SOC 2023 Exam 2 Review

e) individualistic

All biological theories, and nearly all psychological theories, focus on differences between and among people and can be referred to as "kinds of people" explanations. These theories are termed as _____ theories. a) cognitive-behavioral b) sociological c) psychopharmacological d) objective-centric e) individualistic

a) increased

Between 1979 and 1989, the percentage of the American Public naming drug abuse as the nation's most serious problem a) increased b) remained stable c) decreased d) fluctuated wildly and randomly from year to year e) remained unknown

a) decreased

Between the 1970s and 1980s, the federal budget devoted to drug treatment a) decreased b) was unknown c) increased d) remained stable e) fluctuated wildly and randomly from year to year

c) print sources, mainly newspapers and magazines

This chapter is based mainly on which of the following sources of news media? a) friction, mainly novels b) advertising c) print sources, mainly newspapers and magazines d) the internet e) broadcast news, mainly television

c) legalize and continue opium trade in China

The British waged two Opium Wars against China in order to a) none of these answers is correct b) set up addiction treatment clinics in China c) legalize and continue the opium trade in China d) abolish the sale of opium in China e) abolish a tax on the sale of opium

a) address drug research and rehabilitation

The Controlled Substances Act of 1970 was originally designed to a) address drug research and rehabilitation b) decriminalize the possession and sale of all then-illicit drugs c) transfer the authority of drug enforcement to the state level d) increase the power and reach of the Federal Bureau of Narcotics e) stamp out all illicit drug abuse

b) effectively banned all possession and sale of marijuana products

The Marihuana Tax Act of 1937 a) was designed to raise revenue for the legal government by taxing marijuana transactions b) effectively banned all possession and sale of marijuana products c) was declared unconstitutional shortly after its enactment d) is still in effect and currently results in most of the marijuana-related arrests in the United States e) was a state law that was passed in a few states but vetoed in most of them

c) 13.9 percent in 2022

The Office of National Drug Control Policy spelled out a specific, precise goal to reduce any illicit drug use among youths of age 12 to 17 from 16.3 percent in 2017 to 15.3 percent in 2019 and a) 12.1 percent in 220 b) 10.9 percent in 2020 c) 13.9 percent in 2022 d) 11.3 percent in 2021 e) 12.5 percent in 2022

d) morphine

The Office of National Drug Control Policy spelled out a specific, precise goal to reduce opioid prescription refills from 154 billion milligrams of _____, to 119 in 2019 and 102 in 2022. a) crack cocaine b) codeine c) fentanyl d) morphine e) methamphetamine

c) 59,701 in 2022

The Office of National Drug Control Policy spelled out a specific, precise goal to reduce the numb of deaths by drug overdoses from 70,327 in 2017, to 66,023 in 2019, to a) 50,000 in 2020 b) 55,017 in 2025 c) 59,701 in 2022 d) 65,000 in 2021 e) 49,351 in 2024

b) becoming addicted or dependent on the drug

The effect caused by smoking crack cocaine in the 1980s that the media most emphasized was a) becoming insane and violent b) becoming addicted or dependent on the drug c) progressing to the use of other, more dangerous drugs d) using crack in conjunction with alcohol and becoming an alcoholic e) dying of an overdose of the drug

c) Richard Nixon in 1971

The first fully enunciated "war on drugs" was launched by President a) Harry Truman in 1946 b) Franklin Delano Roosevelt in 1932 c) Richard Nixon in 1971 d) Jimmy Carter in 1978 e) Woodrow Wilson in 1918

a) alcohol

The first psychoactive substance that American states attempted to control was a) alcohol b) heroin c) marijuana d) none of these answers is correct e) opium

c) the discovery of the addicting properties of opiates

The following development did not take place in the nineteenth century a) extraction of heroin from morphine b) invention of the hypodermic syringe c) the discovery of the addicting properties of opiates d) the isolation of cocaine from coca leaves e) extraction of morphine from opium

c) become temporarily and violently insane

The harm that the media attributed marijuana with causing during the 1930s was that use of the drug would cause the user to a) pass on birth defects to his or her offspring b) progress to more dangerous drugs c) become temporarily and violently insane d) drop dead of a drug overdose e) develop the "amotivational syndrome"

b) Anglo-Saxons (as opposed to persons who ancestry stemmed from eastern and southern Europe)

