SOCA101 Exam 1
what is cognitive development
the ability to make logical decisions increases as a person grows older -infants are highly egocentric and self-centered
what is role taking
the ability to take the role of others in interaction
what is nonmaterial culture composed of?
the abstract creations of human cultures, including ideas about behavior and living
what is culture composed of?
the beliefs, norms, behaviors, and products common to the members of a particular group
when a language is lost what does it represent?
the erasure of history, knowledge, and human activity
nonmaterial culture
the ideas of a culture, including values and beliefs, accumulated knowledge about how to understand and navigate the world, and standards or "norms" about appropriate behavior - political opinions, religious beliefs, and marriage patterns
what is socialization?
the lifelong process by which people learn the culture of their society
what is "emic perpesctive"
the perspective of the insider - what do you want from your funeral
what is behaviorism
psychological perspective that emphasizes the effect of rewards and punishments on human behavior
adult stage
take on generalized other, sense of society's norms and values; requires an understanding of more abstract symbols like love and hate, success and failure, friendship, morality
what are Mead's 4 stages of socialization?
preparatory stage, play stage, game stage, adult stage
what are examples of "mores"
profanity or public displays of affection
what is globalization
desire of imperialistic nations to see their power, influence, and profits grow throughout the world
what are examples of popular culture
summer blockbusters, margaritas, pop music
t/f: do cultures differ in the expression of the universals
true
what is the game stage?
5-6, take on roles of multiple others, aware of societal positions and perspectives
what are the functions of socialization?
- establishes our social identity - teaches us role taking - controls our behavior - transmits culture to the next generation
what is functionalism
- language is a vehicle of social integration - use of different language is dysfunctional - common socialization through shared language
what is high culture?
- music, theater, literature, etc. - held in high esteem in society
what is multiculturalism
- respect cultural differences rather than submerge them into larger, dominant culture - knowledge of other languages is enriching - diversity is positively functional
what do symbols include?
- words = chair, tomorrow, love - gestures = wave, salute - physical objects = cross, wedding rings
what is the preparatory stage?
0-3, self-centered, limited response
______ year old women in college are ____ more likely to be raped or experience a sexual assault than the average woman
1. 18-24 2. 3x
_____ year old women not in college are ____ more likely to be raped or experience a sexual assault than the average woman
1. 18-24 2. 4x
material culture is ______ and nonmaterial culture is __________, but they are _________
1. concrete 2. abstract 3. intertwined
what is the play stage?
3-4, take on attitudes and roles of significant others (parents, siblings); allows them to see themselves through the eyes of others
what is an example of how material/ nonmaterial culture are intertwined
National Anthem and the American flag: the cloth is embedded w/ the value of patriotism, freedom, and other "American" values
what is the main symbol of the US?
The Mcdonald's golden arch
what does the "Me" control
The Me controls the "I"- as in "what will people think", society controls us, and our choices
what is culture inconsistency?
a contradiction between the goals of the ideal culture and the practices of the real culture - judging a book by its cover
what is language
a particular kind of symbolic system, composed of verbal, non-verbal, and sometimes written representations that are vehicles of conveying meaning
what does socialization construct?
a sense of who you are, how to think, and how to act as members of a culture
what is rape culture
a social culture that provides environment conducive to rape
examples of cultural universals
all cultures include bodily adornments, dancing, food taboos, ideas about modesty, and the expectations for mourning
what are "taboos"
powerful mores; violation is considered serious and even unthinkable
What is glocalization?
ability of a local culture to: - absorb influences that fit in and enrich - resist those that are alien - compartmentalize those that are different, but can be enjoyed and celebrated
what is moral development?
as people grow, they learn to act according to abstract ideas about justice or fairness
what is the Thomas Theorem?
beliefs may be understood as real when they are real in their consequences - W.I. Thomas
what are examples of high culture?
broadway, knowledge of fine wine, classical music
what is the first stage of Kohlberg's stages of moral development?
preconventional stage
what are "laws"
codified norms or rules of behavior that formalize and institutionalized society's norms
what are "norms"
common rules of a culture that govern the behavior of people belonging to it, the "oughts" and "ought nots" that guide behavior choices - the building blocks of culture
what is an example of real culture?
conventional attractiveness linked to social, economic, educational advantages
what is the nurture part in "nature v. nurture"
cultural and social experiences (socialization)
what is the process of cultural capital to class reproduction?
cultural capital --> academic achievement --> economic capital --> class reproduction
what is a symbol?
cultural representation of social realities - ex: wedding ring, Tesla, skin color, hijab -anything that stands for something else and has a particular meaning for people who share a culture
what are the characteristics of culture?
