SOC

Sociologists studying deviance often focus on the most obvious and extreme forms of deviant behavior. What are the consequences of this approach?

The values and norms of the powerful are left unexamined, while the deviance of the poor is scrutinized.

Why are adults unable to be completely socialized?

There will always be new situations and roles to learn.

A college student plans to go to graduate school because she thinks of herself as having excellent critical thinking skills and a brilliant mind. Where would Charles Cooley's theory of the looking-glass self suggest that she got these ideas?

These ideas come from teachers and fellow students expressing admiration.

How does social class relate to race, ethnicity, gender, and age in the United States today?

These multiple dimensions of status and inequality intersect to shape who we are and how we live.

Some people believe that women are better suited to be homemakers because they are naturally more caring and emotional than men. What perspective is expressed in this statement?

an essentialist perspective

According to the symbolic interactionist George Herbert Mead, the generalized other is

an understanding of the rules that govern a network of different players in related roles.

Jamal is conducting a sociological research study on fact-checking during an election. He has just finished collecting data for the study. What is the next step Jamal should take in the scientific method?

analyze data

On his English paper, a boy receives a B+ and the teacher's comment, "Brilliant insight, but you're lacking focus and have some typos." How is this typical of the way schools treat boys?

Boys are more likely to receive praise for the intellectual quality of their work than girls.

If changing one variable seems to lead to a change in another variable, this shows ________ but does not necessarily prove ________.

correlation; causation

Being born into a lower social class means that an individual will be more likely to

feel at risk of being harassed by law enforcement.

A high school football coach is worried about how he should handle his roster. On one hand, it's his job to try to win as many games as possible, which means playing the best players. On the other hand, his contract also requires him to try to allow every member of the team to meaningfully participate. The tension he feels is the result of

role strain

In Raleigh, you may see cars sporting a bumper sticker that reads, "My favorite teams are Duke and whoever's playing UNC." What is this an example of?

hostility toward an out-group

Regarding stigma, symbolic interactionists are interested in

how people manage their stigmatized identities on an everyday basis.

What does the concept of the looking-glass self help explain?

how we develop a self-concept based on our perceptions of others' judgments of us

Regardless of the various methods of studying social phenomena, what are all sociologists working to achieve?

illuminating the connection between the individual and society

Identify the means of enforcing norms that include positive and negative versions.

sanctions

A married man in the United States with several mistresses is violating a ________, but he is violating a ________ if he is married to more than one woman at the same time.

set of mores; law

Brooke is a PhD candidate in the field of nanophysics. She is aware that only 4 percent of physics professionals are women. Brooke has heard peers and even instructors say that this is because women struggle to comprehend complex mathematics. What may Brooke be experiencing when she scores below her male counterparts on an exam?

stereotype threat

Which type of conformity has occurred when someone joins an animal rights group and then adopts a vegan diet?

internalization

It's all too common to see someone driving a car on a busy freeway while cursing and gesturing at another motorist whose poor driving has upset them. Cursing and gesturing are an individual's attempt at

negative sanctions.

Durkheim theorized that the rapidly changing conditions of modern life lead to anomie. What is anomie?

normlessness or a loss of connections to the social world

In 1998, former NFL linebacker Chris Spielman was forced to choose between staying with his sick wife and playing professional football. What sort of sociological phenomenon was he experiencing?

role conflict

Members of a fraternity believe that they help create social cohesion by bringing together students with shared values. What perspective best describes their views?

structural functionalism

What school of social theory believes that society is a stable system of structures that contribute to the equilibrium of the whole?

structural functionalism

Yoko believes that religion is the basis for moral ethics and that promoting religion in society promotes social order. What perspective best describes Yoko's views?

structural functionalism

Serena has been working hard for the past twelve (12) years, but most of the wealth she has is the result of inherited properties. Jameson has also been working hard for the past twelve (12) years but has accumulated virtually no wealth because he is paid the federal minimum wage and also supports his elderly grandmother. Serena and Jameson demonstrate

the wealth gap.

