SOCA101 Exam 1

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what is cognitive development

the ability to make logical decisions increases as a person grows older -infants are highly egocentric and self-centered

what is role taking

the ability to take the role of others in interaction

what is nonmaterial culture composed of?

the abstract creations of human cultures, including ideas about behavior and living

what is culture composed of?

the beliefs, norms, behaviors, and products common to the members of a particular group

when a language is lost what does it represent?

the erasure of history, knowledge, and human activity

nonmaterial culture

the ideas of a culture, including values and beliefs, accumulated knowledge about how to understand and navigate the world, and standards or "norms" about appropriate behavior - political opinions, religious beliefs, and marriage patterns

what is socialization?

the lifelong process by which people learn the culture of their society

what is "emic perpesctive"

the perspective of the insider - what do you want from your funeral

what is behaviorism

psychological perspective that emphasizes the effect of rewards and punishments on human behavior

adult stage

take on generalized other, sense of society's norms and values; requires an understanding of more abstract symbols like love and hate, success and failure, friendship, morality

what are Mead's 4 stages of socialization?

preparatory stage, play stage, game stage, adult stage

what are examples of "mores"

profanity or public displays of affection

what is globalization

desire of imperialistic nations to see their power, influence, and profits grow throughout the world

what are examples of popular culture

summer blockbusters, margaritas, pop music

t/f: do cultures differ in the expression of the universals

true

what is the game stage?

5-6, take on roles of multiple others, aware of societal positions and perspectives

what are the functions of socialization?

- establishes our social identity - teaches us role taking - controls our behavior - transmits culture to the next generation

what is functionalism

- language is a vehicle of social integration - use of different language is dysfunctional - common socialization through shared language

what is high culture?

- music, theater, literature, etc. - held in high esteem in society

what is multiculturalism

- respect cultural differences rather than submerge them into larger, dominant culture - knowledge of other languages is enriching - diversity is positively functional

what do symbols include?

- words = chair, tomorrow, love - gestures = wave, salute - physical objects = cross, wedding rings

what is the preparatory stage?

0-3, self-centered, limited response

______ year old women in college are ____ more likely to be raped or experience a sexual assault than the average woman

1. 18-24 2. 3x

_____ year old women not in college are ____ more likely to be raped or experience a sexual assault than the average woman

1. 18-24 2. 4x

material culture is ______ and nonmaterial culture is __________, but they are _________

1. concrete 2. abstract 3. intertwined

what is the play stage?

3-4, take on attitudes and roles of significant others (parents, siblings); allows them to see themselves through the eyes of others

what is an example of how material/ nonmaterial culture are intertwined

National Anthem and the American flag: the cloth is embedded w/ the value of patriotism, freedom, and other "American" values

what is the main symbol of the US?

The Mcdonald's golden arch

what does the "Me" control

The Me controls the "I"- as in "what will people think", society controls us, and our choices

what is culture inconsistency?

a contradiction between the goals of the ideal culture and the practices of the real culture - judging a book by its cover

what is language

a particular kind of symbolic system, composed of verbal, non-verbal, and sometimes written representations that are vehicles of conveying meaning

what does socialization construct?

a sense of who you are, how to think, and how to act as members of a culture

what is rape culture

a social culture that provides environment conducive to rape

examples of cultural universals

all cultures include bodily adornments, dancing, food taboos, ideas about modesty, and the expectations for mourning

what are "taboos"

powerful mores; violation is considered serious and even unthinkable

What is glocalization?

ability of a local culture to: - absorb influences that fit in and enrich - resist those that are alien - compartmentalize those that are different, but can be enjoyed and celebrated

what is moral development?

as people grow, they learn to act according to abstract ideas about justice or fairness

what is the Thomas Theorem?

beliefs may be understood as real when they are real in their consequences - W.I. Thomas

what are examples of high culture?

broadway, knowledge of fine wine, classical music

what is the first stage of Kohlberg's stages of moral development?

preconventional stage

what are "laws"

codified norms or rules of behavior that formalize and institutionalized society's norms

what are "norms"

common rules of a culture that govern the behavior of people belonging to it, the "oughts" and "ought nots" that guide behavior choices - the building blocks of culture

what is an example of real culture?

conventional attractiveness linked to social, economic, educational advantages

what is the nurture part in "nature v. nurture"

cultural and social experiences (socialization)

what is the process of cultural capital to class reproduction?

cultural capital --> academic achievement --> economic capital --> class reproduction

what is a symbol?

cultural representation of social realities - ex: wedding ring, Tesla, skin color, hijab -anything that stands for something else and has a particular meaning for people who share a culture

what are the characteristics of culture?

