SOC 211 Quiz #2 Chapters

Recommendations for Organizational Change (anyone can help)

1. Be aware of personal stereotypes and biases 2. Remove name and sex-identifying information from applicants 3. Implement structured interviewing across the organization.

What group has the lowest education levels?

1. Hispanics, 2. American Indian or Alaska Native are in second

EEOC rules in which English-only rules are justified include:

1. for communications with customers, coworkers, or supervisors who only speak English 2. in emergencies or other situations in which employees must speak a common language for safety reasons

recommendations for black women

1. negotiate salary offers, rather than accept the first offer made 2. seeking employment in an affirmative action firm/unionized firms/ Entrepreneurship

What are some successful strategies that Blacks can use to increase positive employment outcomes?

1. obtain a college degree 2. seeking employment in an affirmative action firm 3. seek employment in larger firms

Fertility rates for Black (2.1) and White (1.8) women indicate that women from both groups are likely to have about ____ children.

2

Title VII

Also prohibits discrimination against Whites, including White mens.

Black officers remain under-represented, particularly at the highest levels.

Although 17% of the U.S. military is comprised of Blacks, only 9% of officers are Black

What group has the worst or nearly the worst poverty, insurance coverage, participation rates, and unemployment levels among the groups shown

American Indian or Alaska Native

What type of women is most likely to earn less and are more likely to live in poverty than Black, Asian, and White women, particularly when they live on reservations?

American Indians and Alaska Natives

What group is more likely to start their own businesses than other minority groups?

Asian Americans

What race has more college degress? Whites, blacks, or asians?

Asians

negative stereotypes about Asian Americans

Asians lack leadership qualities and communication skills and are arrogant.

Asians tend to live in _____ cost areas and have ______ family members contributing to family income.

Asians tend to live in high-cost areas and have more family members contributing to family income.

_______ unemployment is higher than that of every other racial/ethnic group at the same level of education

Black

_____ women are likely to be subjected to racialize sexual discrimination and harassment

Black (Whirlpool Corp. had to Pay over $1 Million for Harassing Black Female Worker)

Who is charged more for a new car?

Black and White women are charged more for new cars than White men are.

Which group were significantly less likely to obtain credit? Whites, Asians, Blacks or Latinos

Blacks

Segregation and discrimination extended to the armed forces

Blacks in the military were restricted to jobs such as janitor, clerk, cafeteria worker, and laborer, even when they were qualified for higher jobs. Consequences of such restrictions: lower pensions, reduced ability to provide for a family, and failure to acquire skills transferable to better post-military positions.

Blacks with the same level of education as Whites are_______ likely to be unemployed than Whites and earn _____ when employed than Whites.

Blacks with the same level of education as Whites are more likely to be unemployed than Whites and earn less when employed than Whites.

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reverse discrimination

Discrimination against the majority group

Dworkin and Dworkin study

Dworkin proposes that minority group members have four common characteristics: identifiability, differential power, the experience of discrimination, and group awareness.

True or False: Hispanics have low education levels.

False: Education levels of Hispanics differ by nativity and country of origin

True or False: Most Hispanics in the United States are immigrants.

False: More than three quarters of Hispanics are native-born (65%) or naturalized (11%) citizens.

Overall total average earnings for _______ men are lower than those of White, Black, and Asian men

Hispanic

Immigrants workers are often preferred because..?

Immigrants are often preferred because they often will work for lower wages and are less likely to complain about mistreatment than native- born Americans.

"Don't buy where you can't work"

In 2009, Black buying power amounted to $910 billion and by 2015 an estimated $1.1 trillion.

_________ have higher injuries and fatality rates at work, because their inability to understand English in some cases.

Latinos

Latinos may be preferred over Black employees because...?

Latinos may be preferred over Black employees, due to perceptions that Latinos are hard workers and that Blacks are not and also partly due to employers' preference for workers who are more easily exploited.

Why might realtors steer Blacks to certain neighborhoods?

Many fear loss of business if they introduce a minority family into a white neighborhood.

Do Latinas work mostly inside/outside the home?

Nearly 60% of Latinas work outside the home, rates similar to the participation rates of other women.

U.S. Department of Labor's Office of Federal Contract Compliance Programs (OFCCP)

OFCCP is responsible for ensuring that employers doing business with the Federal government comply with the laws and regulations requiring nondiscrimination.

What Act did Obama sign?

President Obama signed the Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act

Consumer racial profiling blacks is dumb because...

Shoplifters vary by race, sex, age, and socioeconomic status.

True or False: employers' greater willingness to hire Whites with criminal records but not Blacks

True

True or False: those who experience discrimination do not generally sue—many times they do not even know that discrimination has occurred.

True

True or False? Fluency in multiple languages is an asset for everyone.

True

True or false? Like other women, White women experience sexual discrimination and harassment and occupy lower-level, lower status, and lower-paid occupations than their co-ethnic men.

True

True or false? Some Asian business owners are highly successful, while others succeed due to long hours and the unpaid labor of family members.

True

True or false? Some Asians are well-educated, while others are poorly educated.

True

True or false: Children that White slave owners and their sons conceived with slaves were considered slaves rather than family members.

True...

