirable?

A large dependency ratio can have negative impacts on labor productivity, capital formation, and savings rates

True or False: The completeness of death reporting is lowest in South America.

False

How do demographers validate an individual's lifespan?

By tracing administrative records, like birth certificates and census records, over an individual's lifespan

Which of the following is among the most frequently given reasons by women in lower income countries for why they do not use contraception?

Concerns about side effects

True or false: Noneconomic costs do not affect access to contraception.

False

Which of the following is not an official use of Census data? - Allocation of resources back to geographic areas -Determination of tax rates -Representation of decision-making bodies

Determination of tax rates

Which of the following causes did NOT contribute to the rising mid-life mortality documented by Case and Deaton?

Diabetes

Which of the following causes did NOT contribute to the rising mid-life mortality documented by Case and Deaton? -Chronic liver disease and cirrhosis -Drug overdoses -Diabetes -Suicide

Diabetes

What is the most likely explanation for why the US fertility rate declined over the past decade?

Economic conditions

What issue is the largest environmental challenge identified by Hans Rosling in "The magic washing machine"?

Economic growth

What are health reversals?

Factors that prevent mortality levels from decreasing or lead to increased mortality at the population level.

True or False: According to the inequality critique of Malthus, population growth and environmental decline cause hunger and poverty.

False: Hunger and poverty cause population growth and environmental decline.

According to conventional demographic transition theory and early "demand theories" of fertility, what role do family planning programs play in contraceptive use?

Family planning programs have no impact on contraceptive use; socio-economic development creates demand for lower fertility and drives contraceptive use.

Assumptions about what components of population change shape projections of future population size?

Fertility, mortality, and migration

Why do Ritchie and Roser say that we are at a turning point in global population history?

Global population size will increase even as the number of children will begin to shrink

According to Stephenson, Newman, and Mayhew, what is the principal cause of climate change?

High consumption in developed countries

Which of the following is not a potential consequence of sustained low fertility in the United States?

Imbalanced population sex ratios

What is the compression of morbidity hypothesis?

Increased life expectancy will be accompanied by a shortening of the length of time spent in poor health.

Who are super-centenarians?

Individuals aged 110 years and older

Which of the following statements is true about unmet need and desire for contraception in sub-Saharan Africa?

It is the region with the lowest level of demand but the highest level of unmet need.

What is the demographic explanation for why mobility rates in the United States are lower today than they were in the 1960s?

Larger share of Americans are in older age groups that are less likely to move.

Where is the population age group 60 years and older growing the fastest?

Less developed countries (excluding LDCs)

What distinguishes the age structure of West Virginia?

Natural decrease

According to the article by Eisenstein, why do scholars thing the maximum human lifespan might increase in the future?

New medical technologies to control senescence and treat chronic diseases.

What is the p-score of excess mortality?

Percentage difference between number of deaths observed in a period and the avg number of deaths in the same period over the previous five years.

What is morbidity?

Poor health, including the processes of disease onset, loss of function, and frailty

What dimension of welfare state benefits did Beckfield and Bambra find to have the strongest association with life expectancy?

Public pension programs

Which of the following is NOT consistent with the technological critique of Malthus? -A larger population means more people and labor to work out technological solutions to resource scarcity -Population pressure encourages agricultural productivity and the intensification of food production -Social inequality interferes with the implementation of technological innovations

Social inequality interferes with the implementation of technological innovations

Which of the following refers to how old someone feels?

Subjective age

Unmet need for contraception occurs when...

The demand for contraception is higher than the use of contraception.

What is the US mortality disadvantage?

The growing gap in life expectancy between the U.S. and other rich democracies.

What is the "longevity effect"?

The increase in population life expectancy as mortality declines.

What is population momentum?

The number of births may continue to increase--even if fertility levels are lower-- if the number of reproductive-aged adults continues to grow.

What is excess mortality?

The number of deaths from all causes during a crisis above and beyond what we would have expected to see under 'normal' conditions

The width of a population pyramid represents...

The size of the population of a given age

What was the primary concern about adding a citizenship question to the 2020 U.S. Census?

There were concerns that immigrant families--with and without documentation--would avoid the Census or respond inaccurately.

Why is age 75 the "new 65" in the United States?

Today's 75 year olds have the same mortality rates as 65 year olds in 1952.

True or False: Beckfield and Bambra estimate that life expectancy in the United States would be 3.77 years longer if the United States had the average level of welfare state benefits found in the other OECD countries.

True

True or False: Between one-fifth and one-third of married women with unmet need in lower income countries say that they aren't using contraception because they have sex infrequently.

True

True or False: Excess mortality during the COVID-19 pandemic includes both deaths attributable to COVID-19 and deaths from other causes.

True

True or False: Recent increases in life expectancy have depended on increased survival among the older adult population.

True

True or false: If the economy improves, young people who delay having children in the US today are likely to make up many of these births later in their lives.

True

In many high income countries with low fertility, what is the norm for the number of children that couples want to have?

Two

Which of the following is NOT an example of a health reversal identified by Horiuchi? -Unmet need for family planning -Social alienation -Unhealthy life styles in wealthy societies -Re-emergence of infectious diseases

Unmet need for family planning.

Where are Americans aged 70 and older least likely to live?

Utah

What is an undercount?

When certain sub-populations are more likely to be left out of the Census count than other groups.

What is climate adaptation?

reducing vulnerability to the adverse effects of climate change.