Soc Chapter 3

People's needs for food, shelter, and clothing are examples of what George Murdock referred to as

Cultural Universals

In sociological terms, it does not refer solely to the fine arts and refined intellectual taste.

Culture

It includes the ideas, values, and artifacts of groups of people.

Culture

Specialized language used by members of a group or subculture.

Argot

The totally of learned, socially transmitted customs knowledge, material objects and behavior.

Culture

The worldwide media industry that standardizes the goods and services demanded by consumers.

Culture Industry

From a(n) _____ perspective, the dominant ideology has major social significance. Not only do a society's most powerful groups and institutions control wealth and property; more important, they control the means of production.

Conflict

A subculture that deliberately opposes certain aspects of the larger culture.

Counterculture

Terrorist groups are examples of?

Countercultures

Sociologists have used the term to describe one nation's efforts to suppress another nation's language.

Cultural Genocide

The systematic destruction of an entire people or nation.

Cultural Genocide

The viewing of people's behavior from the perspective of their own culture.

Cultural Relativism

What is the term used when one places a priority on understanding other cultures, rather than dismissing them as "strange" or "exotic?"

Cultural Relativism

A common practice or belief found in every culture.

Cultural Universal

Anthropologist George Murdock compiled of list of these.

Cultural Universal

A period of maladjustment when the nonmaterial culture is still struggling to adapt a new material conditions.

Culture Lag

William F. Ogburn introduced this term.

Culture Lag

A person experiences ______ ______ when he or she feels disoriented, uncertain, out of place, even fearful, when immersed in an unfamiliar culture.

Culture Shock

Originally, in the 1990s, the term referred to political debates over heated issues such as abortion, religious expression, gun control, and sexual orientation.

Culture War

The polarization of society over controversial cultural elements.

Culture War

Can occur through a variety of means, among them exploration, military conquest, missionary work, and the influence of the mass media, tourism, and the Internet.

Diffusion

What term do sociologists use to refer to the process by which a cultural item spreads from group to group or society to society?

Diffusion

This concept was first used by Hungarian Marxist Georg Lukacs and Italian Marxist Antonio Gramsci, but it did not gain an audience in the US until the early 1970s.

Dominant Ideology

Which of the following terms describes the set of cultural beliefs and practices that help to maintain powerful social, economic, and political interests?

Dominant Ideology

Sociologist William Graham Sumner coined this term.

Ethnocentrism

The tendency to assume that one's own culture and way of life represent the norm or are superior to all others.

Ethnocentrism

When a person sees his or her group as the center or defining point of culture and views all other cultures as deviations from what is "normal."

Ethnocentrism

A norm governing everyday behavior whose violations raises comparatively little concern.

Folkway

A norm that has been written down and that specifies strict punishments for violators.

Formal Norm

From the _____ respective, ethnocentrism serves to maintain a sense of solidarity by promoting group pride.

Functionalist

The deliberate, systematic killing of an entire people or nation.

Genocide

The appearance of Starbucks coffeehouses in China is a sign of what aspect of culture?

Globalization

Which of the following statements about norms is correct?

In some instances, behavior that appears to violate society's norms may actually represent adherence to the norms of a particular group.

A norm that is generally understood but not precisely recorded.

Informal Norm

There are two forms: Discovery and Invention

Innovation

_____ is the process of introducing a new idea or object to a culture.

Innovation

Sociologists associated with the _____ perspective emphasize that language and symbols offer a powerful way for subculture to maintain its identity.

Interactionist

The bow and arrow, the automobile, and the television are all examples of ______.

Inventions

An abstract system of word meanings and symbols for all aspects of culture; includes gestures and other nonverbal communication.

Language

Which of the following statements is true according to the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis?

Language precedes thought

The physical or technological aspects of our daily lives.

Material Culture

Norms deemed highly necessary to the welfare of a society.

Mores

The United States has strong _____ against murder, treason, and other forms of abuse that have been institutionalized into formal norms.

Mores

Ways of using material objects, as well as customs, beliefs, philosophies, governments, and patterns of communication.

Nonmaterial Culture

An established standard of behavior maintained by a society.

Norm

Two types: Formal and Informal

Norm

"Put on some clean clothes for dinner" and "Thou shalt not kill" are both examples of _____ found in U.S. culture.

Norms

Which of the following statements about norms is correct?

Norms are violated in some instances because one norm conflicts with another.

Which of the following statements about norms is correct?

People do not follow norms in all situations. In some cases, they evade a norm because they know it is weakly enforced.

A penalty or reward for conduct concerning a social norm.

Sanction

A hypothesis concerning the role of language in shaping our interpretation of reality. It holds that language is culturally determined.

Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis

A fairly large number of people who live in the same territory, are relatively independent of people outside their area, and participate in a common culture.

Society

It consists of people who share a common heritage and culture.

Society

Largest form of a human group.

Society

Assets that many of the cultural traits humans display, such as the almost universal expectation that women will be nurturers and men will be providers, are not learned but are rooted in our genetic makeup.

Sociobiology

Is founded on the naturalist Charles Darwin's theory of evolution.

Sociobiology

The systematic study of how biology affects human social behavior.

Sociobiology

A segment of society that shares a distinctive pattern of customs, rules, and traditions that differs from the pattern of the larger society.

Subculture

Members of this participate int he dominant culture while at the same time engaging in unique and distinctive form of behavior.

Subculture

_____ are gestures, objects, and/or words that form the basis of human communication.

Symbols

Cultural information about how to use the material resources of the environment to satisfy human needs and desires.

Technology

Which of the following is an aspect of culture?

The patriotic attachment to the flag of the United States

A collective conception of what is considered good, desirable, and proper-or bad, undesirable, and improper-in a culture.

Value

Which of the following statements about values is correct?

Values of a culture may change, but most remain relatively stable during any one person's lifetime.

Countercultures (e.g., hippies) are typically popular among the ______, who have the least investment in the existing culture.

Young