SOC 285 Exam 2

3 Characteristics of Marital Biography

1. Age at marriage 2. Have you been married before 3. Marital Duration

Dating over time:

1940-1950's: Dating Etiquette, Patriarchal, "going steady" vs. Dating *Technology helped evolve dating* Now: Hookup culture, casual dating younger and older daters exist, misrepresentation of image

How are race and ethnicity different?

Ethnicity: Voluntary, self-defined, non-hierarchal, fluid and multiple, based on culture, few power differences Race: Involuntary, externally imposed, hierarchal, mostly exclusive, often based on the physical, power differentials

Class identity is the division of a society based on economic or social status. True False

False

Custodial mothers and custodial fathers are both equally likely to be in poverty. True False

False

Dating is described as a casual sexual or romantic encounter without explicit commitment or exclusivity. True False

False

Divorce

The legal dissolution of a marriage.

Classes in the US

Upper,Middle, Working, Lower class

Blended family

a family whose members were once part of other families

Fatherhood Premium

a wage increase that accrues to married men who become fathers

Love

deep love or affection and concern for another person with whom one feels a strong emotional bond.

Seperation

formal or informal splitting of partners into separate households

divorce to people over 50

gray divorce

Ethnicity

group of people with a common cultural identification based on a combination of language, religion, ancestral origin, or traditional practices

Stepfamily Household

the members of the stepfamily that actually live in the one household and can be measured

Immigrant generations

1. .5 generation- retirement age 2. 1st generation- working age adults 3. 1.5 generation- children 4. 2nd generation-children of immigrants 5. 3rd generation- grandchildren *.5, 1.5, and 3 are assimilation*

Challenges facing stepfamilies

1. Boundary Ambiguity 2. Inequality between children in same family 3. Legal status

The decline in Marriage

1. Culture 2. Economics 3. Demography 4. Education 5. We form different types of unions

Benefits of Marriage

1. Happiness 2. Health 3. Wealth

Consequences of divorce

1. Happiness and mental health: people are more stressed and less happy after divorce 2. Economic Security: divorce is expensive and you are losing a two household income. 3. Child well-being: loss of access to one parent, custody, and less financial security

3 reasons why people may decide to cohabit:

1. Marriage Trial Run 2. Marriage Substitute 3. After Marriage for Older Generations

Causes of Divorce

1. Premarital Cohabitation 2. Marital Happiness v. Conflict 3. Employment 4. Marital Biography

Effects of gender pay on families

1. Single parent families are hit hard effecting the children 2. Same sex couples are also majorly effected 3. Prevents family starting

Class and Family Structure

1. Time: single parents and low income parents spend less time with children 2. Money: single parents and low income parents have less to spend on children 3. Social Capital: Fewer resources in single parent or lower income families

What percentage of marriages are remarriages? 45% 40% 25% 50%

40%

Minority Group

A racial/ethnic group that occupies a subordinate status.

Studies find that married people are healthier, wealthier, and happier. However, this could also be attributable to the type of people who marry. For example, people who end up married are healthier, wealthier, and happier than people who do not marry. We can best describe this as: A correlation A benefit of marriage A causal relationship A selection effect

A selection effect

Borrowing of traits from another culture or social group is referred to as: Acculturation Group Conformity Appropriation Assimilation

Acculturation

Economics can undermine prospects of marriage through: All of these The financial risk associated with divorce Not enough "marriageable" partners (when considering a potential partner's income and job) Costs and high expectations that people feel they need to meet before marriage (i.e., having achieved a certain income level prior to marriage)

All of these

Gender socialization occurs through All of these Family and Siblings Schools and Peers Extracurricular Activities and Toys

All of these

Today, people spend less time married. We can attribute this to which of the following? People delay marriage to older ages People choose alternate unions, such as cohabitation All of these People divorce more frequently

All of these

What accounts for racial and ethnic differences in marriage rates? Mass incarceration Employment Opportunities Racial and Ethnic Stereotypes All of these

All of these

sometimes, members of stepfamilies have trouble understanding their membership in the family