Many American colleges and universities require students to take classes on non-Western cultures. Why do these requirements exist?

to demonstrate the value of multiculturalism and to reduce ethnocentrism

If a sample of sociological research is representative, then

a smaller group of people studied can tell us something about a larger group.

Structural functionalist theory is concerned with the ways in which structures contribute to the stability of society. What is a structure?

a social institution that is stable over time and helps meet the needs of society

A deviant label transitions from primary to secondary deviance when the deviant label is

internalized.

Which of the following is an example of a total institution?

a prison

What kind of sociologist believes that racial and ethnic identities bind people together and help society run much more efficiently?

a structural functionalist

An example of something that would be part of the material culture of an individual or society would be

weapons of war.

Some subcultures have adopted branding as a form of body art, though it is no longer used as a form of punishment in the United States. This demonstrates that

what is considered deviant changes over time.

Some immigrants have a hard time assimilating to a new culture. What are the children of immigrants experiencing if they assimilate and have a higher standard of living than their parents?

intergenerational mobility

A black woman is followed around the store by a white sales associate while shopping for clothes. Frustrated, she leaves the store and decides to go home. Her husband, on seeing her enter the house, asks, "What's for dinner?" What concept could we as sociologists use to understand her experiences both in the store and at home?

intersectionality

One of the functions of symbolic culture is that

it enables people to communicate.

Sociology can be defined as the systematic and scientific study of human society and social behavior from ________ to ________.

large-scale institutions; individual interactions

Socialization is the

lifelong process by which people learn the norms, values, and beliefs of their culture

Researchers usually transcribe responses after they conduct a series of interviews. The transcription process is fairly time-consuming, but it is valuable, in part, because it allows researchers to

look for patterns in their data.

Many Marxist sociologists assume that large-scale economic structures are the most important factors in shaping people's lives. This assumption is an example of

macrosociology.

Some people worry about maintaining a tan. If they do not have the time to tan naturally, they sometimes go to a tanning salon or use chemicals to simulate a tan. This might seem bizarre in some cultures, which can help us realize that

the line between beauty and deviance is fluid and changes across time and place.

Brenda is a child who consistently earns poor grades and she is often picked last for groups. She likes to tell funny jokes and play pranks, and she notices that people laugh when she does this. Brenda starts to think that others are laughing with her, not at her. Charles Cooley would say this development is part of

the looking-glass self.

Women are the main characters in the vast majority of commercials that advertise cleaning supplies. This illustrates that

the media portrays gender roles in highly stereotypical ways.

If a researcher has obtained informed consent from all of their participants, it means that

the participants understand the nature of the research and are participating freely.

Which of the following would sociologists consider the best definition of deviance?

violations of social norms

A math teacher writes problems with stories that have male characters who are always given an occupation like Bob the janitor or James the lawyer, but the female characters have no occupation. This is an example of the

way schools socialize children into gender roles.

In 2007, the richest 1% of the American population owned 35% of the country's wealth, and the bottom 80% of the population owned 14%. Karl Marx would call this

. social inequality.

What is the real source of racism according to conflict theory?

. the struggle between groups over power and control

Which of the following is an example of McDonaldization, as George Ritzer used the term?

A worker says, "Sometimes I felt just like a robot. I push a button and I go this way. It was like I was a mechanical nut."

A research team is curious about the relationship between college parties and covid-19 cases among American college students. The researchers randomly select twenty colleges by pulling names out of a bowl. They travel to campuses and stand in busy places on campus asking for volunteers until they have thirty people from each campus willing to participate. What is the researchers' target population?

American college students

Which of the following statements about crime and gender have been supported by data from the last decade?

As women gain power in the labor market through education and income, crime rates among women rise to match those among men more closely.

Which social theorist sought to bring the scientific method to the discipline of sociology?

Auguste Comte

You are observing children on an elementary school playground. Why might you find some girls playing sports with boys, but almost no boys playing jump rope with girls?

