SOCI 172 FINAL

*28) Japan has an older population than the United States (e.g., the average age is much higher in Japan than in the United States). One important tool to take the age composition of the two populations into account so that their health and mortality patterns can be compared is called: A) Age-adjustment B) Cohort management C) Web-scraping D) the G Method E) social stratification

A) Age-adjustment

Which of the following is true about income and wealth? A) Income is the flow of money received in a finite period of time and wealth is what you own in various forms minus what you owe. B) The interest you receive on investments does not count as income, but counts as wealth. C) Income and wealth are the same thing. D) Wealth is the flow of money received in a finite period of time and income is what you own in various forms minus what you owe. E) Economic inequality refers to unequal access to income, but not unequal access to wealth

A) Income is the flow of money received in a finite period of time and wealth is what you own in various forms minus what you owe.

13) Largely due to Covid-19, Black-White disparities in mortality since 2019 have: A) Increased B) Decreased C) Not changed at all

A) Increased

20) According to the "Inequality Parade" video with David Grusky and Lindsay Owens, why do Americans tend to underestimate the amount of income and wealth inequality in the U.S.? A) Living in economically segregated neighborhoods limits our exposure to those who are not like us. B) Most Americans believe income and wealth inequality in the US is less of a concern than income and wealth inequality in low- and middle-income countries. C) Living in gender segregated neighborhoods limits our exposure to those who are not like us. D) Most Americans just don't care about income and wealth inequality.

A) Living in economically segregated neighborhoods limits our exposure to those who are not like us.

*28) What does it mean to say that immigrants are selected on good health? A) People who immigrate tend to be healthier than those who do not. B) Government policy forces people with poor health to immigrate, such as those who are classified as refugees. C) People who immigrate are typically seeking better health care. D) Government policy prevents people with good health from immigrating.

A) People who immigrate tend to be healthier than those who do not.

51) Which of the following is not a key definitional element of population health: A) Scientific focus on understanding genetics and medical technology, since they are the two most important determinants of population health. B) Documentation of health patterns (one point in time) and trends (across time) C) Geographic-specific orientation. D) Explanation of patterns and trends using multi-level set of factors. E) Use of research findings to improve population health, especially through effective social and health policy.

A) Scientific focus on understanding genetics and medical technology, since they are the two most important determinants of population health.

15) Which of the following is an example of a cohort-based population health study? A) The National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (Add Health) B) The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey C) The National Health Interview Survey D) Laura Ingraham asking her fans what they think about mask mandates E) All of the above

A) The National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (Add Health)

18) Social support is ____________. A) The emotionally sustaining qualities of relationships. B) The total number of friends a person reports having in real life. C) A measure of whether or not your close friends will lend you $50 if you really need it. D) The total number of friends a person has on social media platforms.

A) The emotionally sustaining qualities of relationships.

34) What do cardiovascular disease, cancers, chronic respiratory diseases, and diabetes have in common? A) They are the four main types of noncommunicable (or chronic) diseases. B) Their spread can be prevented through vaccination. C) They are considered the primary types of infectious diseases. D) They are all diseases that all have nothing to do with social factors and that are fully dependent on genetic risk and medical technology.

A) They are the four main types of noncommunicable (or chronic) diseases.

12) Red Flag Laws in some states permits a state court to order temporary removal of guns from people who may present a danger to others or themselves. A) True B) False

A) True

16) The United States ranks behind most high-income countries on some key measures of population health, including the infant mortality rate. A) True B) False

A) True

17) The majority of documented immigrants in the US fall into the visa category of family reunification. A) True B) False

A) True

27) Historical and present-day racism influences the distribution of socioeconomic resources among different groups in society; one example is the vast Black-White disparity in wealth. A) True B) False

A) True

27) Significant variation of population health across geographic contexts in the US most likely represents how some areas have benefitted from social policies and investments while other areas have not. A) True B) False

A) True

33) Mortality rates in the United States fell most rapidly in the late 19th and early 20th centuries than during any other period in the nation's history. This reduction in mortality can largely be attributed to a reduction in deaths among infants and children. A) True B) False

A) True

33) US residents subjectively (e.g., self-rated health) tend to rate themselves as having among the best health in the world; but objectively, the health of US residents is not as good as the residents of other high-income countries. A) True B) False

