SOC Ch.13

In the U.S. Justice Department's investigation of the Ferguson, Missouri police department, it found that _____ of the arrest from traffic stops involved African Americans, who made up 67 percent of the city's population. a)93 percent b)78 percent c)60 percent d)85 percent

a)93 percent

Which of the following statements are often true about racial and ethnic inequalities in society? a)A dominant racial and/or ethnic group enjoys privileges at the expense of others. b)Minority groups have more access to education and careers than majority racial and ethnic groups. c)Discrimination permits members of the majority to enhance their wealth, influence, and status at the expense of others. d)The dominant racial and/or ethnic group will easily give up the advantages they have over others.

a)A dominant racial and/or ethnic group enjoys privileges at the expense of others. c)Discrimination permits members of the majority to enhance their wealth, influence, and status at the expense of others.

It wasn't until the 1960s that the U.S. Supreme Court finally banned laws that criminalized interracial marriage in the case of a)Shelley v. Kraemer. b)Loving v. Virginia. c)Dred Scott v. Sandford. d)Plessy v. Ferguson.

b)Loving v. Virginia.

Immigrants often face obstacles due to their a)economic prosperity. b)lack of resources. c)advanced degrees. d)high social status.

b)lack of resources.

In a study of biracial college students with one White parent and one Black parent, it was found that 71 percent of them identified as a)Black. b)multiracial. c)White.

b)multiracial.

In what year did the U.S. Supreme Court uphold Virginia's Eugenical Sterilization Act, thereby legitimizing eugenics laws nationally? a)1870 b)1896 c)1927 d)1945

c)1927

What is the Native American population today? a)20 million b).5 million c)2.1 million d)35. million

c)2.1 million

When did the U.S. Census first allow people to select more than one category when identifying their race? a)1980 b)1990 c)2000 d)2010

c)2000

What percentage of Native Americans today fall below the official poverty line? a)9.1 percent b)12.2 percent c)26.5 percent d)3.4 percent

c)26.5 percent

Between 1969 and 2018, the number of African Americans in Congress rose from 6 to a)26. b)41. c)50. d)112.

c)50.

Who wrote that "For all practical social purposes, 'race' is not so much a biological phenomenon as a social myth" as part of the UNESCO statement The Race Question? a)Martin Luther King, Jr. b)Franz Boas c)Ashley Montagu d)Frederick Douglass

c)Ashley Montagu

The term White ethnic refers to those Americans whose ancestors came from Europe within the last century, including people of which of the following ancestries? a)Vietnamese b)Egyptian c)German d)Polish e)Mexican f)Irish

c)German d)Polish f)Irish

Over half of the Hispanic population in the United States consists of a)Central Americans. b)Puerto Ricans. c)Mexican Americans. d)Cuban Americans.

c)Mexican Americans.

In a pluralistic society, minority groups a)change to conform to other groups' standards. b)expel other groups from society. c)do not have to forsake their traditions. d)encounter a great deal of prejudice.

c)do not have to forsake their traditions.

White ethnics often a)conform closely to the White, Anglo-Saxon, Protestant societal norm when they immigrate. b)have genetic characteristics that separate them from other groups. c)face many of the the same types of social issues that other minority groups in the United States face, although not all. d)are not rewarded for assimilating into the larger American culture.

c)face many of the the same types of social issues that other minority groups in the United States face, although not all.

We can trace efforts to categorize race on biological terms back to a)the early 1600s. b)the late 1500s. c)the mid-1700s. d)about 986.

c)the mid-1700s.

The median income for non-Hispanic White households is a little over $68,000 per year. What is the approximate median income for Black households? a)$60,000 b)$52,000 c)also about $68,000 d)$40,000

d)$40,000

In what year did the U.S. finally open its doors more widely to immigrants with the passage of the Nationality Act? a)2010 b)1924 c)1939 d)1965

d)1965

What percentage of people who self-identify as Jewish in the U.S. say they do so on the basis of religion (rather than ancestry or culture)? a)22 percent b)50 percent c)12 percent d)78 percent

d)78 percent

A large portion of the Native American population in the United States died in the nineteenth century because of a)assimilation. b)internal conflict. c)childrearing practices. d)violent battles and diseases.

d)violent battles and diseases.