Which of the following categories in the population was more likely to politically and ideologically support the Volstead Act (passed in 1919), which imposed a national prohibition on the sale of alcohol? a) urban residents (as opposed to rural and small-town dwellers) b) Angle-Saxons (as opposed to persons whose ancestry stemmed from eastern and southern Europe) c) members of the working class (as opposed to farmers and the middle class) d) Catholics (as opposed to Protestants) e) immigrants (as opposed to native-born Americans)

b) alcohol

Which of the following drugs was substantially and enormously consumed in the United States in the 1600s and 1700s? a) lab-fabricated chemicals b) alcohol c) natural psychoactive substances d) medicinal drugs e) non-psychoactive recreational drugs

d) Over 90 percent of the economic growth in income is monopolized by the richest 1 percent of the society

Which of the following is true of jobs and income in the United States? a) Since the early 1970s, economic opportunities for the unskilled and the uneducated have been expanding b) Today, an uneducated and semiskilled person can earn enough to live above poverty level c) Since the early 1970s, the income gap between the rich and the poor is rapidly shrinking d) Over 90 percent of the economic growth in income is monopolized by the richest 1 percent of the society e) Manual jobs that promise a decent pay and lifestyle are increasing in all states of the country

e) Ongoing, even compulsive, use and abuse of a drug does not require the mechanism of a literal physical addiction

Which of the following is true of the positive reinforcement theory of psychological explanations of drug abuse? a) Among drug abusers who display positive reinforcement behaviors, there is a sharp distinction between a strong psychological and a physical dependency b) Most users do not experience a pleasurable sensation or a euphoria from their first experience of a drug c) It involves an individual taking a drug to seek relief or to avoid pain, thereby being rewarded and hence motivated to continue usage d) A physical dependence is a necessary mechanism for the proponents of the theory of positive reinforcement e) Ongoing, even compulsive, use and abuse of a drug does not require the mechanism of a literal physical addiction

a) none of these answers is correct

Which of the following media assertions about the use of crack cocaine in the 1980s was later verified by scientific research? a) none of these answers is correct b) try it once and you're hooked! once you start, you can't stop! c) the use of crack immediately hurls the user into an inferno of craving and despair d) crack has now infected every group and community in the country e) crack is as common in the middle-class suburbs as it is in the ghetto and the urban slum

d) none of these answers is correct

Which of the following media assertions about the use of crack cocaine in the 1980s was later verified by scientific research? a) one out of ten babies born today are "crack babies" infants of crack-addicted mothers b) nearly ever expert now concedes that the crack plague is all but universal c) crack babies will be permanently damaged and an unmanageable multitude of disturbed and disruptive youth, a lost generation d) none of these answers is correct e) crack has become America's drug of choice, even more popular than marijuana

a) psychopharmacologists

Which of the following professionals study how drugs alter cognitive and emotional processes and behavior? a) psychopharmacologists b) psychometricians c) pharmaceutical statisticians d) demographers e) sociologists

b) all of these answers is correct

Which of the following theories best explains media bias on the drug story? a) money machine theory b) all of these answers are correct c) ruling elite theory d) professional subculture theory e) grassroots theory

d) cocaine

Which of the following was the most common ingredient in a number of nineteenth-century soft drinks? a) marijuana b) methamphetamine c) ecstasy (MDMA) d) cocaine e) heroin

c) Alfred Lindesmith

Who was the chief proponent of the negative reinforcement theory? a) Marie Nyswander b) Barbara Lex c) Alfred Lindesmith d) Vincent Dole e) Henry Begleiter

d) routine activity theory

_____ argues that deviance and crime will take place to the extent that three factors are present: (1) a motivated offender, (2) something worth offending against, and (3) a capable guardian a) possibility hypnosis theory b) self-derogation theory c) inspired crime theory d) routine activity theory e) juvenile crime theory

d) anomie theory

_____, as developed by sociologist Robert K. Merton, argues that deviant behavior, illicit drug use included, takes place when avenues to material success are blocked off. a) the money machine theory b) routine activity theory c) the Chicago school theory d) anomie theory e) the ruling elite theory

a) 1986

The year that drug use was most frequently in the news was _____. a) 1986 b) 1996 c) 1976 d) 1956 e) 1966

d) 1989

The year the American public most strongly believed that drug abuse was the nation's number one problem was _____. a) 1969 b) 1959 c) 1999 d) 1989 e) 1979