culture is.... - shared - learned - taken for granted - symbolic - culture varies across time and place

what is global culture

culture spread across the world in the form of popular films, food, and music

what is "subculture"

culture that exists within a dominant culture but differs from it in some way

what are "cultural universals"

customs and practices that are common to all societies

examples of etic perspective

death and dying

what are some examples of "laws"

drinking age or smoking marijuana

what is "ethnic subculture"

embrace values and norms of dominant culture, while practicing values, rituals and languages of native country

what is popular culture?

entertainment, culinary, and athletic tastes shared by the masses

what are some American values?

equal opportunity, achievement and success, material comfort, activity and work, practicality and efficiency, progress, science, democracy and free enterprise, freedom racism and group superiority

what are some examples of nonmaterial culture?

expecting applause at the end of a performance, patriotism, consumerism, nuclear/ traditional family, racism, sexism, homophobia

what are "folkways"

fairly weak norms that are passed down from the past; violation is not considered serious

what are beliefs based on?

faith, superstition, science, tradition, or experience

who are a part of primary groups

family, friends

Thomas theorem examples

female virginity, race, evolution, sexuality

what is victim blaming

focus on victim's actions and behaviors rather than the perpetrators

what is a key vehicle of culture

language: - it enables communication - illuminates beliefs and practices - roots a community in its environment - contributes to cultural richness of the world

what is the nature part in "nature v. nurture"

genetic inheritance (epigenetic factors)

what did Jean Piaget believe?

humans are socialized in stages

George Herbert Mead- Social Self the "I"

impulse to act. creative, innovative, unthinking, unpredictable

what are examples of "taboos"

incest or cannibalism

What are the 10 Social Institutions?

military, religion, medicine, economy, government, sports, mass media, family, peers, education

levels of values

national or patriotic values, community values, family values

how is material/ nonmaterial culture intertwined?

nonmaterial culture may attach particular meanings to the objects of material culture

what does is mean when "culture for a given group is toxic"

norms and practices seem to be part of the social order - "Just the way things are"

what are the primary ways of reproducing culture

norms, values, beliefs of your culture are "normal" social practices and perceptions

what does culture influence?

our social development - we are products of our cultural beliefs, behaviors, and biases

what is the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis?

our understandings and actions emerge from language, the words and concepts we learn and use structure our perceptions of the social world - our language is tied to cultural objects and practices

what are "beliefs"

particular ideas that people accept as true

social learning

people adapt their behavior in response to social rewards and punishments

what is "etic perspective"

perspective of the outside observer

how does popular culture play a role in rape culture

popular culture promotes violence against women and that forced sex is "no big deal" -films, video games, music, pornography

what is a part of secondary groups

school, workplace

what are some examples of material culture?

sopranos, schist's creek, little fires everywhere, twitter, insta, tiktok, Kobe Bryant, black panther

what are reference groups

standards for behavior

what are "mores"

strongly held norms; violation seriously offends standards of acceptable conduct

what is "counterculture"

subcultural group whose norms, values, and practices deviate from those of the dominant culture

what is material culture?

the physical objects produced by people in a particular culture, including tools, clothing, toys, works of art, shopping malls, and housing - the physical objects and artifacts created, embraced, or consumed by a society that help shape people's lives

what is Cooley's looking-glass self

the self-image that results from our interpretation of other people's views of us

what does nonmaterial culture include?

the shared set of meanings that ppl use to interpret and understand the world

what are "values"

the standards by which members of a particular culture define what is good or bad, moral or immoral, proper or improper, desirable or undesirable, beautiful or ugly - abstract and general standards in society that define ideal principles

what does material culture consist of?

the tangible objects that members of a society, make, use, and share

what did Lawrence Kohlberg develop?

the three stages of moral development

what is real culture?

the values, norms, and behaviors that people in a given society actually embrace and exhibit

what is social class reproduction

the way class status is reproduced from generation to generation (Pierre Borudieu)

are beliefs dynamic or static

they are dynamic and changing

t/f: both animal and human behavior can be learned and is not just instinctive

true

norms are...

unwritten, instrumental, some are explicit while others are implicit, can change over time, conditional, can be rigid or flexible

what is ideal culture?

values, norms, and behaviors that people in a given society profess to embrace - "Beauty is only skin deep"

symbolic interaction (the cornerstone of social interaction)

views the self and society as resulting from social interaction based on language and other symbols

George Herbert Mead- Social Self the "Me"

we see ourselves as others see us. social convention, conformity

cultural capital

wealth in the form of knowledge, ideas, verbal skills, and ways of thinking and behaving

what is an example of a folkway

wedding ceremony or holiday meals

What is ethnocentrism?

worldview whereby we judge other cultures by the standards of our own - perceive own culture as "natural" or "normal"

what is cultural relativism?

worldview whereby we understand the practices of another society sociologically, in terms of that society's own norms and values and not our own


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