Children are mocked by their peers for crossing gender lines, and boys are mocked more than girls.

________ is taboo in American society.

Drinking Blood

Sociologically, what is the difference between a group and a crowd?

Individuals associated with a group feel a shared identity and have ongoing social relations.

How is institutional discrimination different from individual discrimination?

Institutional discrimination is more systemic and widespread.

Why can sociologists who conduct interviews only gather data from a limited number of people?

Interviews are very time-consuming.

What is one of the basic principles of social stratification?

It is maintained through beliefs that are widely shared in a society.

Why would using the wrong fork to eat a salad at a dinner party NOT usually qualify as deviance?

It is not a serious enough norm violation to provoke sanctions.

Why is it beneficial for sociologists to experience culture shock?

It makes us realize we lack an understanding of our surroundings so we can perceive what is right in front of us.

Many everyday cultural practices such as brushing your teeth, holding the door open for someone, or giving a high five seem like natural ways of acting. Why does having an awareness of how these practices vary across cultures demonstrate a healthy sociological imagination?

It reminds us that everyday interactions are connected to larger societies and norms.

What is the principal sociological critique of the culture of poverty?

It tends to blame the victims of poverty for their own misfortunes while ignoring the structural causes of inequality.

What does the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis propose?

Language can structure our perception of reality.

Priests, ministers, rabbis, imams, and clergy are often prestigious members of their communities, although they make very little money. Which social theorist first suggested that this is an important element of class status?

Max Weber

Which of the following is true regarding gendered occupations?

Men outnumber women in occupations with more prestige and higher salaries.

Greg J. Duncan and a team of researchers analyzed the effect of parental income on the academic achievement of children. What do you think Duncan found given what you have read about socioeconomic status and life chances?

Parental income was strongly correlated with academic achievement, especially in low-income families.

How do sociologists study the way in which people, as part of groups, organize their lives and social interactions to produce a real and meaningful world?

People organize their lives in patterned ways.

Which of the following statements about bureaucracies is true?

People who work in bureaucracies may feel alienation as a result of being treated in terms of roles, rules, and functions rather than as individuals.

How is prejudice different from discrimination?

Prejudice is an attitude; discrimination is an action

________ research would involve observing a group in order to determine its norms, values, rules, and meanings.

Qualitative

Brazilians have many other racial categories including moreno, mulato, neguinho, and pretinho. Most of these terms do not have an equivalent in the United States. What does this tell you?

Race is a social construct.

For most sociologists, what is the difference between sex and gender?

Sex is biological; gender is social.

Why might someone resist treating Oprah Winfrey as the ultimate symbol of the American Dream?

She represents the exception rather than the rule.

Which of the following is accurate about the process of socialization?

Society influences the individual, and the individual influences society.

What did Harvard Medical School researchers conclude about the effects of the media on young people in Fiji who, until the 1990s, lacked widespread access to television?

Television affected young women's body image.

Why do sociologists not consider fans of the band Metallica to be a group?

The fans do not interact regularly.

What is one of the principal reasons people turn to deviant behavior in the United States, according to the structural strain theory of deviance as articulated by Robert Merton?

The goal of success is shared by a majority of people, but not everyone has equal means for achieving that goal.

Classical Marxist analysis often argued that everything is ultimately determined by the economy, even though, sometimes, it is through many complicated steps. Can economic factors explain racism?

The link between race and class is useful and important, but it does not provide a satisfactory explanation for all forms of racism.

Jill is visiting her boyfriend's family in China. She points at him with her index finger during a conversation, which his family doesn't seem to like. Her boyfriend later explains that she should point with an open hand instead of using a finger. Why is this instruction needed?

The meaning of gestures is not universal.

Which of the following is a quality of charismatic leaders?

They possess extraordinary personal qualities.

What is an advantage of using interviews as a research method?

They reveal attitudes and beliefs inaccessible by any other means.

How do we decide when to display situational ethnicity?