Whites have a higher education than _____ but not _____

Whites have a higher education than blakcs but not Asians

Do Blacks and women who work for affirmative action employers earn more than those who work for non- affirmative action employers?

Yes

Symbolic ethnicity

a form of ethnicity that has little impact on one's daily life and is invoked at will.

Multi-racial

a person who self-identifies as having ancestry including two or more races.

Holzer noted that large firms are more likely to have...

affirmative action programs and to have experienced compliance reviews.

one-drop rule

anyone with one known Black ancestor was usually deemed to be Black

Black neighborhoods

are worth less than homes in neighborhoods that are not predominantly Black. In addition, school systems tend to be worse, opportunities for employment are less, and services are lower, which also contributes to persistent gaps in income and opportunities for wealth

Elaine Black

argued for equal pay for equal work for women and free child care; she was a woman on the forefront of working for equality and inclusion.

How can glass ceilings and walls can be created and strengthened

assigning less challenging work, failure to provide constructive performance feedback, assignment to certain minority neighborhoods and clients on the basis of presumed "fit" or connection or other employees' unwillingness to work there

Federal Housing Authority

believed in racial segregation of neighborhoods, publicly promoted segregation, and often denied loans to Blacks.

White women's current economic status

benefits from White men's higher earnings and occupational status, making their individual disadvantages less obvious than those of women of color.

Fry and Lowell found that White, Asian, and Hispanic workers were not compensated for their....

bilingual skills

Across educational levels, _______ men and women earn less than non-Hispanic Whites, nearly always less than Asians, and at times less than Hispanics.

black

What are the strongest predictors of the representation of Latinos in managerial and professional occupations?

communication proficiency and education

racial socialization

consists of behaviors, communications, and interactions concerning their cultural heritage and the appropriate responses to racial hostility and discrimination that Black parents explain to Black children.

inter-ethnic employment discrimination

discrimination practiced by racial and ethnic minority groups against other minorities

The Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965

eliminated race, national origin, or ancestry quotas, leading to a substantial increase in the number of immigrants from Asian countries in the years since.

microaggressions

everyday verbal words which communicate hostile and negative messages to target persons based solely upon their race Example: being told, "You're not like other Blacks," or being complimented for "speaking well" or "speaking good English"

Jones Act of 1917

extended citizenship to Puerto Ricans, who are thereby citizens at birth, whether born in the United States or in Puerto Rico.

The Vietnamese Amerasian Homecoming Act of 1987

formalized attempts to bring many Amerasians and their families to the United States.

positive stereotypes about Asian Americans

good at math, technically astute, hardworking, highly educated, and wealthy

reality of some Indian nations

have benefited significantly from gaming revenues (casinos), but many have not. American Indians and Alaska Natives have some of the highest poverty rates in the United States.

Ethnic identity

is one's self-concept that one derives from membership in a particular ethnic group, and the meaning and significance associated with that group membership.

Affirmative action

is the practice or policy of favoring individuals belonging to groups known to have been discriminated against previously. It is still needed to combat persistent, pervasive dis- crimination in hiring, placement, promotions, and advancement.

How did the census change in 2000

it now had the option to self identify as multi-racial

Employment hardship

joblessness, involuntary part-time work, and working poverty (Young Mexican women were more likely to be participating in the labor force than young White women but faced a higher risk of employment hardship.)

Employment hardship

joblessness, involuntary part-time work, and working poverty.

Reasons for shorter life expectancies of Blacks

less access to health care, poverty, and crime. stress related to discrimination, low responsibility y, and underutilization of Blacks' skills at work also contribute to depression, stress, high blood pressure, other illnesses, and early death.

Due to their high education levels, many Asians work in what positions?

managers, executives, administrators, physicians, nurses, lawyers, architects, engineers, teachers, scientistsDue

Miscegenation

mixture of races; especially marriage, cohabitation, or sexual intercourse between a White person and a member of another race

Amerasian

most commonly used to refer to children born of American servicemen and Vietnamese women during the Vietnam War. Experienced extreme discrimination, teasing, assault by other children, and societal persecution. Referred to as "children of the dust," many were not educated and lived in extreme poverty in Vietnam.

racial profiling

occurs when using someone's demographic characteristics are used to single them out for scrutiny or differential treatment.

Indian Removal Act of 1830

passed under President Andrew Jackson, authorized the expulsion of 14,000 Indians from lands in the southeastern portion of the country to Arkasas and Oklahoma.

Classism

refers to negative attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors directed toward those with less power and in a lower position in a hierarchical social structure.

The Naturalization Law of 1790

specifically allowed only White men to become citizens.

Performance-reward discrimination

the act of giving different amounts of rewards (ex: salary increases) to members of different groups who have similar performance evaluations.

Myth of meritocracy

the idea that everyone can achieve whatever goals he or she desires by virtue of hard work and perseverance.

Quotas are largely illegal and reverse discrimination is uncommon

true

statistical discrimination

using observable characteristics (e.g., race, sex, age) as a representation for information about the productivity of workers.

Gentleman's Agreement and National Origins Act

were aimed at limiting Japanese worker immigration

Passing

when a person classified as a member of one racial group is accepted as a member of a racial group other than their own (slaves would do this if they looked white)

associational discrimination

which occurs when someone experiences discrimination on the basis of their relationship or association with another individual.