SOC 337 Exam 1

Moral panics throughout US history

- 1700's music/arts - 1800's acting/watching acting - Early 1900's silent films/jazz&rock music/comic books/talking films/fictional novels - Late 1900/2000's heavy metal/rap music/ video games

Classical Theories

- Argued that individuals weigh the costs and benefits of all their actions and act when the benefits outweigh the costs - Free will - Person is a rational actor

NIBRS

- Coveres more offenses and more detail - not a measure of crime or delinquent behavior - crime must be reported to be counted

NCVS

- Focus personal and property crime - more thorough reporting on crime and victimization - people can lie/exaggerate their level of victimization

Self-Report Surveys

- Focuses on the behaviors the youth has engaged in themselves - Focuses on actual behaviors of youth - May not be valid and inaccurate reporting

UCR

- Most widely known - Longitudinal... been collected for 80+ years - Not a measure of behavior and underreporting

Race Correlation

- Some data show a strong correlation between race and arrest. - Self-report data do not mirror this relationship.

Types of Strain

-Anticipated or actual failure to achieve a goal. -Anticipated or actual loss of a positive stimulus. -Anticipated or actual presentation of a negative stimulus.

Coping Mechanisms

-Behavioral:focuses on behavior that might help reduce strain -Cognitive:trying to reinterpret the strain -Emotional:attempt to lessen negative emotions

Actual Techniques of Neutralization

-Denial of Responsibility:refusing to accept responsibility. -Denial of injury: No one got hurt. -Denial of the victim:I only steal from the rich -Condemnation of the Condemners:They've done way worse things; they can't judge me. -Appeal to Higher Loyalties:I had to do it because my friend needed me

Nyes' Four clusters of social control:

1. Internalized control exercised from within through our conscience. 2. Parents and indirect control. 3. Direct control imposed from without by means of restriction and punishment. 4. Give individuals reason not to engage in delinquent behavior

Ectomorphic

A body type that is fragile, thin, and delicate, with poor muscles and weak bones

Mesomorphic

A body type that is muscled and strong with an upright, hard, sturdy physique

Endomorphic

A body type that is soft and round with small bones, short limbs, and soft smooth skin

Normative Conception

A conception that assumes that there is a general set of norms of behavior, conduct, and conditions with which we can agree

Critical Conception

A conception that critiques the existing social system that creates norms of oppression

Symbolic Interactionism

A framework that examines the way that people make meaning out of symbols, words, and other forms of communication

Concentric Zone Model

A model used by social disorganization theorists in which they map an urban area and measure the degree of social disorganization in each

Life Course Theory

A perspective that considers the entire course of human life as social constructions that reflect the broader structural condition of society (trajectory&transition)

Sample

A smaller group that is representative of the whole

Patriarchy

A social system that is based on the rule of the father and a male dominated power structure that is evident in the majority of social institutions

Symbiosis

A state of interdependence that social disorganization theorists that characterizes the social world

Master Status

A status or label that comes to be held as more powerful than others

Status Offenses

Acts that are considered problematic because of the age of the person carrying them out

Secondary Deviance

An act of deviance that follows the labeling of a person as a delinquent

Retreatist delinquent subcultures

Arose in poor or working class neighborhoods

Components of Social Bonds

Attachment(emotional), Commitment(rational), Involvement(time), Belief(understanding/awareness)

Akers Differential Association Theory

Behavior is shaped by what follows it, rewards etc.

Social Bonds Theory

Bonds to conformity that keep us from engaging in socially unacceptable activities

Gender Correlation

Boys engage in more delinquency than girls

Conflict Theories

Class conflict, class struggle, racism

Marxist feminism

Concerned with the intersectionality of sex and economy; females are the most vulnerable members of the labor force; end to capitalism is the key to addressing gender inequality.

Mertons 5 adaptions to Strain

Conformity, Innovation, Ritualism, Retreatism, Rebellion

Age Correlation

Curvilinear, as individual age, the more likely they are to engage in delinquency

Qualitative Analysis

Data that are descriptive in nature that can be observed rather than measured

Quantitative Analysis

Data that are measured or identified on a numerical scale

Conflict delinquent subcultures

Developed in neighborhoods that lacked both legitimate and illegitimate opportunities for youth

Social Ecology

Drew upon ideas derived from Charles Darwin about evolution

Sheldons 3 Stomatypes

Endomorphic, Ectomorphic, Mesomorphic

Folkways

Everyday norms that do not generate much uproar if they are violated

Labeling Theory

Explain the process of first calling something a delinquent act and then using that label to justify punishment/your reaction

Achieved

Flexible category that individuals may be able to move in and out of

Postmodern feminism

Focuses on deconstructing the "truth"; standpoint theory; control of language

Liberal feminism

Focuses on differential socialization; the best way to address gender inequality is through equal legal and social rights

Lesbian feminism

Focuses on heterosexism and how this relates to and interacts with sexism

Radical feminism

Focuses on patriarchy and sexism; eradication of patriarchy is the way to address gender inequality