Boundary ambiguity

Hookup Culture

Causal sexual or romantic encounter without explicit commitment or exclusivity

The 1.5 generation refers to: Children who have immigrated with their family Retirement-age individuals who have immigrated with their family Children of immigrants who were born in the host country Grandchildren of immigrants who were born in the host country

Children who have immigrated with their family

Conflict theory

Class division due to economic exploitation

A functionalist perspective on social class would suggest: People can reach their desired class location if they are given the opportunity to do so Class divisions are due to economic exploitation People have an awareness and sense of belonging to their own class Class divisions serve a purpose in society

Class divisions serve a purpose in society

Parents who are considered upper or middle class often enroll their children in numerous activities to try to hone their talents and skills at an early age. This concept is best described by: Proactive Parenting Concerted cultivation Emerging Constraint Emerging Entitlement

Concerted cultivation

By "acting out" masculinity or femininity, we continue to reproduce gender norms and roles. This is best described by: Gender Socialization Doing Gender The Feminist Perspective Implicit Gender Cues

Doing Gender

Income Effect

Dual earners are less likely to divorce because money provides stability.

Natural Growth

Encouraging children but set boundaries while often providing protection, care, and comfort.

Ethnicity is often imposed upon the individual whereas race tends to be defined by the individual. True False

False

Gender is described as identification with a social category like girl or boy/man or woman while a gender identity is the social realization of biological sex. True False

False

Gray divorce describes a rise in divorce among people who are 65 and older. True False

False

Human beings are said to exhibit high sexual dimorphism. True False

False

Income is more important in creating and maintaining inequality than wealth in the United States. True False

False

Older daters come from three different marital status groups: never married, widowed, or divorced. Out of these, it is most common for older daters to be never married today. True False

False

The term 'cohabitation effect' means that premarital cohabitation is negatively linked to risk of divorce because premarital cohabitation creates more stable marital unions. True False

False

family is where gendered social behaviors are learned

Feminist perspective

Concerted Cultivation

Fosters children's talents, skills, and opinions

the types of toys boys and girls play with are an example of this

Gender socialization

The Masculinity Perspective examines: How gender notions take a toll on boys and men How a patriarchal society maintains gendered family roles Gender patterns due to biological investments that men and women have in children How men face consequences of the feminist movement

How gender notions take a toll on boys and men

Dissonant

If a child acculturates separately

The United States has an immigration system that is family-based, which means immigrants can petition to bring the following family members with the exception of: Brothers or Sisters Spouse Immigrants can petition to bring all of these people Parents

Immigrants can petition to bring all of these people

Income vs. Wealth

Income: The money you make from your job Wealth: The money you have saved or your family has

Familialism has been used to describe this minority group in the United States: Native Americans Black Americans Asian Americans Latino Americans

Latino Americans

An income effect suggests that: The finances of many couples become so intertwined with one another that it becomes difficult to divorce None of these Since more women are in the workforce and have their own income, they are able to leave unhappy marriages Marriages with dual earners are less likely to dissolve because of the stability created by having two sources of income

Marriages with dual earners are less likely to dissolve because of the stability created by having two sources of income

Some scholars say that the culture of individualism in the United States is killing marriage. This idea relates best to what theory that we've covered in class: Life Course Perspective Modernity Theory Functionalism Exchange Theory

Modernity theory

What term describes how women get paid less or have less of a chance of promotion after they become mothers? Breadwinner-Homemaker Model Motherhood Penalty Fatherhood Premium Family Wage Model

Motherhood penalty

You don't have a reason to get a divorce

No-fault divorce

Gay and Lesbian relationships

Now acceptable in society making it safer and easier.

Which of the following is true about poverty and families? Poverty is related to family structure Poverty affects all racial and ethnic groups equally Once a family falls under the poverty line, they don't usually leave poverty None of these

Once a family falls under the poverty line, they don't usually leave poverty

Life chances

Opportunity to achieve desired class location based on patriarchal ability to succeed and social capital.