A) True

37) Throughout the majority of human history, mortality rates from infectious diseases were high and life expectancy at birth was low. A) True B) False

A) True

40) Currently, females live longer on average than males do in most countries in the world. A) True B) False

A) True

42) Compared to their gay, lesbian, and straight counterparts, bisexual individuals have higher rates of obesity and suicidal ideation. A) True B) False

A) True

42) Recent data shows that the United States has more guns than people in our country. A) True B) False

A) True

45) In the early phase of the opioid epidemic, differences in doctors' prescribing patterns contributed to the racial/ethnic mortality patterns observed for opioid-related deaths. A) True B) False

A) True

45) Poll data show that a majority of U.S. adults are in favor or stricter gun laws. A) True B) False

A) True

46) In the study of population health, racism is considered to be a fundamental cause of health inequality. A) True B) False

A) True

8) Transgender individuals have a gender identity that is different from that usually corresponding to their sex assigned at birth. A) True B) False

A) True

9) The term "population health" is sometimes used differently among medical and clinical researchers in comparison to the definition provided by Hummer and Hamilton. A) True B) False

A) True

14) In addition to race/ethnicity, many studies of U.S. population health examine differences among groups by nativity. In this context, what does nativity refer to? A) Whether or not people are born in the United States. B) Self-identified religion and frequency of religious involvement. C) Prejudicial attitudes toward foreign-born immigrants. D) Perceived experiences of racial or ethnic discrimination. E) The strength of cultural or social ties to a country other than the United States.

A) Whether or not people are born in the United States.

44) Higher educational attainment has been shown to be related to lower mortality rates in US society. But... does research show that there is a lower mortality rate for those who get a high school degree compared to those who do not? A) Yes B) No

A) Yes

41) The dramatic and sudden decrease in U.S. life expectancy in 1918 shown in the figure (see exam 1) above was caused by __________. A) a global influenza pandemic B) the Great Depression C) the HIV/AIDS epidemic D) the Korean War E) problems with data: 15 states did not collect death certificates that year

A) a global influenza pandemic

32) Social segregation in the United States: A) can be defined as the separation of social groups. B) is generally thought to be good for population health because it is comfortable for people to live together in neighborhoods with other people who are like them. C) used to be a social problem back in the era of 1865-1970, but since the Civil Rights Era began, is no longer an issue in our country. D) led to passage of a whole new set of US Zoning Laws, passed between 2017 and 2021, mandating income and racial/ethnic diversity in any new neighborhood built in the US Southern states of Texas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, Arkansas, Georgia, South Carolina, and North Carolina. E) both A and D are correct.

A) can be defined as the separation of social groups.

62) The overall goal of Add Health is to: A) collect & disseminate high-quality data on life course determinants and trajectories of health, cognition, health behavior, and health disparities among a large, nationally representative cohort aging into midlife. B) collect data to identify the genetic risks underlying several rare diseases in the United States and to use that information to develop cures for those diseases. C) collect and dissemeniate high quality data on wealth and health in high-income countries in order to inform tax policies around the world. D) use medical records and records from the Social Security Administration to inform the US government how the population health of the country will unfold for the rest of the 21st century. E) better understand infant and child health in the United States. The study will be doing so by collecting medical records on up to 1 million infants and children to best understand their health and disease patterns.

A) collect & disseminate high-quality data on life course determinants and trajectories of health, cognition, health behavior, and health disparities among a large, nationally representative cohort aging into midlife.

*19) Immigrants to the United States generally have ____ physical health and health behavior patterns when they enter the country, and their physical health and health behavior tend to ____ with increased number of years spent in the country. A) favorable, erode B) poor, improve C) favorable, improve D) poor, erode

A) favorable, erode

*11) Gender identity refers to: A) how people feel inside and express those feelings through clothing, appearance, and behaviors B) female versus male C) women versus men D) the biological basis of human reproduction E) the time, space, and cohort dimensions of Patricia Homan's theory of the gender paradox

A) how people feel inside and express those feelings through clothing, appearance, and behaviors

16) The undocumented immigration population in the United States: A) is estimated to be about 3% of the population of the country. B) has clearly been shown to take jobs away from US citizens. C) is estimated to be about 20% of the population of the country, largely concentrated in California, Texas, and Iowa. D) ironically has been shown to have the highest life expectancy of any group in the United States. E) both A and D

A) is estimated to be about 3% of the population of the country.