d) self-derogation perspective

A major variety of the inadequate-personality approach is the _____, which holds that drug use and abuse are responses to peer rejection, parental neglect, high expectations for achievement, school failure, physical stigmata, social stigmata, impaired sex-role identity, ego deficiencies, low coping abilities, and coping mechanisms that are socially disvalued and/or are otherwise self-defeating. a) euphoria-seeking perspective b) habit maintenance perspective c) juvenile depression theory d) self-derogation perspective e) self-subversion theory

c) Felton Earls

A team of researchers headed by a political science professor named _____ has been conducting one of the largest, longest, and most expensive studies in the history of criminology, called "The Project of Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods." a) Michael Gottfredson b) Travis Hirschi c) Felton Earls d) Denise Kandel e) Francis Cullen

d) the U.S. has a high proportion of its children living in poverty (a fifth of all children)

According to the American Policy Institute a) income inequality in the U.S. is shrinking, and it has taken place under administrations of both parties b) the top quintile of the population earned only 5 times more than the bottom in 2015 c) the bottom third or so of the economy is becoming increasingly self-dependent d) the U.S. has a high proportion of its children living in poverty (a fifth of all children) e) the per capita income has grown by a third between 1979 and 2010s, in adjusted dollars

c) increased

During the course of the 1980s, that is, from 1980 to the end of 1989, the number of prisoners incarcerated in state penal institutions a) remained the same b) none of these answers is correct c) increased d) decreased e) fluctuated wildly and erratically from year to year

c) increased

During the course of the nineteenth century, that is, from the early 1800s to the late 1800s, the rate of opiate addiction in the United States a) remained the same b) decreased c) increased d) could not be estimated e) fluctuated wildly and erratically from year to year

e) 300,000

Historians estimate that the number of opiate addicts in the United States prior to 1914 was about a) 3 million b) 30,000 c) 3,000 d) 30 million e) 300,000

a) The children of alcoholics tend to be less affected by alcohol than the sons and daughters of non-alcoholics

Identify a true statement regarding the inheritance of alcoholism. a) The children of alcoholics tend to be less affected by alcohol than the sons and daughters of non-alcoholics b) The children of alcoholics display close to zero tolerance to alcohol, they become violently sick c) The children of alcoholics tend to be doubly affected by alcohol than the sons and daughters of non-alcoholics d) The children of alcoholics produce a high hormonal response to alcohol intake e) The children of alcoholics display increased debilitation and incoherence upon intake of alcohol

b) legal drugs kill many times more people than illegal drugs

Identify a true statement regarding the number of people that drug use kills each year in the United States. a) the number of people that legal and illegal drugs kill remains unknown b) legal drugs kill many times more people than illegal drugs c) illegal drugs kill many times more people than legal drugs d) none of these answers is correct e) illegal and legal drugs kill about the same number of people

a) have psychotic episodes and engage in self-destructive behavior

Media stories on the use of PCP in the 1970s tended to emphasize that the use of the drug would cause the user to a) have psychotic episodes and engage in self-destructive behavior b) engage in multiple drug use and harm himself or herself as a result c) progress to more dangerous drugs d) die of a drug overdose e) none of these answers is correct

c) structural differences

Most sociological theories, attempting to explain drug usage, tend to focus on _____, the arrangements within which persons are located differ, such as cities, neighborhoods, time periods, social conditions, or countries. a) geo-centric theories b) objective-centric theories c) structural differences d) cognitive-behavioral theories e) psychopharmacological differences

e) began by focusing its reporting mainly on one harm the use of the drug cause (insanity and self-destruction) but switched its attention to a second harm (chromosome damage)

News stories in the 1960s about the harm caused by the use of LSD a) reported consistently throughout the decade bout only one harm the use of the drug caused insanity and self-destruction b) was unfocused and all over the map with regard to the harm the use of the drug caused from addiction to overdoses to progression to more dangerous drugs c) reported consistently throughout the decade about only one harm the use of the drug cause chromosome damage d) none of these answers is correct e) began by focusing its' reporting mainly on one harm the use of the drug caused (insanity and self-destruction) but switched its attention to a second harm (chromosome damage)

e) medical addicts

Prior to the Harrison Act, most narcotic addicts were a) heroin injectors b) also marijuana smokers c) predatory street criminals d) African American e) medical addicts

b) methamphetamine from the late 1980s to the 2000s

Sensationalistic stories of drug harm erupted for different drugs at different times. For these stories, match up the decade with the drug during which these stories most typically erupted. a) crack cocaine in the 1950s b) methamphetamine from the late 1980s to the 2000s c) marijuana in the 1960s d) none of these answers is correct e) PCP in the 1990s

a) Denise Kandel

Sociologist _____ proposed that adolescents use several drugs, and they use them in well-defined four developmental stages: (1) beer and/or wine, (2) cigarettes and/or hard liquor, (3) marijuana, and (4) other illegal drugs a) Denise Kandel b) Lloyd Ohlin c) Marie Nyswander d) Robert Merton e) Howard Becker

a) addressed false claims about the contents of patent medicines on the product's label

The Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906 a) addressed false claims about the contents of patent medicines on the product's label b) none of these answers is correct c) outlawed the sale of patent medications that contained cocaine d) outlawed the sale of patent medications that contained opium e) outlawed the sale of patent medications that contained marijuana

d) professional subculture theory

The _____ is most likely to be influenced by the cardinal rule: verify a story with two or more sources a) money machine theory b) ruling elite theory c) grassroots theory d) professional subculture theory e) none of these answers is correct

c) ruling elite theory

The _____ of media bias is most strongly focused on the factor of hegemony and institutional dominance in stressing the slant of media drug stories. a) grassroots theory b) money machine theory c) ruling elite theory d) professional subculture theory e) none of these answers is correct

c) collective efficacy approach

The _____ within the sociological theories of drug use/deviance/crime, propounded by Robert Sampson, Stephen Raudenbush, Felton Earls, uses social control at the grass-roots level as its explanation. a) money machine theory b) cognitive-behavioral theory c) collective efficacy approach d) conflict theory e) ruling elite theory

e) broken windows theory

The _____ within the sociological theories of rug use/deviance/crime, formulated by James Wilson and George Kelling, uses structural level social control as its explanation. a) money machine theory b) cognitive-behavioral theory c) collective efficacy approach d) professional subculture theory e) broken windows theory

d) do not accurately reflect the evidence gathered and the conclusions reach by scientists

The author emphasizes the charges of media bias are commonly lodged by observers with particular approaches or perspectives. Which of the following is the author regarding as bias with respect to the media reporting the drug story? The extent to which these stories a) undermine the readers' faith in God b) fail to contribute to patriotic fervor c) stimulate an interest among the young in trying and using illicit psychoactive drugs d) do not accurately reflect the evidence gathered and the conclusions reach by scientists e) subvert the Marxist agenda and delay the proletariat revolution

c) methadone maintenance program

The drug abuse treatment program that is based on the metabolic imbalance theory of drug abuse is the _____. a) insulin balance plan b) systematic purging plan c) drug detoxification program d) methadone maintenance program e) hormone replacement therapy

c) opium

The earliest legislation designed to reduce or eliminate a substance that is currently illegal was aimed at a) marijuana b) heroin c) opium d) methamphetamine e) cocaine

d) disconfirmed by later scientific research

The news stories that reported the LSD causes chromosome damage and result in the user passing birth defects to his or her offspring was a) verified by research conducted in the 1960s b) an urban legend that was circulated during the 1960s c) only true in 75 percent of chromosomal birth defect cases d) disconfirmed by later scientific research e) a complete media invention, no article published in the scientific literature reported such a finding

d) 1980s

The period during which media attention was most strongly focused on drug use and abuse was the _____. a) 1990s b) 1950s c) 1960s d) 1980s e) 1970s

d) establish a program of "schedules"

The primary impact of the Controlled Substances Act of 1970 was to a) relegate the authority to enforce drug laws to the states b) decriminalize the possession of marijuana c) remove cocaine from the list of narcotic drugs d) establish a program of "schedules" e) establish treatment centers for narcotic addicts

e) the Harrison Act

Which of the following acts, passed in 1914, stated that only the dispensation of narcotics "prescribed in good faith" was legal? a) the Pure Food and Drug Act b) the Volstead Act c) the Controlled Substances Act d) the Marihuana Tax Act e) the Harrison Act

d) none of these answers is correct

Which of the following assertions about methamphetamine, as reported by the media in the late 1980s, turned out to be true? The use of meth a) had become the drug of choice among young people to the point where it had become the most popular and widely used drug in the country b) had marched across the country to the point where abuse was as common on the East Coast as on the West Coast c) had moved up the socioeconomic ladder to the point were abuse was as common among the rich as among the poor d) none of these answers is correct e) was "instant addiction", one puff and you're hooked for life