In an analysis of FBI records of deadly police shootings, it was found that 14- to 19-year-old Black males were killed at a rate of 31.17 per million. What was the rate for White males of the same age? a)8.9 million b)1.47 million c)also about 31 million d)12.3 million

b)1.47 million

_____ is when people whose genetic ancestry and family history convey membership in one racial category but who are perceived to belong to another race in the eyes of others. a)Pretending b)Playacting c)Passing d)Putting one over

c)Passing

The members of what Latinx segment in the U.S. has citizenship because of its legal status? a)Hondurans b)Costa Ricans c)Puerto Ricans d)Guatemalans

c)Puerto Ricans

An inaccurate or unreliable image that is generalized to all members of a group, without recognizing individual differences within the group, is called a)prejudice. b)pluralism. c)a stereotype. d)a genocide.

c)a stereotype.

In 2017, over $148 billion was sent from the U.S. to other countries in the form of remittances. What country was the largest recipient of those remittances? a)Guatemala b)India c)China d)Mexico

d)Mexico

If people demonstrate prejudice against Jews, they are engaging in a)pluralism. b)apartheid. c)anti-religion. d)antisemitism.

d)antisemitism.

Which group is distinguished from others primarily on the basis of particular cultural patterns? a)dominant group b)racial group c)minority group d)ethnic group

d)ethnic group

The United States never truly experienced a "melting pot" of different groups because it a)did not have enough diversity. b)was Constitutionally banned from doing so. c)banned immigration in 1900. d)excluded some groups from joining.

d)excluded some groups from joining.

The systematic removal of a group of people from society is known as a)amalgamation. b)segregation. c)genocide. d)expulsion.

d)expulsion.

Genocide is the practice of a)assigning social attributes to people based on their genders. b)granting work opportunities to members of different races. c)adopting cultural practices different from one's own traditions. d)killing an entire group of people in a nation in a deliberate fashion.

d)killing an entire group of people in a nation in a deliberate fashion.

Which of the following are among the states with the largest Hispanic population? a)California b)New Mexico c)Illinois d)New York e)Texas f)Arizona g)Florida

a)California c)Illinois d)New York e)Texas g)Florida

Not all African Americans have the same history. _____ arrived more recently from countries such as the Dominican Republic, Haiti, and Jamaica. a)Caribbean African Americans b)American African Americans c)African African Americans

a)Caribbean African Americans

Two coworkers from different racial groups can overcome their initial reservations and become respectful friends if which two conditions occur? a)Cooperative circumstances must exist. b)One worker must supervise the other. c)The coworkers must be of equal status. d)The coworkers must use stereotypes.

a)Cooperative circumstances must exist. c)The coworkers must be of equal status.

The largest minority group in the United States is a)Hispanics. b)African Americans. c)Native Americans. d)Asian Americans.

a)Hispanics

True or false: Early attempts to place humans into a taxonomy disagreed on the numbers of races, and the races themselves. a)True b)False

a)True

The advantages White people take for granted that minority groups do not have access to is known as a)White privilege. b)Black power. c)multiple identities. d)symbolic identity.

a)White privilege.

Examples of affirmative action include a)admitting more minority group members to schools. b)not hiring a member of a minority group for a job. c)discriminating against people because of their genders. d)electing more political representatives from a certain district.

a)admitting more minority group members to schools.

Assimilation can take many forms, including a)adopting a new name. b)moving into an area populated by others of the same nationality. c)no longer speaking a native language. d)joining a different religion. e)practicing the religion of one's culture of birth.

a)adopting a new name. c)no longer speaking a native language. d)joining a different religion.

Racist beliefs in society a)can exist even if they are not explicitly stated. b)exist only if they are explicitly stated. c)end with the election of people of different races to political office. d)have nothing to do with prejudice.

a)can exist even if they are not explicitly stated.

A minority group is a group that has members that are a)considered subordinate with limited power or control over their lives. b)isolated from socialization practices in society. c)untouched by traditional gender roles. d)dominant in controlling their lives and the lives of others.

a)considered subordinate with limited power or control over their lives.

Discrimination is the process of a)denying someone opportunities and rights for arbitrary reasons. b)classifying people into groups based on their national origins. c)closing interest in one's work in a capitalist system. d)attaching social significance to aspects of a person's physical appearance.

a)denying someone opportunities and rights for arbitrary reasons.

