Soc 2 Chapter 6: Crime and Punishment

For the last 25 years, the United States has experienced a drop in crime, which has coincided with the prison boom. Based on existing evidence, which of the following best explains this relationship?

The effect of mass incarceration on crime is weak

Compared with white youth, black youth who live outside predominantly black neighborhoods, have _________ of crime.

The same rates

In the first half of the 1900s, why did the use of convict labor dramatically decrease?

Unions protested it

The media is one explanation for why Americans have such a great fear of crime. Fill in the blanks to complete the passage.

When asked why they felt America had a crime problem, more than 75% of survey respondents referred to stories they had seen in the media. Between 1990 and 1998, America's murder rate fell by 20%, but during this time, the number of stories about murder airing on network newscasts increased by 600%.

There is significant academic evidence showing that media violence (especially in video games) causes violence in real life.

- false

Consider these two scenarios: First, a corporate executive ignores environmental regulations and dumps chemicals near a city's water supply, which results in three deaths. The executive is fired but does not face a criminal trial. Second, a man robs a convenience store and, while trying to escape, he hits a car and kills three people. The man serves 20 years in jail. What do these differences tell us about criminalization processes?

- how we define crime is connected to system of power

Based on the current violence and increasing power of drug cartels in Mexico, what is likely to happen to future immigration into the United States?

- immigrants will continue seeking legitimate jobs in the United States

For every 100,000 black male youth, approximately how many are murdered each year?

52

Racial conflict unfolded at a high school in Jena, Louisiana, with protests over the "Jena 6." Place the events in the order from first to last.

A black student sat under the "white tree."White students hung three nooses on the tree.A group of black students beat a white student unconscious.Black students were charged with attempted murder.Black students were charged with "aggravated battery" and the tennis shoes they wore were considered dangerous weapons.

Which of the following is an example of the deterrent effect?

A person considers selling drugs to earn money, but chooses not to because of the possible penalty

Based on evidence presented in this chapter, we should conclude which of the following?

C: - Politicians sometimes manipulate knowledge about crime for personal gain. - Facts often contradict conventional wisdom. - People often respond emotionally about race and crime. F: - There is no relationship between race and crime.

While police have unjustly used deadly force against African Americans, the author cautions us from simply blaming "racist" police and demanding their resignation. Which argument(s) do the authors use to support their position?

Correct: -Simply attacking the police as racists ignores our complicity in a system that facilitates racially motivated violence. -Focusing only on the officers obscures the complexity of these circumstances. False: -It ignores the violent crimes that each of the individuals committed.

Mass incarceration has many costs to society. Which of the following accurately depict these costs?

Correction: - higher unemployment - fewer marriages False: -higher divorce rates - high taxpayer dollars spent on job retraining programs

Men in the United States have different likelihoods of going to prison. Drag the demographic group to their corresponding lifetime likelihood of attending prison.

All men: 1 in 9 White men: 1 in 17 Black men: 1 in 3 Latino men: 1 in 6

Identify the true and false statements about violence against women.

Approximately 50 percent of rape victims are assaulted below the age of 18., Press Alt+DownArrow to open the options. Twenty-five percent of all rapes take place on college campuses., Press Alt+DownArrow to open the options. Three women are killed by their husbands or boyfriends every day.

In the 1970s, the prison population started to rise. At that time, experts in the field of criminal justice generally agreed that using the threat of incarceration would be an effective deterrent to crime.

False

Studies have shown that people are more likely to favor harsher punishments to black people convicted of white-collar crimes.

False

Compared with whites, police are much more likely to use deadly force on an African American. Match each individual to the circumstances of his death at the hands of police.

Police beat, tortured, and sodomized him with a broomstick., Press Alt+DownArrow to open the options.Abner Louima Correct label:Abner Louima Police were investigating a strip club, where he was celebrating his last hours as a bachelor; when he walked out, police shot him, his car, and nearby houses., Press Alt+DownArrow to open the options.Sean Bell Correct label:Sean Bell Police believed him to be holding a gun and shot him several times, but he was merely hanging onto his wallet., Press Alt+DownArrow to open the options.Amadou Diallo Correct label:Amadou Diallo

Which of the following provides a structural explanation for why a young black man might resort to violence in a ghetto community?

The community is a long distance from legitimate jobs and it is necessary to succeed in the underground economy.