38) Major declines in infectious diseases during the late half of the 19th century and early 20th century were caused primarily by improvements in modern medical practice. A) True B) False

B) False

30) Income is: A) money received from labor, sale of goods, investments, and social benefits. B) the stock of assets minus liabilities owned at any one point in time. C) the amount of money earned from work, minus transportation costs of getting there. D) all of the above.

A) money received from labor, sale of goods, investments, and social benefits.

50) All but which of the following were discussed in class as strategies for reducing income and wealth inequality in the United States? A) reduce tax on corporations so that prices will be lower for individual consumers B) increase the federal minimum wage C) strengthen labor unions D) offer more generous social benefits for the bottom half of the income distribution E) legislate a more progressive tax system based on both income and net worth

A) reduce tax on corporations so that prices will be lower for individual consumers

34) Which of the following was one of the major provisions of the 2017 Tax Cuts and Jobs Act: A) reduction in income taxes for high-income earners from 40% to 37% B) passage of the trillion-dollar Clean Energy mandate C) passage of the 750 billion-dollar children's preschool education mandate D) passage of the Paul Ryan initiative to provide jobs in new technology for up to 4 million Americans paid for by a tax increase on the wealthiest 1 percent of Americans E) a tax cut on the lowest 47% of American earners which, combined with a tax increase on the top 1%, will provide increased college affordability for all in the 2020s and 2030s

A) reduction in income taxes for high-income earners from 40% to 37%

16) The US has ______ population health in ______ domains and ________ health disparities. A) relatively poor, multiple, large B) excellent, most, large C) relatively poor, just a few, small D) excellent, multiple, small

A) relatively poor, multiple, large

30) Biological differences between women and men are best captured by the term: A) sex B) gender identity C) social construction D) socialization E) genetics

A) sex

*36) The historical period when spikes in infectious diseases become more predictable and less frequent and life expectancy increases to roughly 50 years is referred to as __________. A) the Age of Receding Pandemics B) the Age of Pestilence and Famine C) Age of Degenerative and "Man-Made" Diseases D) the Age of Modernity

A) the Age of Receding Pandemics

43) Evidence indicates that African Americans in the United States benefited from the epidemiologic transition at least as much, if not more than whites. This observation was in part attributable to: A) the social, economic, and health conditions being so poor for the U.S. Black population at the start of the 20th century. B) the socioeconomic status of the Whites population decreasing during the 20th century. C) the Black population achieving socioeconomic equality with whites by 1975. D) affirmative action policies that ended racial discrimination in the labor market by 2000.

A) the social, economic, and health conditions being so poor for the U.S. Black population at the start of the 20th century.

The long-term shift in population health from low life expectancy and a predominance of infectious disease to higher life expectancy and a predominance of chronic disease is referred to as: A)The epidemiologic transition B)The age of globalization. C)The Preston Curve. D)The industrial revolution. E)The public health evolution.

A)The epidemiologic transition

What do cardiovascular diseases, cancers, chronic respiratory diseases, and diabetes all have in common? A)They are the four main types of chronic disease. B)Their spread can be prevented through vaccination. C)They are considered the primary types of infectious disease. D)They were the leading causes of death throughout much of human history. E)All of the above.

A)They are the four main types of chronic disease.

8) Many research studies show that the United States could clearly improve the population's health by simply doubling the amount of money we spend on health care. A) True B) False

B) False

47) A recent study published in the Lancet showed that this one factor is especially important in understanding high/low Covid-19 mortality rates in countries around the world: A) Religious attendance in each society B) Governmental and interpersonal trust in each society C) Pet ownership in each society D) Soda consumption in each society E) The number of casinos in each society per 100,000 population

B) Governmental and interpersonal trust in each society

39) Over the past 50 years, Hummer & Hamilton identified all but which of the following as major trends in US population health: A) Generally poor trends in women's health B) Especially poor health among wealthy Americans because of their poor diets and drug use C) Increasing socioeconomic disparities in population health D) The HIV/AIDS epidemic E) Increasing activity limitations among the US middle-age and older populations

