SOCI 1301 Final Exam Review

Anna is a married woman with children. She and her husband Brandon both work full-time jobs. When they come home, Amy makes dinner, cleans, helps their children with homework, and puts them to bed. Brandon helps with these things occasionally, but most days he rests after work. If Arlie Hochschild saw this household, she would say that Anna is experiencing the

"second shift"

The median value of net worth among whites in the United States is ________ times the median value of net worth among African Americans in the United States.

10

Which prominent American feminist wrote The Feminine Mystique in 1963?

Betty Friedan

One of the major Latino groups in the United States has historically had a relatively easy path of immigration from its country of origin to the United States, because migrants were treated as welcome political refugees. This mostly open policy has become more restrictive with the policies of the Trump administration. This Latino group is

Cubans

Journalist Barbara Ehrenreich traveled around the country to study firsthand what it was like to "get by" working low-wage jobs. Which of the following is true about her experiences?

Even with only herself to support and juggling two or more jobs, she could not afford to live off her wages

How does social context affect crime according to the broken windows theory?

Evidence of disorder, such as broken windows, sends a signal that it's acceptable to engage in further deviant behaviors such as vandalism

Identify what Paula England learned in her research on hookup culture among students.

Hookups tend to serve male interests more than female ones

Why is the official formula for calculating the poverty line outdated?

Housing now makes up a larger proportion of household budgets than in the past

The embodied cultural capital that parents have may work with institutional cultural capital. Which of the following illustrates this?

If a parent has confidence in social settings, he or she may be better able to advocate for children in front of the school board or at parent-teacher meetings

The concept of a "traditional" nuclear family, such as the homemaker mother and breadwinner father, is one that emerged from American history. Which of the following statements describes the reality about the "traditional" family?

It was unique to a particular time in history (1950s) and in broader historical view, seems almost unusual.

After mental illness became "medicalized," what was one major change that occurred?

Medication replaced counseling.

According to Annette Lareau, parents from different social classes socialize their children differently. Which of the following statements best describes the differences that she found in her research?

Middle-class parents are more likely to structure their children's leisure time with formal activities; working-class parents leave it up to the kids to decide how they want to structure their free time

Which of the following statements most accurately describes the difference in infant mortality rates between whites and African Americans?

The rate for African Americans is much higher than the rate for whites.

Which of the following is true about individuals who divorce their first spouse?

They are likely to remarry, but the second marriage has about the same or an even higher rate of failure

A white woman goes into an upscale shop to look at clothes. She is excited to see that there is a sale and gathers a huge pile of clothes to take into the dressing room. An African American woman goes into the store and is also excited about the sale but, at the same time, hesitates to take too many clothes into the dressing room because she is afraid the staff will accuse her of shoplifting. W. E. B. Du Bois would say that the African American woman has

a double consciousness

A family that cannot afford the basic necessities of life or purchase enough to physically sustain its members lives in

absolute poverty

Individuals and groups who help shape our orientation to life, our self-concept, emotions, values, attitudes, and behaviors are called

agents of socialization

If we apply the sociological imagination to sex, gender, and sexuality, we might argue that

although biological differences exist between men and women, what we make of those differences is socially constructed and has changed through time and place

Which of the following people is MOST likely to experience what Durkheim referred to as anomie?

an inventor who has been able to stop going to a workplace and who doesn't need to go out much

When it comes to health care, Western societies

are reactive; people tend to go to the doctor only when they decide they are sick

For the Sambia, taking in semen of older men by performing fellatio is the only way to

become real men

According to surveys, which quality in doctors do patients rate as MOST important?

bedside manner

The one-drop rule asserts that just "one drop" of black blood makes a person

black

Mae is an African American girl. When she is at school, she speaks "standard" English. When she is at home, she speaks African American English. Her words, tone, and body language change in each setting. Sociologists call this

code switching

Jane and Alexander live together in an intimate, romantic relationship without formal legal or religious sanctioning. This type of arrangement is known by sociologists as

cohabitation

If a social theorist is asked to explain why people in different occupations have different income levels, he might argue that this is an unfair arrangement that has been created by people with more power. A theorist who takes this position is most likely aligned with

conflict theory

You are a deacon in a Southern Baptist church. The church condemns same-sex marriage; however, you personally believe same-sex marriage should be allowed, and in your free time you protest for equal rights for gays and lesbians. This would be an example of

conflicting identities

According to Robert Merton, which of the following describes a person who accepts both the goals defined by society and the means to achieve them?

conformist

You are at a football game with your friends, though you aren't a football fan. Nonetheless, when "the wave" comes your way, you stand up and take part. Afterward, you feel surprised that you did such a silly thing that you don't really even enjoy. A sociologist explains that you were influenced by the behavior of those close to you, which is called ________ theory.

