soc 200-unit 1 terms and concepts

W.I. Thomas

"If men define situations as real, they are real in their consequences."

3 experiments of conformity

-Asch experiment: actors planted in a group influenced others to give wrong answers -Stanford prison experiment: people take roles seriously -Milgram experiment: subject chose to administer painful electric shock when told to.

Erving Goffman

-Dramaturgy -Impression management

Sigmund Freud's 3 components of self

-Id: the biological, pleasure-seeking drive -Ego: logical center that restrains the Id -Super ego: takes into account the demands of society; what does society say I should do?

George Herbert Mead's 3 stages of development

-Prepatory (mimicking) -Play (taking on various roles/perspectives) -Game: role of "generalized other." Taking on the role of entire culture.

Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development

-Sensorimotor (0-2). Integrating senses and action. No symbol comprehension, only imitation.- Pre-operational (2-7). Egocentric. Cannot take on other perspectives.- Concrete operational (7-11). Causal connections. Things can have multiple simultaneous descriptors (i.e. a father is also a son). Formal operational (11+). Abstraction, metaphors.

material vs symbolic culture

-Symbolic: values, behaviors, beliefs, language. Examples: signs, logos. -Material: physical objects

3 types of norms ranked

-Taboos: universal, deeply ingrained in thinking, violation induces disgust -Mores: great moral significance. All laws are mores; not all mores are laws .-Folkways: loosely enforced norms for smooth, everyday interactions

Karl Marx

-conflict theory -capitalism causes conflict between bourgeois and proletariat

Emile Durkheim

-structural functionalism -conducted a study on suicide with social isolation (those who were isolated had higher suicide rates) -coined term anomie

Origin of Sociology

18-19th century. Occasioned by rapid change during industrial revolution.

spurious correlation

3rd variable causing correlation between 2 other variables

symbolic interactionism

A micro-level theory in which meaning is generated by interaction between people through symbols

groupthink

A situation in which group members seek unanimous agreement despite their individual doubts

Resocialization

Adult socialization often requires the replacement of previously learned norms and values with different ones

Crimes and Punishments

America: imprisonment Amish: Stunning Native Americans: Total banishment Colonial America: Flopping

Talcott Parson

American Functionalist For society to survive there must be social cohesion

Central American values and Christian values

American values: -achievement -effectiveness -technology -material comfort -progress Christian Values: -hospitality -simplicity -faithfulness -peace -community

grounded theory

An inductive method of generating theory from data by creating categories in which to place data and then looking for relationships among categories

Group

At least 2 people who share an attribute and identify with one another

Passing

Attempting to remove stigma by presenting yourself as a member of a different group than the stigmatized group you belong to

Robert Putnam

Bowling Alone Book -argues that we no longer practice the type of civic engagement that builds democratic community and keep anomie at bay

primary vs seondary

Charles Horton Cooley Primary: deep feelings of belonging (i.e. family, close group of friends) Secondary: only together for an activity (i.e. colleagues, sport team)

culture war

Clashes over what the dominant norms should be.

self

Conscious awareness that one's identity is distinct from others

values

Core beliefs you hold regarding what is right and fair in terms of our actions and our interactions with others.

Cultural diffusion, cultural leveling, cultural imperialism

Cultural diffusion:Cultural change can also occur when different groups share their material and nonmaterial culture with each other Cultural leveling: occurs when cultures that we were once distinct become increasingly similar to one another Cultural Imperialism: the imposition by one usually politically or economically dominant community of various aspects of its own culture onto another nondominant community.

David Matza, Leila Rupp, and Verta Taylor

David Matza: naturalism? Leila Rupp and Verta Taylor: Drag Queen

Deviance and conflict theory

Deviance is created by powerful people who make the rules and marginalize "deviants," thus creating inequality Richard Quinney

Deviance and Structural Functionalism

Deviance serves a function by clarifying moral boundaries and promoting cohesion.It prevents anomie. Sub theories: Social control theory Structural strain theory

culture shock

Disorientation due to lack of knowledge about norms of a different culture.

Social Network

Duncan Watts the social ties radiating outward from the self that link people together

Dyad and Triad

Dyad: the smallest possible social group consists of only two members triad: three person; slightly more stable because the addition of a third person means that conflicts two members can be referred by the third

Differential association theory

Edwin Sutherland's hypothesis that we learn to be deviant through our associations with deviant peers

Herbert Spencer

English philosopher and sociologist who applied the theory of natural selection to human societies (1820-1903) Coined the social darwinism (survival of the fittest)

Stigma

Erving Goffman Stigma leads to exclusion physical, moral, tribal

structural functionalism

Everything in society has a function. Things may have a latent or manifest function. They may also have a dysfunction (negative or adverse function). solidarity, mechanical solidarity, organic solidarity Robert Merton and Talcott Parson

Interviews

Face-to-face with open-ended questions

Agents of socialization in America

Family, friends, peers, media, schools

The strength of weak ties

For jobs, weak ties (people who not close to you; mutual friends) are the ones who help you get positions.