We do a cost-benefit analysis.

How do self-fulfilling prophecies work?

We respond not only to the objective features of a situation but also to its meaning. Once meaning has been assigned to our behavior, the consequences of that behavior are determined by the meaning.

How is Max Weber's idea of social class different from Karl Marx's?

Weber believed that wealth, power, and prestige all affected a person's social class.

Texas has never had a Hispanic governor, and the percentage of Hispanic Americans in Texas state government is low. However, many Hispanic Americans live in Texas. In 2012, they made up nearly 40% of the state's population. Would a sociologist in Texas call Hispanic Americans a minority group?

Yes, because they are denied access to power and resources.

Which factor makes sociologists question the relationship between youth and crime?

Young people may commit crimes that are more visible and, therefore, are arrested more often.

What is a society called if social mobility is highly restricted by formal or informal rules like those of a caste system?

a closed system

In her introduction to a paper about gender, the sociologist Rae Blumberg said that the central principle behind gender in our society is to "remember the golden rule: he who has the gold makes the rules." What kind of theorist is Blumberg?

a conflict theorist

Most sociologists argue that gender is a social construction, and they acknowledge the possibility that binary male-female categories are not the only way of classifying individuals. This perspective is called

a constructionist perspective.

What must there be for a survey to be considered valid?

a high response rate

Which of the following is best suited to preventing groupthink?

a leader who encourages and rewards the presentation of alternative opinions

In the United States, the federal poverty line is calculated using food costs based on the cheapest possible diet that can still provide basic nutrition. What sort of measure of poverty is this?

a measure of absolute deprivation

Hermonie was always spoiled during her youth. As an only child, she was lavished with praise and gifts from her parents. Unfortunately, they died when Lana was in college, and since then, Lana has remained single and has made no close friends. Her contact with other family members is limited. By virtue of her limited group membership, which of these concepts is Lana more likely to experience?

anomie

Émile Durkheim's study on suicide found that not only did suicide rates increase when the economy slumped; they also increased when the economy boomed. Which of Durkheim's concepts explains why both positive and negative economic conditions could increase suicide rates?

anomie

According to conflict theory, women's contributions to family life are devalued because

as a social group, men benefit from maintaining their dominant status.

Gender role socialization begins

before birth

Which of the following is a subculture?

bodybuilders

A man arrested for driving under the influence must attend Alcoholics Anonymous meetings in accordance with a court order. He attends the meetings so as to avoid a jail sentence and a hefty fine, but not because he wants to. What do sociologists call this kind of conformity?

compliance

You want to conduct some sociological research on whether people who use online dating apps are more likely to get married. What is the next step in the scientific method?

conduct a literature review

According to the theoretical position developed by Karl Marx, what is the catalyst for social change?

conflict between social groups

A student at a university explains that he doesn't want to join a fraternity because he believes they create negative in-group and out-group dynamics. What perspective best describes his views?

conflict theory

Halloween costume makers and retailers make generous profits from selling costumes that allow their wearers to be Indian princesses or gypsies. What are they engaging in by profiting from the stereotypical display of marginalized groups without fully understanding and appreciating the culture?

cultural appropriation

Keisha brings her fiancée to meet her family. Her fiancée Andy comes from a different social class, which leads to miscommunication and difficult interactions among Keish, Andy, and Keisha's two siblings. According to Pierre Bourdieu, ANDY not having enough ________ could cause the strained relations.

cultural capital

What is it called when someone has the ability to understand another culture in terms of that culture's own norms and values without reference to any other culture's standards?

cultural relativism

Why are there differences in life expectancies for people of different races?

disparities in access to health care

An employee who has a special relationship with his boss is promoted instead of a more deserving co-worker. This is an example of the

distinction between ideal culture and real culture.

The values, norms, and practices of the most powerful group within a society are called

dominant culture.