B) Especially poor health among wealthy Americans because of their poor diets and drug use

13) The age group within which the rate ratio of male-to-female mortality is highest in the US is: A) 0-4 B) 20-24 C) 60-64 D) 80-84 E) 100-104

B) 20-24

24) In 2018, there were 21,498 infant deaths and 3,791,712 live births in the United States. What was the infant mortality rate (IMR) in 2018? A) 3.2 per 1,000,000 B) 5.67 per 1,000 C) 0.009 D) 167 per 100,000 E) The data provided are not sufficient for this calculation

B) 5.67 per 1,000

*29) On January 1, 2022, the US government sharply reduced support for this program, thus recently plunging millions of children into poverty: A) Medicare B) Child Tax Credit C) School Lunch Act D) Affordable Care Act E) Medicaid

B) Child Tax Credit

15) According to Fundamental Cause Theory, flexible resources are associated with health and longevity because they allow people to treat one another more respectfully. A) True B) False

B) False

31) In all US racial/ethnic groups, foreign-born immigrants tend to have worse health outcomes than their U.S.-born counterparts. A) True B) False

B) False

5) A person is a victim of a natural disaster. As a response, this person draws on their multiple homes and a portfolio of stock market assets to protect themselves and their family. This is an example of: A) How wealth cannot protect even rich people from natural disasters B) How wealth can serve as a security blanket to protect health C) How wealthy and poor Americans have an equal opportunity to financially heal from the effects of a natural disaster D) How the accumulation of wealth is the best way to treat mental health problems

B) How wealth can serve as a security blanket to protect health

22) Which best describes the overall trend in immigration in the US? A) The percentage of US residents who are immigrants has steadily increased over the past hundred years B) In the early 1900s, about 1 in 7 people in the US were born in another country, immigration began to decline due to government policies, and since the 1960s it has been rising again and is now at about the same level it was in the early 1900s C) In the early 1900s, about 1 in 7 people in the US were born in another country, immigration began to decline due to government policies, and since the 1960s it has been rapidly rising again and is now nearly TWICE the percentage (~25% of all people in the US are immigrants) it was in the early 1900s D) The number of immigrants has steadily decreased over the past one hundred years E) It's hard to know, because we don't have good historical records and we don't have good estimates of undocumented immigrants

B) In the early 1900s, about 1 in 7 people in the US were born in another country, immigration began to decline due to government policies, and since the 1960s it has been rising again and is now at about the same level it was in the early 1900s

The president of the United States hires you as an intern and, based on what you learned in SOCI 172, asks you what types of policy actions that the U.S. should take to most effectively improve the population's health. What do you suggest? A) Enact laws to build sidewalks and bike paths along every street in every US city. B) Invest in social and economic policies and programs that improve housing, access to quality education, decent wages, and racial equity. C) Build more prisons so that drug users, illegal immigrants, and doctors who perform abortions are taken off the streets. D) Implement a major tax cut policy that reduces taxes for high-income earners and corporations so that they can create jobs for the low earners.

B) Invest in social and economic policies and programs that improve housing, access to quality education, decent wages, and racial equity.

49) One of the key features of Add Health as a study to better understand US population health is its inclusion of data from multiple levels of context specific to each individual in the study. Which level of contextual data was not included in the initial Add Health design? A) Peers B) Pets C) Families D) Schools E) Neighborhoods

B) Pets

6) Research findings on religious involvement and the health/mortality patterns of U.S. adults may be of particular interest to policymakers because: A) Policymakers may be able to use such findings to teach people in poor countries that Christian beliefs and practices lead to long and healthy lives. B) Policymakers may be able to better understand how social regulation and social integration influence health and apply such lessons to non-religious matters of public policy. C) It clear indicates that policymakers should create financial incentives for people to attend religious services and, thus, improve the health of the American public. D) Faith-based medicine IS evidence-based medicine; therefore, policymakers should encourage medical practitioners to incorporate prayer into their treatment regimens.

B) Policymakers may be able to better understand how social regulation and social integration influence health and apply such lessons to non-religious matters of public policy.