Social Class Persistence

Remaining in the same social class

Social Capital

Resources one has by virtue of relationship and connections within a social movement

Commonly understood patterns of behavior that serve as a model for familiar situations, like dating. Social Scripts Socialization Mate Selection Marriage Market

Social Scripts

Marriage Markets

Social spaces where people search for potential marriage partners

Some people cohabit as a type of "trial run" before they marry, but they may be at risk of succumbing to relationship inertia. This means: The risk of divorce is higher when you cohabit before marriage Sometimes it can be difficult to get out of a relationship when you are already living with someone Partners become financially dependent on one another and feel like they must marry People marry out of choice rather than marrying due to a financial or cultural constraint

Sometimes it can be difficult to get out of a relationship when you are already living with someone

Gendered social systems are maintained through complex interpersonal interactions, like those that occur in families. Symbolic Interactionism Gender Socialization Biological Perspective of Gender Modernization Theory of Gender

Symbolic Interactionism

Consonant Acculturation

The family acculturates together

Divergent pathways-- especially those related to job type-- within the middle class are partially responsible for growing social class inequality in the United States. True False

True

Marital dissolution means a marriage can end through separation, divorce, or widowhood. True False

True

Romantic love and utilitarian love can both be present in a romantic relationship at the same time. True False

True

The article "Marriage has become a Trophy," provides evidence that contradicts the idea that marriage is dying by showing that following same-sex marriage legalization in 2015, many same-sex couples decided to marry. True False

True

The poverty line is the level of income below which the government defines a family as poor. True False

True

Effects of premarital cohabitation on divorce risk:

Undermines commitment to marriage or a certain type of person cohabits

Parenting differences by social class

Upper/Middle: concerted cultivation, children are seen and operate as tiny adults Lower/Working: Natural growth, children act as children and don't think of adult life as much.

Diverging Destinies

What divides the middle class with college educated and high school educated that defines job types.

Which of the following is NOT a consequence of divorce. People report being less economically secure following divorce When people who have divorced remarry, they often form new marriages that tend to be much more stable and less divorce prone than a first marriage. Children of parents who divorce experience a host of problems, such as poorer performance in school People who divorce report being less happy and more stressed out

When people who have divorced remarry, they often form new marriages that tend to be much more stable and less divorce prone than a first marriage.

No Fault Divorce

You could divorce without one partner admitting to wrong-doing

Motherhood Penalty

a loss in wages associated with becoming a mother

Divorce rate

a rate that is determined by dividing the number people who are 18 or older and were divorced between certain years by the number of people who were 18 and older that were married between the same years.

Marriage

a socially recognized relationship that may involve physical and emotional intimacy as well as legal rights to property and inheritance

Characteristics of marital biography have been linked to divorce, such as: Being in a remarriage increases your risk of divorce Marrying at a younger age increases your risk of divorce All of these Marriages that are shorter in duration have a higher risk of divorce

all of these

Remarriage

anyone who has been married more than once

occur over generations; gradual reduction of difference between a host country and immigrant families

assimilation

gender patterns due to men and women's investments in children

biological perspectives

Acculturation

borrowing or using other traits from another culture

Intergenerational transmission of divorce

children of divorce are more likely to divorce in their own marriages

Functionalsim

class divisions serve a purpose in society

Couple lives together but they are unmarried

cohabitation

Stepfamily

complex remarriages that blend two families together

this type of acculturation occurs when children and parents acculturate together

consonant

Gray Divorce

divorce to people 50 and older

gender as a performance

doing gender

we often marry people of the same education level as ourselves

educational homogamy

marriage and reproduction within a particular group, like racial group

endogamy

Interracial or interethnic marriage is a type of: Endogamy Intermarriage Exogamy Homogamy

exogamy

interracial marriage is a type of this

exogamy

Boundary ambiguity

families don't know or agree on who is in the family and each member's role

type of immigration system in place in the US

family based

the physical and/or social conditions of being male or female

gender

Symbolic Interactionism

gender social systems are maintained through elaborate patterns of interpersonal interaction *The idea that by "performing" masculinity and femininity we continue the cycle of gender roles*

siblings who share only one common parent

half sibling

married people have better ________________ than unmarried people especially because spouses monitor one another's behavior

health

another way to phrase remarriage; anything more than 1 marriage

higher order marriage

casual sexual or romantic encounter without explicit commitment or exclusivity

hook up culture

Masculinity Perspective

how gender notions take a toll on boys and men

dual earner households make more money and money creates more stable marriages that are less likely to dissolve

income effect

Independence effect

increase in women's employment gives women economic power to leave a marriage.