A sign of institutional discrimination is the a)income inequality among members of different ethnic and racial groups. b)difference in languages among different ethnic groups. c)admitting of ethnic minorities into formerly all-white clubs. d)promotion of women to corporate boards of directors.

a)income inequality among members of different ethnic and racial groups.

Amalgamation occurs when a)intermarriage among different groups over several generations creates new groups. b)a society removes a particular group from its midst. c)a culture shifts from hunting-and-gathering practices to agriculture. d)people practice the same cultural traditions over several generations.

a)intermarriage among different groups over several generations creates new groups.

Discrimination of minorities in workplaces a)occurs throughout work situations, from hiring decisions to representation in boards of directors. b)helps workplaces by creating a homogeneous body of workers with similar backgrounds. c)occurs in hiring, yet minority members represent more than half the members of boards of directors. d)no longer exists, as minorities now have received more opportunities like education and professional training.

a)occurs throughout work situations, from hiring decisions to representation in boards of directors.

American scientists (most notably) argued that humans did not descend from common ancestors. This is a(n) _____ model. a)polygenesis b)original sin c)ranking-system d)monogenesis

a)polygenesis

Biologically, the overall degree of human genetic variation is _____ when compared with the genetic variation among other large mammals. a)quite small b)about the same c)quite large

a)quite small

Racial profiling is any arbitrary action initiated by an authority based on a person's a)race. b)behavior. c)ethnicity. d)education.

a)race. c)ethnicity.

During the second week of his presidency, Donald Trump signed an Executive Order restricting immigration from a)seven predominantly Muslim nations. b)Central American countries whose immigrants first had to cross Mexico. c)China. d)Mexico.

a)seven predominantly Muslim nations.

Critics of affirmative action argue that such policies a)shift the discrimination to other groups. b)create more diverse workplaces. c)favor the children of college alumni. d)provide real benefits for men.

a)shift the discrimination to other groups.

When we tie our identify, or sense of self, to our connection with our fellow insiders by thinking, acting, and speaking alike, we are taking part in a)social identification. b)social interaction. c)social comparison. d)social categorization.

a)social identification.

The major migrations streams today flow into which of the following areas? a)the industrial economies of Europe and Asia b)coastal areas of China c)Central America d)North America e)the oil-rich areas of the Middle East

a)the industrial economies of Europe and Asia d)North America e)the oil-rich areas of the Middle East

The median household income for Mexican Americans is $49,439. This is lower only than the median household income for what other U.S. Hispanic groups? a)Hondurans b)Costa Ricans c)Puerto Ricans d)Domincans

b)Costa Ricans

True or false: All people from the Arab world are Arab. a)True b)False

b)False

Which of the following statements about Asian Americans and the idea that they are a model or ideal minority group is true? a)Asian Americans are indeed an ideal minority group. b)It dismisses the degree of diversity among Asian Americans. c)It acknowledges that Asian Americans earn more than their White counterparts. d)It means all Asian Americans speak English in their homes.

b)It dismisses the degree of diversity among Asian Americans.

How does the U.S. Census treat ethnicity? a)There are far more complex ethnicity choices than there are race choices. b)It is separate from race. c)It is the same as race.

b)It is separate from race.

Two of the countries with the most Arab American immigrants to the United States are a)Libya. b)Lebanon. c)Iraq. d)Kuwait.

b)Lebanon. c)Iraq.

The word genocide can be used to describe a)Vietnam forcing ethnic Chinese to leave Vietnam in the 1970s. b)Nazi Germany's extermination of millions of European Jews during World War II. c)the U.S. government's internment of Japanese Americans in camps during World War II. d)the creation of separate public facilities for members of different races.

b)Nazi Germany's extermination of millions of European Jews during World War II.

Who was a prominent protester against South Africa's racist policies who later became the country's president? a)Marcus Garvey b)Nelson Mandela c)Malcolm X d)Desmond Tutu

b)Nelson Mandela

What famous U.S. Supreme Court case famously upheld "Separate but Equal," finding against a man who appeared to be White, but who was classified as Black under the one-drop rule? a)Powell v. Alabama b)Plessy v. Ferguson c)Shelley v. Kraemer d)Loving v. Virginia

b)Plessy v. Ferguson

What is the second-largest segment of the Latinx population in the U.S.? a)Costa Ricans b)Puerto Ricans c)Dominicans d)Guatemalans

b)Puerto Ricans

The critical turning point in how we view race and ethnicity came around the time of a)World War I. b)World War II. c)the civil rights movments of the 1950s. d)the counterculture movement.

b)World War II.