Front vs back stage

Front stage -we play a role and use impression management to craft the way we come across to other people -what we present to others Back stage -we can let down our guard and be ourselves -the real us ex: -front stage is the way we dress and behave at school or work, and back stage is how we dress at home

Labeling Theory

Howard Becker The labels people give you are a self-fulfilling prophecy. If people say you are deviant, you will begin to act deviant.

George Herbert Mead's theory of Self

I and Me. I: spontaneous, unsocialized, doesn't care about what other thinks Me: objective and restrained. The Generalized Other.

Ideal culture vs real cultures

Ideal: the norms and values that members of a society believe should be observed in principle, and real culture Real: the patterns of behvaior that actually exist

Deviance: Symbolic Interactionism

Interpersonal relationships and everyday interactions affect how you understand deviance. Sub-theories: -Differential association theory -Labeling -Stigma -Passing -in-group orientation

Dramaturgy

Life is a stage with a script given by culture, each person playing a role

Charles Cooley

Looking glass self: We are what we think people think we are. We base ourselves on our perception of other's judgment of how we appear to them.

Mark Granovetter Matt Hoffman and Lisa Toerres David Pedulla and Devah Pager Nicholas Christaki and James Fowler

Mark Granovetter: -findings show the importance of weak ties for things like job hunting because the types of weak ties we have can determine the type of jobs we can get Matt Hoffman and Lisa Toerres -women are simply less likely than men to hear about job leads and women who do hear about job leads are more likely to pass along that information to men David Pedulla and Devah Pager -The key factor was that black applicants had less effective network searches than white candidates. Nicholas Christaki and James Fowler -provide another example of how transmission happens between individuals belong to similar social network

George Ritzer

McDonaldization (mechanization of society) the process by which the principles of the fast-food restaurant are coming to dominate more and more sectors of American society as well as of the rest of the world

consequential strangers

Melinda blau and Karen Fingerman people we might not think of as mattering much to our sense of happiness or well-being but who nonetheless play an important role in our other fragmented postmodern lives

ethnography

Participant observation. You become part of a group to understand it from the inside. rapport thick description autoethnography reflexivity

sanctions

Positive or negative reactions to how people conform/do not conform to norms.

psychosexual stages

Proposed that between infancy and adulthood, the personality passes through four distinct psychosexual stages of development stage 1-3: occurs between stages 1-5; people usually don't remember what happened but it sets the stage for the rest of one's adult life stage 4: begins around the age of twelve Only a few people successfully complete this final transition to maturity sub terms: -oral fixation -anal retentive

deviance avowal

Ralph turner when some potential deviants may actually initiate the labeling process against themselves or provoke others to do so

Experiments

Rarely used method. Formal tests where variables can be controlled. Experimental group: receives treatmentControl: no treatment

Carol Gilligan

Research assistant to Kohlberg. Moral development is different for girls. -Boys: justice, ruled -Girls: caring, responsibility

In-groups vs out-groups

Robert Merton In-group: you identify with and are loyal to them Out-group: you feel hostile towards them

Role conflict, Role strain, Role exit

Role conflict: difficulty in satisfying the requirements or expectations of multiple roles Role strain: difficulty in satisfying multiple requirements of the same role Role exit: dropping of one identity for another

norms

Rules regarding acceptable/appropriate behavior for certain situations

Peter Berger

Seeing the general in the particular.How people are influenced by general forces. How patterns arise.

Culture

Set of beliefs, values, behavior, and objects that define a people's way of life.

Lawrence Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development

Similar to Piaget. -Pre-conventional: what feels good/bad -Conventional: what we are told, what pleases cultural norms -Post-conventional: Abstract judgments (i.e. it is illegal, but is it wrong?)

social control theory

Social bonds decrease deviance and crimes, and increase conformity

contagion

Social people are more likely to have friends who are also social, increasing probability of spread you have complete control over those you directly connected to, but you don't have much control over people you are indirectly connected to

Social Conflict Theory

Society is shaped by inequality and power struggles, such as between race and gender.

C. Wright Mills

Sociological imagination: The ability to see the impact of social forces (public issues) on individuals, especially their private lives (personal troubles). Marginalized people and those who lived through social crises are more likely to have sociological imagination. personal issue becomes public issues

structural strain theory

Strain is caused when people cannot meet the goals of society. Society/culture has goals, as well as acceptable means to achieve them. -Accept goals, accept means: conformity -Accept goals, reject means: innovation -Reject goals, accept means: ritualism -Reject goals, reject means: retreatism -New goals, new means: rebellion

Erving Goffman and deviance

Studied stigma as a result of deviance. Stigma leads to exclusion of an individual. "spoiled identity"

Socialization

The process of learning and internalizing culture. It is facilitated through language and lasts through one's lifetime.