culture is.... - shared - learned - taken for granted - symbolic - culture varies across time and place
what is global culture
culture spread across the world in the form of popular films, food, and music
what is "subculture"
culture that exists within a dominant culture but differs from it in some way
what are "cultural universals"
customs and practices that are common to all societies
examples of etic perspective
death and dying
what are some examples of "laws"
drinking age or smoking marijuana
what is "ethnic subculture"
embrace values and norms of dominant culture, while practicing values, rituals and languages of native country
what is popular culture?
entertainment, culinary, and athletic tastes shared by the masses
what are some American values?
equal opportunity, achievement and success, material comfort, activity and work, practicality and efficiency, progress, science, democracy and free enterprise, freedom racism and group superiority
what are some examples of nonmaterial culture?
expecting applause at the end of a performance, patriotism, consumerism, nuclear/ traditional family, racism, sexism, homophobia
what are "folkways"
fairly weak norms that are passed down from the past; violation is not considered serious
what are beliefs based on?
faith, superstition, science, tradition, or experience
who are a part of primary groups
family, friends
Thomas theorem examples
female virginity, race, evolution, sexuality
what is victim blaming
focus on victim's actions and behaviors rather than the perpetrators
what is a key vehicle of culture
language: - it enables communication - illuminates beliefs and practices - roots a community in its environment - contributes to cultural richness of the world
what is the nature part in "nature v. nurture"
genetic inheritance (epigenetic factors)
what did Jean Piaget believe?
humans are socialized in stages
George Herbert Mead- Social Self the "I"
impulse to act. creative, innovative, unthinking, unpredictable
what are examples of "taboos"
incest or cannibalism
What are the 10 Social Institutions?
military, religion, medicine, economy, government, sports, mass media, family, peers, education
levels of values
national or patriotic values, community values, family values
how is material/ nonmaterial culture intertwined?
nonmaterial culture may attach particular meanings to the objects of material culture
what does is mean when "culture for a given group is toxic"
norms and practices seem to be part of the social order - "Just the way things are"
what are the primary ways of reproducing culture
norms, values, beliefs of your culture are "normal" social practices and perceptions
what does culture influence?
our social development - we are products of our cultural beliefs, behaviors, and biases
what is the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis?
our understandings and actions emerge from language, the words and concepts we learn and use structure our perceptions of the social world - our language is tied to cultural objects and practices
what are "beliefs"
particular ideas that people accept as true
social learning
people adapt their behavior in response to social rewards and punishments
what is "etic perspective"
perspective of the outside observer
how does popular culture play a role in rape culture
popular culture promotes violence against women and that forced sex is "no big deal" -films, video games, music, pornography
what is a part of secondary groups
school, workplace
what are some examples of material culture?
sopranos, schist's creek, little fires everywhere, twitter, insta, tiktok, Kobe Bryant, black panther
what are reference groups
standards for behavior
what are "mores"
strongly held norms; violation seriously offends standards of acceptable conduct
what is "counterculture"
subcultural group whose norms, values, and practices deviate from those of the dominant culture
what is material culture?
the physical objects produced by people in a particular culture, including tools, clothing, toys, works of art, shopping malls, and housing - the physical objects and artifacts created, embraced, or consumed by a society that help shape people's lives
what is Cooley's looking-glass self
the self-image that results from our interpretation of other people's views of us
what does nonmaterial culture include?
the shared set of meanings that ppl use to interpret and understand the world
what are "values"
the standards by which members of a particular culture define what is good or bad, moral or immoral, proper or improper, desirable or undesirable, beautiful or ugly - abstract and general standards in society that define ideal principles
what does material culture consist of?
the tangible objects that members of a society, make, use, and share
what did Lawrence Kohlberg develop?
the three stages of moral development
what is real culture?
the values, norms, and behaviors that people in a given society actually embrace and exhibit
what is social class reproduction
the way class status is reproduced from generation to generation (Pierre Borudieu)
are beliefs dynamic or static
they are dynamic and changing
t/f: both animal and human behavior can be learned and is not just instinctive
true
norms are...
unwritten, instrumental, some are explicit while others are implicit, can change over time, conditional, can be rigid or flexible
what is ideal culture?
values, norms, and behaviors that people in a given society profess to embrace - "Beauty is only skin deep"
symbolic interaction (the cornerstone of social interaction)
views the self and society as resulting from social interaction based on language and other symbols
George Herbert Mead- Social Self the "Me"
we see ourselves as others see us. social convention, conformity
cultural capital
wealth in the form of knowledge, ideas, verbal skills, and ways of thinking and behaving
what is an example of a folkway
wedding ceremony or holiday meals
What is ethnocentrism?
worldview whereby we judge other cultures by the standards of our own - perceive own culture as "natural" or "normal"
what is cultural relativism?
worldview whereby we understand the practices of another society sociologically, in terms of that society's own norms and values and not our own