Fill in the blank to complete the sentence about murder rates and black youth.

To explain why black youth are murdered at such high rates, social scientists point to structural disadvantage.

Following the September 11 terrorist attacks, immigration officials stopped making "voluntary returns," in which someone caught crossing the border illegally would be bussed back across without going through a formal deportation proceeding. What was the impact of this policy change?

Undocumented immigrants were now officially labeled as criminals.

Immigrant women are especially vulnerable to abuse. Indicate why legal requirements exacerbate this problem.

immigrant women have difficulty documenting partner abuse

Compared to other abused women, black women who are raped are more likely to face pressure to stay silent about their attackers.

true

Place the countries in order from lowest to highest incarceration rate.

Incarceration Chart (pg. 192) Norway, China, Russia, and United States

Place the racial groups in order from lowest to highest drug usage rates.

- Asian americans, hispanics, whites, african americans, american indians

Fill in the blanks to complete the passage about the rise of the American prison population.

- Between 1925 and 1975, the American prison population averaged around 150,000 people. By 2000, the prison population had reached 1.4 million people. This represents approximately 686 out of every 100,000 people.

Despite the fact that crime was not considered a major problem, the political focus on crime had many important social impacts. What were some of these effects?

- Voters became more concerned about crime. - Federal spending on drug control increased by a factor of nine. -Poverty was essentially made a crime.

Match each bill to its impacts on immigrants.

- denied noncitizens many basic civil rights, Press Alt+DownArrow to open the options.2001 PATRIOT Act Correct label:2001 PATRIOT Act - extended the list of criminal actions that warranted deportation for noncitizens, Press Alt+DownArrow to open the options.Anti-Terrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act Correct label:Anti-Terrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act - denied legal immigrants numerous public benefits, Press Alt+DownArrow to open the options.1996 Welfare Reform Act Correct label:1996 Welfare Reform Act

During the prison boom, politicians increasingly sought to frame themselves as strong "law and order" advocates. Match each president to his contribution to this political development.

- first to dramatically expand the "war on drugs", Press Alt+DownArrow to open the options.Ronald Reagan Correct label:Ronald Reagan won the presidency, in part, by painting his opponent as "soft on crime", Press Alt+DownArrow to open the options.George H. W. Bush Correct label:George H. W. Bush launched the "war on crime", Press Alt+DownArrow to open the options.Richard Nixon Correct label:Richard Nixon passed the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act, Press Alt+DownArrow to open the options.Bill Clinton Correct label:Bill Clinton

It costs about______1____ thousand per year to incarcerate a person. This means the United States spends over _____2______ billion per year on prisons and an additional_______3_____billion on policing, legal processing, court fees, and all other criminal justice expenses. At the individual level, being an ex-convict means that one's chances of getting a job are reduced by at least ________4_______ Ex-convicts also earn approximately -_________5_____ less each year than people with the same job skills and education.

1. $30 thousand 2. $60 billion 3. $50 billion 4. 50% 5. 35%

Members of each racial group have different likelihoods of being a victim of a homicide. In 2008, the victimization ratio for white adults was ____1____ out of every 100,000 people. For African American adults, the ratio was ____2____ per 100,000. When we focus on young people (ages 10-24), the victimization ratio for white boys was____3_____ for every 100,000 people. The comparable rates for Hispanic male youth was _____4_____ and for African American male youth was _____5______

1. 4.5 2. 27.8 3. 3 4. 13.5 5. 52

In the months and years following September 11, non-Arab Americans' interpersonal racism toward Arab Americans _____1____, and today, the average American is _____2____ likely to harbor anti-Arab prejudices than in 2001. According to recent polls, _____3____of Americans harbor "unfavorable" views of Muslim Americans; _____4____ believe that Arab Americans are "more sympathetic to terrorists"; and _____5______ confess to having less trust in Arab Americans after September 11.

1. grew 2. more 3. 25% 4. 33% 5. 44%

Americans have been grappling with the question of whether immigration makes the country safer or less safe. Do people's perceptions match reality in this case? Fill in the blanks to complete the passage.

According to a recent Gallup poll, 45% of Americans believe that immigrants make "the crime situation" in America worse. The data shows that as immigration increases, homicide rates decrease

Identify the true and false statements about racial profiling during traffic stops.