The 2008 election of Barack Obama as the United States president illustrated a)the collapse of the two-party system, as Democrats and Republicans joined to form one group after the election. b)a breakthrough in shattering the glass ceiling, although African Americans still did not hold a large percentage of other political offices. c)that racism had finally ended in the United States, since the media and voters rarely mentioned his race. d)the increasing political engagement of Americans, as more than ninety percent of voters voted.

b)a breakthrough in shattering the glass ceiling, although African Americans still did not hold a large percentage of other political offices.

The one-drop rule argued that a)race could only be determined by blood tests. b)a person with any Black African ancestor was labeled Black. c)any person whose skin was notably "black" was labeled black. d)a person who appeared "white" was labeled White, and one drop of "black" blood would not change that.

b)a person with any Black African ancestor was labeled Black.

Racial formation is a)a group that dominates other societal groups socially, economically, or politically. b)a sociohistorical process in which racial categories are created, given meaning, or destroyed. c)the self-identification of a person as a particular race or races. d)the categorization of a group based on its natural origins or cultural patterns.

b)a sociohistorical process in which racial categories are created, given meaning, or destroyed.

A hate crime is a criminal offense committed a)against a criminal by another criminal who is trying to send a message to others. b)against people because of their race, religion, ethnic group, or sexual orientation. c)by a soldier against an opposing soldier in a military conflict. d)in self-defense, by a person who is being attacked.

b)against people because of their race, religion, ethnic group, or sexual orientation.

The use of the principle of race neutrality to defend a racially unequal status quo is known as ______ racism. a)negative b)color-blind c)double d)reverse-discrimination

b)color-blind

In cooperative circumstances, interracial contact between people of equal status will cause them to abandon old stereotypes. This is the premise of a)categorical imperative. b)contact hypothesis. c)social inequality. d)status imperative.

b)contact hypothesis.

Institutional discrimination is the practice of a)granting special opportunities to members of specific groups. b)denying opportunities and equal rights. c)creating legislation to address past problems. d)treating all people in the same way.

b)denying opportunities and equal rights.

The Vietnamese treatment of their Chinese minority in 1979, Serbian "ethnic cleansing" during the 1990s during which Croats and Muslims were driven from their homes are examples of a)segregation. b)expulsion. c)ethnocentrism. d)the contact hypothesis.

b)expulsion.

The Vietnamese treatment of their Chinese minority in 1979, Serbian "ethnic cleansing" during the 1990s during which Croats and Muslims were driven from their homes are examples of a)segregation. b)expulsion. c)the contact hypothesis. d)ethnocentrism.

b)expulsion.

The city of Tornillo, Texas has become infamous in the debate over immigration because of a)its sheriff's racist comments. b)its child detention facilities. c)its virulent anti-immigrant protests. d)its status as a sanctuary city.

b)its child detention facilities.

In Wendy Roth's multidimensional typology of race, _____ is the race others perceive a person to be based on information they gain through interaction. a)racial self-narrative b)observed interaction-based race c)reflected race d)observed appearance-based race

b)observed interaction-based race

Racism is the belief that a)God created everything and evolution does not exist. b)one race is superior and others are inferior. c)all races are equally valid. d)different races do not exist but ethnic groups do exist.

b)one race is superior and others are inferior.

Institutional discrimination occurs when a)people gain advantages in the workplace based on their skills and knowledge. b)opportunities and equal rights are denied to individuals and groups as a result of society's daily operations. c)a formerly submissive group becomes the most powerful group in a society. d)one person does not interact with another.

b)opportunities and equal rights are denied to individuals and groups as a result of society's daily operations.

Which of the following would be an example of racial profiling? a)someone making a statement suggesting that one culture is superior to another b)police officers pulling over any cars driven by young black men c)businesses hiring more women than men during certain business cycles d)a person sorting people into groups based on their countries of origin based on listings on Facebook

b)police officers pulling over any cars driven by young black men

A preconceived and unjustified judgment of individuals based on their membership in a particular group is called a)pluralism. b)prejudice. c)discrimination. d)assimilation.

b)prejudice.