A famous monologue from Shakespeare's As You Like It begins as follows: All the world's a stage, And all the men and women merely players; They have their exits and their entrances, And one man in his time plays many parts. Which theory of social life could be seen as taking its inspiration from these lines?

dramaturgy

What do sociologists call it when people's jobs require them to manage their feelings as part of their official duties?

emotion work

Denise is a single mother of three who works a full-time job cleaning an office building. She makes $9 per hour and has to piece together child care for two of her children who are not yet in school, often paying neighbors in cash to watch her children. Despite her full-time employment, her family is struggling to survive. What sociological concept does Denise's situation exemplify?

feminization of poverty

A person's self-conception of being male or female based on their association with masculine or feminine gender roles can be defined as

gender identity.

A three-year-old boy scrapes his knee while playing in his backyard and immediately begins to cry. In response, his father walks over to him and says, "Don't be a sissy; boys don't cry." This is an example of

gender role socialization

The sense of solidarity or team spirit that an individual feels toward their group is called

group cohesion.

The Solomon Asch experiment, in which groups of participants were asked to compare the lengths of lines, demonstrated that

groups have great power to induce conformity.

What sort of group dynamic may have led officials at NASA to ignore warnings and launch the space shuttle Challenger, which exploded shortly after takeoff?

groupthink

A same-sex couple holding hands or kissing in public may receive disapproving looks or even abusive comments from other people. This is an example of

homophobia

Many people are afraid of picking up hitchhikers. Imagine that a hitchhiker, to be offered a ride, makes a suitcase out of a gasoline can so that he looks like he's a stranded motorist rather than a hitchhiker. A sociologist would say that the hitchhiker was working on

impression management.

Patrick isn't old enough to go to school yet, but he loves to play house. He has a toy stove and pretends to be a stay-at-home father. Playing house sometimes gets boring, so he goes outside, takes a garden hose, and pretends to be a firefighter. George Herbert Mead would say that Patrick is

in the play stage

The goal of affirmative action is to

increase diversity.

A man tries to find unconventional and even illegal ways of making money. Into what category does this fit, according to Robert Merton's typology?

innovation

Banks often offer customers with low credit scores subprime loans that have higher-than-normal interest rates. What is the bank guilty of if it gives three times as many subprime loans to black Americans than to white Americans even when they have the same credit scores?

institutional discrimination

Which of the following is a latent function of the U.S. educational system?

keeping children out of trouble while parents are at work

As children get older, which agent of socialization tends to replace parents as their most intense and immediate influence?

peers

People are more likely to marry individuals with social and cultural backgrounds similar to their own because

people have greater access to individuals like themselves.

Color blindness contributes to racial inequalities because it

perpetuates racial inequalities by making subtle forms of racism difficult to recognize and therefore difficult to address.

The belief that all Irish are drunks is an example of

prejudice

What sort of measure of poverty are we using when we compare the salaries of the lowest-paid members of a corporation with the salary of the CEO?

relative deprivation

A researcher examines the effects of learning communities on a college campus. In these communities, students live in a small dorm hall together, have one faculty advisor, attend a first-year seminar together, and participate in social activities together. After completing her study, the researcher finds that compared to students living in regular dorms or off-campus, students in these communities are less likely to engage in either academic cheating or underage drinking and have fewer disciplinary actions on their records. Which sociological perspective best explains this finding?

social control theory

What do sociologists call it when members of groups are influenced by other members?

social influence

A little girl notices that, whenever both of her parents are in the car, her father is always driving. She deduces that women should be passive and men should be active. This process is called

social learning.

According to Pierre Bourdieu, ________ is the tendency of social class to be passed down from one generation to the next and consequently remain relatively stable over time.

social reproduction

Regarding gender, functionalists generally believe that

some social roles are better suited to one gender than the other.