African Americans have grown so used to being pulled over by the police that many speak of being stopped on account of DWB: "driving while black.", Press Alt+DownArrow to open the options. Black and Hispanic drivers are more likely to be searched, fined, and arrested than are their white counterparts., Press Alt+DownArrow to open the options. Many police officers intentionally target blacks and Latinos.

Race impacts how women experience violence. Drag each demographic group to the appropriate blank.

Approximately 50 percent of Asian women are beaten during their lifetimes. Compared with black women, white women have almost double the chance of being murdered by an intimate partner. The racial group that is abused the most of any group are Native American women. When it comes to sentencing male sex offenders, men receive the lightest penalty when they rape black women.

Which of the following factors help explain why blacks and whites are arrested at such different rates?

Cities with larger black populations have more police per resident., Press Alt+DownArrow to open the options. Poor nonwhite neighborhoods have higher rates of violent crime., Press Alt+DownArrow to open the options. "Stop and frisk" policies target blacks.

From 1980 through the early 2000s, the prison population exploded. Identify the reasons for this dramatic increase.

Correct: - People who used drugs were more likely to get arrested. - Drug offenses were given harsher penalties. False: - Overall crime rates increased. - Drug usage rates among black men and women steadily rose.

In both politics and the media, Arab people and Americans are often portrayed in us-and-them terms. Identify the true and false statements about this dichotomy and its effects.

Correct: -Arabs are portrayed as freedom-hating and Americans as freedom-loving. -It shows how racial identity can often trump national identity. False: -Americans who identify as Republicans and Democrats have equally unfavorable views of Arab Americans. -Fewer than 25 percent of Americans now report having a "favorable" view of Muslim Americans.

The American legal system is heavily biased against the poor and people of color. Identify the true and false statements about how this system disadvantages these groups.

Correction: - Young black offenders are more likely to be viewed as "inherently criminal" by their parole officers. - They are more likely to rely on public defenders. False: - They are less likely to receive plea deals. - Nonwhite juvenile offenders are less likely to be tried as adults.

Fill in the blanks to complete the passage about arrest rates.

National statistics show that blacks and whites are arrested at very different rates. According to statistics released by the FBI, 13 blacks in 100 are arrested annually, whereas only 5 whites in 100 are.

Many studies have been conducted that evaluate Americans' perceptions of crime and violence. Which of the following illustrate the findings of these studies?

Perceived racial composition of a neighborhood is a better predictor of one's fear of crime than the actual crime rate., Press Alt+DownArrow to open the options. As the percentage of blacks and Hispanics in a neighborhood increases, fear of crime in that neighborhood increases., Press Alt+DownArrow to open the options. Hispanics living in predominately white areas perceive less crime than Hispanics living in more racially mixed neighborhoods.

Between 1880 and 1930, lynch mobs murdered over 2,300 black men, women, and children whom we know of. What were the justifications given for the lynching of black men?

Sexual assaulting a white woman. Winking at a white woman Being too "uppity"

Match each bill to its impacts on immigrants.

denied noncitizens many basic civil rights, Press Alt+DownArrow to open the options.2001 PATRIOT Act Correct label:2001 PATRIOT Act denied legal immigrants numerous public benefits, Press Alt+DownArrow to open the options.1996 Welfare Reform Act Correct label:1996 Welfare Reform Act extended the list of criminal actions that warranted deportation for noncitizens, Press Alt+DownArrow to open the options.Anti-Terrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act Correct label:Anti-Terrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act

Gangs are associated with drug trafficking and other criminal activity. Why do people join gangs?

economic opportunity, Press Alt+DownArrow to open the options. social belonging

The #MeToo movement began in October 2017 as a way to draw attention to sexual harassment in Hollywood.

false

Beginning in the late 1960s and into the 1970s, politicians began focusing on crime as the main problem plaguing America, even though most Americans did not view it as a major problem. Why did they do this?

politicians wanted to take the energy out of the civil rights movements

High neighborhood crime facilitates a "cycle" that causes more crime. Drag each step to its corresponding box within this cycle.

residents lack trust in one another, community relationship unravel, informal social breaks down

In addition to America's history of racism, which is the best explanation for Americans' fears about crime in relationship to race?

some media portrayals tap into a collective fear of blackness

Which of the following help explain why immigrants commit so few crimes?

the presence of professionals in immigrant neighborhoods, Press Alt+DownArrow to open the options. high marriage rates, Press Alt+DownArrow to open the options. a code of informal social control