Being suspicious of or hostile to an entire category of people constitutes a)ethnicity. b)prejudice. c)genocide. d)pluralism.

b)prejudice.

An invisible barrier that blocks the promotion of a qualified employee because of gender, race, or ethnicity is called a)the symbolic ethnicity. b)the glass ceiling. c)segregation. d)affirmative action

b)the glass ceiling.

In 2015, what world leader took the step of taking responsibility for atrocities committed against Native Americans? a)the Canadian prime minister b)the pope c)the president of Mexico d)the U.S. president

b)the pope

What was/were the primary goal(s) of the eugenics movement in the U.S.? a)to enact anti-abortion laws b)to encourage the "biologically superior" to reproduce c)to enact pro-abortion laws d)to keep the "biologically inferior" from reproducing

b)to encourage the "biologically superior" to reproduce d)to keep the "biologically inferior" from reproducing

Hate crimes include a)theft motivated by jealousy against family members. b)vandalism of property, in some circumstances. c)violence committed in self-defense. d)crimes motivated by race or religion.

b)vandalism of property, in some circumstances. d)crimes motivated by race or religion.

Ninety-three percent of non-Hispanic Whites aged 25 and older have attained at least a high school degree. What is the percentage for the same group of Black Americans? a)also about 93 percent b)97 percent c)86 percent d)68 percent

c)86 percent

Not all African Americans have the same history. _____ are more recent immigrants from African countries; they have limited cultural identification with the legacy of slavery. a)American African Americans b)Caribbean African Americans c)African African Americans

c)African African Americans

In the United States, the most well-known instance of segregation is that of a)Native Americans in the West since the 1980s. b)white Americans in the Northeast in the seventeenth century. c)African Americans in the South prior to the 1960s. d)residential neighborhoods being divided along racial lines in the 2000s.

c)African Americans in the South prior to the 1960s.

Not all African Americans have the same history. _____ trace their heritage back to the transatlantic slave trade's Middle passage and the legacy of slavery. a)Caribbean African Americans b)African African Americans c)American African Americans

c)American African Americans

Which of the following is recognized in the choice of "ethnicity" on the U.S. Census? a)Pacific Islander or Indonesian origin b)Middle Eastern or Arabic origin c)Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish origin d)Eastern European or Slavic origin

c)Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish origin

What defines a minority group? a)They are from a nation other than the one in which they live. b)It is less physically attractive than majority groups. c)It has less economic and political power than majority groups. d)It has fewer members than majority groups.

c)It has less economic and political power than majority groups.

Laws that prohibited interracial marriage are also referred to as a)anti-mixing laws. b)single race laws. c)anti-miscegenation laws. d)Black Codes.

c)anti-miscegenation laws.

Examples of institutional discrimination include a)refusing to be friends with people of certain racial groups. b)allowing people with handicaps to board airplanes first. c)college admission preferences for children of alumni. d)restrictive employment-leave policies. e)requiring English to be spoken at a place of business. f)firing an employee who does a poor job.

c)college admission preferences for children of alumni. d)restrictive employment-leave policies. e)requiring English to be spoken at a place of business.

When it comes to genetic variation, the biological differences within what we think of as racial groups are _____ the differences between those two groups. a)lesser than b)the same as c)greater than

c)greater than

One of the challenges we face with regard to stereotypes is that we are frequently unaware of our underlying _____ and the consequences that they have in our treatment of others. a)prejudice b)discrimination c)implicit biases d)racism

c)implicit biases

Immigration policies in the United States in the 1930s and 1940s a)were relaxed, and more people arrived at Ellis Island in those decades than any other time. b)were tightened, and the United States did not allow any immigrants due to war. c)led to the killing of Jewish refugees instead of their rescue. d)led to more people leaving the United States in those decades than any other decade.

c)led to the killing of Jewish refugees instead of their rescue.

Noted NAACP leader activist Walter White self-identified as Black. However, in order to infiltrate white supremacist groups, he claimed to be White, which is an example of a)pretending. b)playacting. c)passing. d)putting one over.

c)passing.