Casimir Pulaski Day is an important holiday in Chicago, which has more Polish Americans than anywhere else in the United States. Although not well remembered in the rest of the country, Pulaski was a Polish-born hero of the American Revolution and a cavalry general. What concept helps to explain why this holiday is so much more important to people who trace their ancestry to Poland?

symbolic ethnicity

Himani thinks that religion consists of meaningful displays of values and norms that are created, maintained, and changed through social interaction. What perspective best describes Himani's views?

symbolic interactionism

The mother of a university student is worried about her son joining a fraternity. She worries that peer pressure and groupthink may lead her son to do things he wouldn't normally do, such as binge drinking. What perspective best describes her views?

symbolic interactionism

The school of social thought that insists all social structures, including systems of stratification, are built out of everyday interactions is called

symbolic interactionism.

When a child can internalize the expectations of other specific people, they have learned how to

take the role of the particular or significant other.

Sociologists examine financial collapses such as those of the 1930s. These often occurred because rumors of insolvency, when believed by enough depositors, resulted in real bank failures. What sociological concept describes this phenomenon?

the Thomas theorem

According to a study, black defendants on trial for murder in Pennsylvania were 40% more likely to receive the death penalty than whites convicted of similar crimes. This indicates that

the criminal justice system has a racial bias.

Sociologists define the self as

the experience of an individual's personal identity that is distinct from other people.

What are researchers doing when they use Facebook and other social networking sites like it to obtain data?

using existing sources

An example of a primary sex characteristic is

reproductive organs.

_______ is an example of something that would be part of an individual's or society's symbolic culture.

Belonging to a political party

How is a counterculture different from a subculture?

Both are distinct from mainstream culture, but a counterculture actively opposes important aspects of the mainstream.

What do the several cases of children who grew up in extreme social isolation, such as the case of Genie in 1970, suggest?

Most of our mental capacities, and perhaps even the ability to think, are learned through social interaction.

A sociologist thinks they have revealed a very interesting and original finding. Their data show a correlation between children's clothing sizes and their math exam scores. As a result, they conclude the larger the clothing size the smarter the child is. What is the most logical explanation based on this information?

The relationship between the clothing size and math exam score is spurious.

What might a conflict theorist conclude about deviance if an upper-middle-class white college student is sentenced to rehab for the same drug crime that a lower-class black man is sentenced to jail for committing?

The rules are applied unequally, and those with power or influence are punished much less harshly than others.

What is the relationship between the self and society according to symbolic interactionism?

The self is shaped by society, but society is also shaped by the self.

What do feminist theory and conflict theory have in common?

They both seek to not only understand inequality but also to remedy it.

A sociologist uses a survey to study the attitudes of adults in the United States concerning premarital sex among teenagers. In this study, the target population consists of all ________, and the group that is asked the survey questions is called the ________.

adults in the United States; sample

Obinze thinks that religion is used by powerful people and institutions to control the public. What perspective best describes Obinze's views?

conflict theory

After spending years conducting fieldwork with an indigenous tribe in Hokkaido, Japan, the researcher returns home to their Western society and struggles to reacclimate to their native culture. They use the experience of returning home to view their own society from an outsider's perspective and learn something new about it. Which sociological concept best exemplifies the experience of this researcher?

culture shock

A postmodernist writes an essay arguing that the "factual" history of a Native American tribe in a textbook is no more accurate than a collection of short oral stories about the tribe. The postmodernist is engaging in what type of critical analysis?

deconstruction

A woman attributes her teenage son's deviant behavior to him "falling in with a bad crowd." Which symbolic interactionist theory of deviance does this explanation MOST closely resemble?

differential association

Jonathon, an American, feels that the United States of America is the best place to raise a female child. This claim is an example of

ethnocentrism.

Members of the lower class exercise less often because

exercise is a luxury often accessible only to those who do not have to struggle with day-to-day existence.

Coca-Cola was first marketed in the 1860s as a patient medicine, which was designed to offer the energy boost of cocaine without the vices of alcohol. The new beverage was invigorating and popular. Today, however, cocaine is not just banned, but widely demonized. This is an example of

mainstream culture once approving of behaviors that are now considered deviant.