Theories and Theoretical paradigm

Theories: Abstract proposition about how things are and should be Theoretical Paradigm: a set of fundamental assumptions about society that guides sociological thinking

cultural relativism

Understanding another culture on its own terms (opposite of ethnocentrism)

Ethnocentrism

Using one's own culture to judge other cultures as weird/abnormal

positivism

Using the scientific method to study society

impression management

We work to control what other people think of us

deviance

a behavior, trait, belief, or other characteristic that violates a norm and causes a negative reaction

Reference Group

a group that provides standards by which a person evaluates their own personal attributes. reference group may also be one to which we aspire to belong but of which we are not yet a member

rites of passage

a ritual to solidify boundaries between in- and out-groups that creates new identities and new norms. Example: graduation ceremony, hazing

Emotional Labor

a situation in which an employee expresses organizationally desired emotions during interpersonal transactions at work

Harriert Martineau

advanced work of comet: translated Comte's introduction to positive philosophy into English a sociologist who study and promoted feminist issues full citizenship for women and black people

instinct

animals survive off of instincts. for humans culture is instincts

Saturated Self

claims that postmodern individual tends to have a pastiche personality one that borrows bits and pieces of identity from whatever sources are available -Kenneth Gergen; interactionist

Richard Quinney

conflict theory a sociologist says that the ruling class defines deviant behavior as behavior that threatens their power base.

crowd, category, aggregate

crowd: temporary gathering of people in a public place; members might interact but do not identify with each other and will not remain in contact aggregate: people who happen to find themselves together in a partial physical location; don't form lasting relations category: don't regularly interact with one another or have any common sense of connection other than their status in the category (Korean American)

David Rosenhan

did study in which healthy patients were admitted to psychiatric hospitals and diagnoses with schizophrenia; showed that once you are diagnosed with a disorder, the label, even when behavior indicates otherwise, is hard to overcome in a mental health setting the sticky deviant labels can follow them through their lives, even after they leave the hospital

Edwin Sutherland

differential association theory

dominant culture, subculture, counterculture

dominant: values, norms, and practice of the most powerful group subculture: A particular social group that has a distinctive way of life, including its own set of values and norms, practice, and beliefs, but that exists harmoniously within the large mainstream culture counterculture: Differs from subculture in that its norms and values are often incompatible with or in direct opposition to the mainstream

Methods of sociological study

ethnography interviews experimental surveys existing sources

Copresense

face-to-face interaction or being in the presence of others

Auguste Comte

founder of sociology and positivism

status

is a position in the social hierarchy that comes with a set of expectation ascribed status: the one you are born with embodied status: our physical selves achieved status:the one we have earned through our own efforts master status: a status that seems to override all other in our identities

August Landmesser

joined the nazi party in 1931 because he thought it would help him get employed, and married a Jew, tried to Nazi but was caught at the border. He is sentenced to 2 years of jail time. His wife was sent to the euthanizing center, and he goes to the army and gets killed during the war. he committed an incredible act of deviance but it is positive because he stands up for what he thinks is wrong

Howard Becker

labeling theory

Max Weber

macro sociological theorist value free sociology proposed that modern industrialized societies were characterized by efficient, goal orientated, ruled-governed bureaucracies identified three types of authority -traditional -legal -charismatic

Microsociology vs. Macrosociology

microsociology = focuses on individual face-to-face, everyday social interactions macrosociology = focuses on populations, social systems and structure

Postmodernism vs modernism

postmodernisms: the rejection of the idea of a single, shared understanding of history and society; mini-narriatives modernism: a cultural movement embracing human empowerment and rejecting traditionalism as outdated

Primary, secondary, and tertiary deviance

primary: the thing that gets them labeled in the first place secondary deviance: deviant identity or career that develops as a result of being labeled deviant tertiary deviance: John kitsuse; occurs when the person labeled deviant rejects the notion of deviance entirely and attempts to refine their deviant attributes or behavior as normal

Total institution

prisons, cults, mental hospitals; residents are servered from their previous relations with society, and thier former identities are systematically stripped away and reformed

proletariat and burgeoises

proletariat: workers; those who have no means of production of their own burgeoises: owners; the class of modern capitalist

Deviant Heros

refer to individuals who violate norms and risk the repercussion for doing so out an intention to create positive social change ex: Colin Kapernick who kneeled during the national anthem

anomie

sense of normlessness, disconnect, alienation due to rapid social change

Travis Hirschi

social control theory

solidarity mechanical solidarity organic solidarity

solidarity: unity; present in all types of societies mechanical solidarity: on the basis of shared traditions, beliefs, and experiences organic solidarity: people's bonds were based on the tasks they performed in interdependence and individuals rights

Jennifer Lee and Min Zhou

stereotype promise

Robert Merton

structural strain theory self-fulfilling prophecy (similar to Thomas theorem)

different cultures (videos)

suri-insterting plates brazilian- butt augmentation American-breast augmentation padaug-neck stretching

George Herbert Mead's sociological theory

symbolic interactionism

critical theory

the contemporary form of conflict theory that criticizes many different systems and ideologies of domination and oppression

Jack Katz

the deviant's own in the moment experience of committing a deviant act (aka foreground)

Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis

the idea that different languages create different ways of thinking language is so important that it influences the way we perceive things

manifest functions

the recognized and intended consequences of any social pattern

latent functions

the unrecognized and unintended consequences of any social pattern