SOC 2113 Chapter 4 Quiz

Teacher, student, professional athlete, rock musician, and homeless person are socially defined positions characterized by certain expectations. These positions are examples of __________.

statuses

The sociological term for any physical or social attribute or sign that devalues a person's social identity and disqualifies that person from full social acceptance is __________.

stigma

We act on reality as we see it. Sociologists describe this process as __________, meaning that we analyze a social context in which we find ourselves, determine what is in our best interest, and adjust our attitudes and actions accordingly.

the definition of the situation

Which of the following is not generally considered a component of social structure?

values and beliefs

__________ emphasize the role of social institutions in accomplishing essential tasks for society.

Functionalists

Ferdinand Tӧnnies used the term __________ to refer to a large, urban society in which social bonds are based on impersonal and specialized relationships, with little long-term commitment to the group or consensus on values.

Gesellschaft

Which of the following statements about emotional labor and emotion management is false?

Middle- and upper-class parents do not teach emotional labor because it is not a requirement of most professions.

__________ refers to the state of being part insider and part outsider in the social structure, such as that of immigrants who simultaneously share the life and traditions of two distinct groups.

Social marginality

Which of the following statements about social structure is false?

Social structure creates relationships that are generally equal.

Mikayla is told repeatedly that she is not a very good athlete. Eventually, she comes to believe it, puts in little effort in gym class, and receives a poor grade. This scenario is an illustration of __________.

a self-fulfilling prophecy

Which of the following characterizes a Gemeinschaft society?

a sense of community based on similarity

Which of the following is the best example of a secondary group?

a sociology class

Sociologist Erving Goffman used the term __________ to refer to the ways in which an individual shows an awareness that another is present without making this person the object of particular attention.

civil inattention

From the __________, social institutions are not organized for the common good of everyone.

conflict perspective

According to Erving Goffman, social interaction can be compared to a theatrical presentation in that an individual is an actor, observers are audiences, and interactions are guided by social scripts. The study of social interaction in this context is referred to as __________.

dramaturgical analysis

People engage in civil inattention in an elevator, regardless of where the elevator is located. This illustrates that meanings shared across situations serve to regulate the form and process of interaction, but not the content. Microsociologists use the term __________ to refer to this.

interaction order

Which of the following is not part of the sociological definition of any group?

involves emotion-based interactions

One's occupation is an indicator of the level of education and income and may also reflect family background. In the United States, occupation is an important determinant of social position. This makes occupation a likely __________.

master status

Durkheim used the term __________ to refer to the social cohesion of preindustrial societies, in which there is minimal division of labor and people feel united by shared values and common social bonds.

mechanical solidarity

According to functionalist theorists, which of the following is one of the essential tasks that social institutions perform?

preserving social order

A __________ is a set of behavioral expectations associated with a given status.

role

It is not always clear when the provider-dependent aspect of the parent-child relationship ends. Should it end at age 18 or 21? When a person is no longer in school? This is an example of __________.

role ambiguity

A former business manager is between jobs and takes a job at a local retail store to make ends meet. When working at the retail store, she frequently talks about her previous work and her plans for the future. She doesn't want people to view her as a "clerk." Her behavior is an example of __________.

role distancing

Carlos is a freshman at the local college. As a student, he is feeling pressure. He wants to party like the rest of his fraternity brothers, but at the same time, he wants to maintain his 4.0 grade point average. Sociologists would say that Carlos is experiencing __________.

role strain

Sociologists define a(n) __________ as a larger, more specialized group in which members engage in more impersonal, goal-oriented relationships for a limited period of time.

secondary group

According to Durkheim, social solidarity in industrialized societies is sustained by __________.

shared dependence established through division of labor

__________ include our family, close friends, and school- or work-related peer groups.

Primary groups

__________ occurs when the expectations associated with a role are unclear.

Role ambiguity

__________ occurs when people disengage from social roles that have been central to their self-identity.

Role exit

Which of the following is not true about a postindustrial society?

The production of goods within a postindustrial society is mechanized.