When a dominant group physically separates a minority group by imposing distinct housing, social activities, and schools for that group, this is known as a)assimilation. b)amalgamation. c)segregation. d)integration.

c)segregation.

Early claims of inherent racial superiority or inferiority existed largely to justify a)inheritance laws. b)euthanasia. c)slavery. d)marriage laws.

c)slavery.

When people identify only sporadically with their heritage, rather than having deeper ties to it, they are engaging in a)aggregation. b)assimilation. c)symbolic ethnicity. d)pluralism.

c)symbolic ethnicity

Muslims consider Arabic to be important because a)it does not contain dialects. b)all Arab Americans read and write Arabic. c)the Qur'an was originally written in Arabic. d)Arabic is the official language of all the Middle East.

c)the Qur'an was originally written in Arabic.

Which of the following is an example of racial formation? a)the implementation of affirmative action policies b)the electoral college system to select the President c)the creation of a reservation system for Native Americans d)the establishment of a public school in a historically Black neighborhood

c)the creation of a reservation system for Native Americans

Asian Americans are often cited as a model or ideal minority group a)because members of its ethnic group do not have difficulty learning English. b)because all Asian ethnic group members have higher rates of college degrees. c)yet there is great disparity among the different levels of success achieved by specific Asian Americans. d)yet U.S. government policies prevent new Asian immigrants from entering the country.

c)yet there is great disparity among the different levels of success achieved by specific Asian Americans.

Wendy Roth's multidimensional typology of race crucially points out that a)racial identity is more straightforward than many assume. b)it is only the perception of the person doing the perceiving that matters. c)it is only the perception of the individual being perceived that matters. d)a person's racial classification may differ significantly across the dimensions.

d)a person's racial classification may differ significantly across the dimensions.

The segregation system that existed in South Africa from 1948 to 1990 that forced blacks and other non-Whites to live in separate homelands was called a)amalgamation. b)prejudice. c)assimilation. d)apartheid.

d)apartheid.

Established in the United States in the nineteenth century, the "one-drop rule" a)dropped literacy requirements for people registering to vote. b)said that Black people and White people were the same biologically. c)counted Black people as three-fifths of a person in census counts. d)classified people as Black if they had at least one ancestor who was Black.

d)classified people as Black if they had at least one ancestor who was Black.

Recent controversies surrounding immigration a)discuss quotas placed on immigrants from European nations. b)state that the U.S. should deport a person for every person who immigrates. c)involve companies who claim it is too expensive to pay illegal immigrants. d)debate the legal and economic ramifications of illegal immigrants.

d)debate the legal and economic ramifications of illegal immigrants.

When people refuse to hire highly qualified people of a different race and instead hire a less qualified applicant who is of their own race, it is called a)racial profiling. b)stereotyping. c)color-blind racism. d)discrimination.

d)discrimination.

The single most unifying force among Arabs is the Arabic a)currency. b)appearance. c)style of dress. d)language.

d)language.

Which group of people most frequently practices assimilation? a)majority group b)women c)the elderly d)minority group

d)minority group

Henri Tajfel and others explored how we elevate the significance of perceived physical differences in order to segregate insiders and outsiders. Which of the following are common elements of this process? a)social identification b)social comparison c)social interaction d)social categorization

d)social categorization

Racism in the United States a)is illustrated by surveys that report growing numbers of Americans against integration. b)ended with the election of the biracial Barack Obama in 2008. c)is demonstrated by racist amendments to the Constitution added in 2000. d)still exists in numerous forms, ranging from subtle to violent.

d)still exists in numerous forms, ranging from subtle to violent.

Which of the following best defines the process known as the social construction of race? a)the subordination of a group of people so that they have less power and control than the dominant group b)the denial of opportunities and equal rights to individuals and groups because of prejudice c)the genetic material that determines how people look they way they do d)the way individuals come to define a group based on physical characteristics and historical, cultural, and economic factors

d)the way individuals come to define a group based on physical characteristics and historical, cultural, and economic factors

Sociologists define pluralism as a)a minority group and a majority group combining to form a new group. b)people of color being blocked from job opportunities. c)minority group members becoming absorbed into the dominant culture. d)various groups in a society having mutual respect for one another's cultures.

d)various groups in a society having mutual respect for one another's cultures.