Curators at museums have recently experienced problems with the preservation of plastic objects, almost all of which disintegrate over time. The Smithsonian collection contains the first-ever plastic toothbrush, which soon will be nothing more than a pile of plastic particles. This problem is leading many historians to worry that we will lose the history of our

material culture.

Researcher Pam Fishman studied the conversations of heterosexual couples to determine how power is created and maintained through everyday, face-to-face interactions. How would you describe her approach?

microsociological

If someone makes money exclusively by selling their own labor, then they must be a member of what social group?

proletariat

Some Americans are angry about how many immigrants enter the country every year. A supporter of structural functionalism would argue that this anger

promotes social cohesion among nonimmigrants as they come together and label immigrants as outsiders.

What are some examples of things students learn from a school's hidden curriculum?

punctuality, neatness, and discipline

The fact that so many people are asked, "What are you?" in reference to their race is evidence that

race must be established interactionally.

People attend high school class reunions and often compare their own personal and professional successes and failures with those of their former classmates. This means that classmates are a(n) ________ group.

reference

Someone who is newly divorced after a long marriage and now wants to start dating again may find that many of the norms of dating have changed. Behaviors like splitting the check or talking about safe sex may be new for this person. This process of having to learn and adjust to the new rules of dating is an example of

resocialization.

Parents often buy their children gender-specific toys. Boys are given action figures that encourage active and aggressive play, while girls are given dolls and toy ovens that reinforce traditional gender roles. This is part of what process?

socialization

Who must the social analyst take the perspective of in order to verify that which the everyday actor might just accept or assume to be true?

stranger

If researchers find that the Coronavirus (Covid-19) led to large numbers of middle-class American's experiencing downward mobility to the lower-middle class, it would be an example of

structural mobility

Samira does not have a computer in her house, so she uses computers in the library to complete school assignments. However, she often has less time than her peers to do research and type her assignments because the computers are sometimes occupied and the library closes early. What term describes Samira's situation?

the digital divide

You have just begun studying unemployment rates in a city with fifty million people, of which fifteen million are unemployed. If you are using your sociological imagination, what is your first consideration?

the economic and political structures of the society

Which of the following sources of socialization forms the foundation for all other socializing agents?

the family

A homeless shelter in Illinois held a "sleep out" to protest cutting funding for homeless shelters. The organizers of the rally suspected that most residents did not realize just how many homeless people existed in their community. This was a result of what sociologists would call

the invisibility of poverty.

A researcher must identify a target population before engaging in sampling. What is the target population?

the larger group of people about whom they wish to generalize

What general predictions can sociologists make about a person's life prospects if all that is known is the person's social class?

the level of education they will receive

American anthropologist Margaret Mead spent much of her career documenting the ways in which other cultures had gender roles that differed, sometimes radically, from those of twentieth-century America. Why does this matter?

It shows that the meaning of masculinity and femininity differs in different societies.

Michelle was born and raised in the United States, but her grandparents are from Korea. Her white classmate was also born and raised in the United States, but his grandparents are from Poland. He tells Michelle that she speaks English very well because he assumes, based on her race, that she is an immigrant. This is an example of

a microaggression.

Although many people believe that expectations for personal space are inborn, members of many cultures are accustomed to noticeably less personal space than those of others. This helps demonstrate that people's expectations for personal space are

a part of our culture and, as such, are learned rather than inborn.

A social research methods class wants to study smoking. First, the professor asks how many people in the class are smokers. Two people indicate that they are. She then asks how many people have smoked a cigarette in the past week and ten people indicate that they have. The class decides, for the purposes of the survey, that a smoker will be defined as anyone who has smoked a cigarette in the past week and currently owns a pack of cigarettes. This is a(n)

operational definition.

Martin Luther King Jr. went to jail many times for acts of civil disobedience such as ignoring court orders prohibiting marches and boycotts. Some people, even those who agreed with him, criticized him for disobeying the law. However, most people today view these actions as a form of

positive deviance.