today this type of custody is most common when parents divorce

joint

Economic Exploitation

labor of some produces wealth that is controlled by others

general type of issue encountered by gay and lesbian stepfamilies

legal

opportunity to achieve desired class location based on practical ability

life chances

Cohabitation

living together as sexual or romantic partners without being married.

Deep love or affection and concern for another person with whom one feels a strong emotional bond

love

divorce, separation, or widowhood

marital dissolution

The longer the marriage lasts the less likely you are to divorce

marital duration

measuring how much time couples spend together can be a good proxy of this

marital happiness

Exogamy

marriage and reproduction outside one's distinct group

Endogamy

marriage and reproduction within a distinct group

Marital Dissolution

marriage ends through separation, divorce, or widowhood

sometimes women may choose not to marry because they aren't enough ____________________ types of men because many men in the community may not have jobs

marriageable

another way US policy divides families other than immigration

mass incarceration

The process of selecting a partner through dating for insurance

mate selection

Dating

mate selection process in which young adults spend time with many partners prior to long term commitment

this theory describes how the culture of individualism is killing marriage

modernity theory

older singles

more daters at mid and later life *Over 1/3 of people 55 to 75 were single in 2015; divorced, widowed, or never married*

women often get paid less following the birth of a child

motherhood penalty

Social Mobility

movement between classes (either up or down) *limited in the USA*

Romantic Relationship

mutually acknowledged ongoing interactions featuring heightened affection and intensity that is usually sexual in nature.

racial/ethic group with matrilineal families and who were forced to live on reservations

native americans

parents provide love, comfort, safety, and basic care; allow children to grow up on their own

natural growth

Sex

one's biological category, male or female, based on anatomy and physiology

Custodial Parent

parent who holds custody

Romantic Love

passionate devotion and attraction one person feels for another.

sexual dimorphism

physical difference between sexes

level of income below which the government defines a family as poor

poverty line

Utilitarian Love

practical, rational dedication of one person to another based on shared understanding and emotional commitment that usually includes the exchange perspective of weighing the pros and cons of the relationship.

socially imposed; hierarchal; based on appearance; often not decided by the individual

race

Relationship Inertia/ Sliding v. Deciding

regardless of reasons for cohabitation, constraints to leaving are likely to increase over time while dedication may not

sliding versus deciding

relationship inertia

Annulment

religious or legal dissolution/marriage didn't count

more likely to end in divorce than a first marriage

remarriage

children of immigrants born in the united states

second generation

Marriage may not cause more happiness, better health, and greater wealth

selection effect

this type of family structure members are most likely to be in poverty

single-parent family

includes money, social networks, neighborhoods, family connections, and more

social capital

level of acceptance members of one group have towards members of another group

social distance

this is limited in the united states because rich kids stay rich and poor kids stay poor

social mobility

commonly understood patterns of social interaction that characterize social behavior/situations like dating

social scripts

family unit that includes stepparents and stepchildren who live under one roof

stepfamily household

Class Identity

the awareness of, and sense of belonging to, a specific social class

Superrich

the very wealthiest Americans with lavish lifestyles and the 1% of people that that earn 20% of all income.

Family separation at the U.S.-Mexico border has recently received much attention in the news. Although it receives less media coverage, mass incarceration is another way that parents and children are separated from one another in the United States. True False

true

Cohabitation Effect

undermines commitment to marriage or certain type of person cohabits

practical, rational dedication of one person to another

utilitarian love

most important source of social class inequality in the US today

wealth