contagion

Carolyn works as a waitress at a local pub. After she tells an unhappy and impolite customer to leave, her manager tells her that she has to be upbeat, positive, and polite, no matter how rude a customer is to her. Carolyn feels frustrated. Although she doesn't like it, she knows that this phenomenon, called ________, is common in her line of work.

emotional labor

Betty Friedan's framework explores the emotions of sadness and loss of purpose that housewives feel in spite of having an adequate family income, a husband, and children. This phenomenon is known as the

feminine mystique

The ________ theory of the family, developed by Talcott Parsons, argues that nuclear families are necessary for child rearing and fulfilling society's need for productive workers.

functionalist

Encouraging young girls to wear dresses while encouraging young boys to engage in contact sports are examples of ways some parents socialize their children into what?

gender roles

In general, a major goal of Clinton's 1996 Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act was to

get people back into the labor market as soon as possible

In 1961, Stanley Milgram devised an experiment to measure

how far ordinary people would go in obeying an authority figure

One of the ways that sociologists study religion is to

identify the purposes religion serves for individuals and societies

Morbidity means ________; mortality means ________.

illness;death

The United States has high rates of incarceration, especially compared to other industrialized democracies. It is also the case in the United States that

incarceration rates are very unequally distributed by race/ethnicity

According to the theory proposed by Charles Horton Cooley, we develop a concept of self by

interpreting how others think about us

Alfred Kinsey's 1948 study Sexual Behavior in the Human Male is important because

it viewed sexuality as falling on a continuum, thus challenging the psychiatric claim of homosexuality as abnormal

Which of the following focuses its analyses on larger social dynamics at the societal and structural levels?

macrosociology

Aaron is doing fieldwork on the topic of poverty in developed nations. Because he understands the difference between absolute and relative poverty, he expects that poor people in wealthier countries will have

material goods such as flat screen TVs and cell phones

In a foraging society, most people are very similar in their knowledge, skill, and everyday practices such as gathering and hunting. Emile Durkheim would say that the type of solidarity in a foraging society is

mechanical

Today's assumption that childhood represents a distinct phase in the life course stands in sharp contrast to the notion of children as little adults that was popular in preindustrial times. This example highlights how

our notions of childhood are socially constructed

Some socialist feminists, including Hartmann and MacKinnon, argue that capitalism is combined with ________ to make women economically dependent on men's incomes.

patriarchy

Married people tend to live longer than unmarried people. It could be that they take better care of themselves when they have the responsibility of a family. It could also be that

people who are healthier are more likely to get married, so health actually predicts marriage

Jobs that have been feminized, such as teaching or secretarial work, are also referred to as

pink-collar jobs

The main purpose of the welfare reforms of 1996 was to

promote self-sufficiency and personal responsibility

The longevity discrepancy between blacks and whites may be a result of

social inequality

Sociologically speaking, the BRCA1 gene mutation is a good example of how

social practices can change the effects of genes

The lifelong process of learning and internalizing the norms of society, including how to behave and interact with others in various social settings, is called

socialization

According to the text, private prep schools are believed to

socialize their students into a world of power and privilege

A real estate agent earns money by contractually maintaining or creating distance or contact between potential buyers and sellers. This example highlights which of the following?

structural holes

A Marxist theorist of education would critique schools for socializing children to accept the status quo because schools

teach skills that make students subordinate

In 1996, national welfare reform under the Clinton administration led to the policy known as

the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Act

People who are born into poverty and ultimately raise their own children in poverty learn how to live in poverty. They learn the norms and values associated with that particular way of life. Oscar Lewis called this

the culture of poverty

Media centralization refers to

the fact that fewer and fewer groups own more and more of the media, which may increase corporate censorship

A professor assigns a group project. In one group, Darin does nearly all the work. Martin, Aaid, and Abbey seem to shirk responsibility, assuming that because it's a group, someone else will pull the extra weight. Viewed with a sociological lens, this is

the free rider problem

The Ozzie and Harriet Nelson-type of nuclear family, with a working father and a stay-at-home mother and their children, was in its prime during which time period?

the post-World War II economic boom

Jonathan goes to see a movie in a nearly empty theatre. As a breaching experiment, he decides to sit down right next to the only other person who is there, a person he does not know. The person awkwardly moves to another row shortly after. This scenario can tell us that

there are socially constructed rules and norms that dictate expectations about personal space

One of the major reasons it was common practice for Native Americans to be placed in boarding schools for 60 years was

to socialize them to become "civilized" Americans

Prisons and military boot camps are examples of what Erving Goffman calls

total institutions

Of the possibilities listed below, which is the MOST common occurrence of cases in which the death penalty is applied for murder?

white victim/black accused

Tax evasion is an example of which of the following types of crime, as defined by sociologists?

white-collar crime

The Milgram experiment helped shed light on the actions of Nazis during the Holocaust because it showed that many people

would obey authority figures' orders to harm another person