Transnational feminism

Focuses on the processes of colonialism and globalization and the spread of Western Imperialism; women and girls are the most victimized in these processes

Types of Norms

Folkways, Mores, and Laws

Mens Rea

Having a guilty mind, needed to preplan an act of wrongdoing

Organic Society

Industrial societies that are fragmented due to the devision of labor yet maintain a sense of collective conscience

House of Refuge

Institutions developed in the US in early 19th century to house children who were poor and steer them away from pursuing a life of crime

Critical race feminism

Intersectionality of racism and sexism; don't focus so much on white, middle-class women

Positive Punishment

Introduces a punishment to decrease a behavior

Criminal delinquent subcultures

Limited access to legitimate opportunities in marginalized neighborhoods

Ascribed

Meaning you are born into them and cannot change

3 Conceptions of Delinquency

Normative, Constructionist, Critical

Individual Prejudices/Discrimination

Occurs when and individual holds personal attitudes of prejudice based on race, class, gender and act on them in a discriminatory way

Intersectionality

Particular forms of oppressions that interact to shape a person's social experience

Trajectory

Pathway of development over a life span

Socialist feminism

Patriarchy and economy are the problem; must eliminate patriarchy and capitalism and replace with shared power among classes and genders

Moral Entrepreneurs

People who work to garner attention toward a social issue/group that they decided amounts to a social problem

Constructionist Conception

Popular ideas about delinquency that are created and influence by social, political, and economic factors and that change over time

Mechanical Society

Preindustrial societies that shared a strong collective conscience and had high levels of informal social control

Techniques of Neutralization

Rationalizations used by individuals in order to engage in delinquency

Positive Reinforcement

Rewards a behavior

Social Disorganization Theory

Says neighborhoods may become so disorganized that delinquent behavior occurs as a result

Transition

Shorter or specific life event embedded in a trajectory. Ex. Dropping out of school

Collective Efficacy

Social cohesion among neighbors that is characterized by efforts to make positive changes in their neighborhoods

Negative Punishment

Something that is removed, instead of added to decrease a behavior

The evolution of the view of Juvenile

Started at 7 being considered adult and over the years got later and later in their life, recently portray youth as people to fear rather than protect

Negative Reinforcement

Strengthens a behavior because it stops a negative event that the individual wants to stop

Power

The ability to make things happen and to exert your will or wishes upon others

Atavism

The concept and that certain individuals are throwbacks to earlier stages of evolutionary development

Parens Patriae

The concept that in some cases the state is justified to step in and serve as a substitute parent

Sociological Imagination

The idea that individuals experiences can only be truly understood in their bigger sociohistorical context

Rehabilitation

The idea that youth who engage in delinquency and misbehavior should be taught how to change their ways in order to develop prosocial behaviors

Primary Deviance

The initial act of deviance that a person engages in

Sutherlands' Differential Association Theory

The learning of behaviors and norms from the groups with which we have contact

Matrix of Domination

The manner in which multiple intersecting oppressions form one "overall social organization" of domination

Ecological Fallacy

The mistake of making an inference about an individual based on aggregate data for the group

Stigmata

The physical signs of atavism such as asymmetry of the face, large jaw or cheekbones, unusually large or small ears, fleshy lips, abnormal teeth

Social Differentiation

The process by which we define, describe, and distinguish people based on different categories

Biological Determinism

The view that biology is responsible for criminal behavior

Environmental Determinism

The view that ones environment or experiences are responsible for criminal behavior

Social Inequality

Unequal distribution of resources, services, and positions

Waves of Feminism

Wave 1: 1800s (Fight for women's rights, not crime related) Wave 2: 1960s & 1970s (Liberation Theory and reactions to it) Wave 3: Present (Intersectionality/multicultural inclusion)

Random Sample

When each individual in the group has the same chance of making it into the sample as anyone else

Juvenile delinquency

an act committed by an individual under the age of 18 that violates the penal code of the region in which the act is committed

General Strain Theory

focuses on what circumstances lead individuals and groups within a society to engage in delinquent behavior

Mores

moral norms that may generate more outrage if broken

Institutional Prejudices/Discrimination

occurs when individuals are disadvantages because of their race, class, gender because of the routine workings of institutions in the US

Durkheims' Anomie Theory

proposes that rapid social change often result in a state of formlessness that results in deregulation of people/their behavior

Moral Panic

refer to heightened concern over an issue that is not commensurate with its seriousness or frequency of occurrence in the world.

Mertons strain/anomie theory

social norms of conventional success are not accompanied by equally strong or available legitimate means of achieving that success

Collective Conscience Theory

society shared moral sense or sense of right and wrong

Stigmatization

the process by which a person is marked or labeled as a deviant or disgrace

Laws

the strongest norms because they are backed by official sanctions

Spoiled Identity

what happens when a person has been labeled as a delinquent and the negative identity sticks leaving him in a perpetual state of stigmatization