48) The three major policy implications of Fundamental Cause Theory include all but which of the following? A) Reduce income and educational inequalities B) Shift NIH research priorities to focus on genetic disorders that affect everyone equally C) Change (improve) the context in low-income neighborhoods D) Prioritize interventions that minimize individual-level income

B) Shift NIH research priorities to focus on genetic disorders that affect everyone equally

The four essential features of Fundamental Cause Theory are all but which of the following: A) Flexible resources affect disease outcomes through multiple risk factors ("massive multiplicity of mechanisms"). B) Socioeconomic resources are less related to health than ever before because of the social programs that the US has in place to protect those who are low educated and poor. C) The association between SES and health is reproduced over time via replacement of mechanisms. D) Flexible resources influence multiple disease outcomes. E) Flexible resources of money, knowledge, power, prestige, and beneficial social connections are used to avoid risks or minimize consequences of disease once they occur.

B) Socioeconomic resources are less related to health than ever before because of the social programs that the US has in place to protect those who are low educated and poor.

1) In the US in 1960, the highest marginal tax rate was 91%. This means that... A) The highest income earners paid 91% of their total income in taxes. B) The highest income earners paid 91% of the highest part of their income in taxes. C) Everyone paid 91% of their total income in taxes. D) Everyone paid 91% of part of their income in taxes. E) High income earners in the United States in 2019 pay 91% of their income in taxes because the tax rates from 1960 have been unchanged for almost seven decades.

B) The highest income earners paid 91% of the highest part of their income in taxes.

24) The "U-shaped" part of the curve between 1940 and 2000 corresponds with what trend? (see Exam 2 figure) A) The passage of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act in 1940 B) The rise and eventual decline of union membership in the US C) The passage of the Reagan-era tax cuts in 1940 D) The decrease and then increase in the federal minimum wage

B) The rise and eventual decline of union membership in the US

17) Social integration is _________. A) The total number of friends a person reports having in real life. B) The social ties and support that are garnered from social and spatial contexts. C) A measure of the racial and ethnic diversity of a geographic area. D) The total number of friends a person has on social media platforms.

B) The social ties and support that are garnered from social and spatial contexts.

46) In 2021, what was the life expectancy at birth in the United States? A) 57.2 B) 70.0 C) 76.4 D) 83.9 E) 87.6

C) 76.4

41) What does it mean for race and ethnicity to be socially constructed? A) They are based on definitions created through social service departments B) They are created through social processes: passed down through history, embedded in social institutions, and learned through interactions with others C) They are dependent on the way that social media views and portrays others D) They are created through the way social institutions define one's birthplace

B) They are created through social processes: passed down through history, embedded in social institutions, and learned through interactions with others

10) According to Hummer & Hamilton, which is not part of the study of population health? A) Using a set of multi-level determinants to explain patterns and trends in health B) Treating individuals at pop-up clinics (e.g., at churches and schools) C) Documenting patterns and trends in health in a specific geographic location D) Translating research findings into actions that can improve population health

B) Treating individuals at pop-up clinics (e.g., at churches and schools)

12) Reducing the size of the immigrant population in the U.S. would likely correspond with ______ in U.S. life expectancy. A) no change B) a decrease C) an increase

B) a decrease

26) Systemic racism is best defined as: A) Consistent hate of one particular group by another particular group. B) a social system that systematically restricts access to society's goods, including work and fair pay, equal housing, quality schools, wealth, and so on, to members of socially constructed racial and ethnic minority groups through exploitation, exclusion, and policies/laws that have disparate impact. C) the legacy of historical discrimination in US society against Native Americans and African Americans that no longer exists in practice but is still seen in our health statistics. D) an act of violence by one person directed toward another person based on the other person's racial/ethnic identity. E) all of these.

B) a social system that systematically restricts access to society's goods, including work and fair pay, equal housing, quality schools, wealth, and so on, to members of socially constructed racial and ethnic minority groups through exploitation, exclusion, and policies/laws that have disparate impact.

26) Which age group is the least vulnerable to the risk of death? (see exam 1 for figure) A) ages 15-19 (avg. 61.25) B) ages 5-9 (avg. 13.65) C) ages 10-14 (avg. 16.85) D) ages 30-34 (avg. 110.55) E) ages 50-54 (avg. 511.7)

B) ages 5-9 (avg. 13.65)

*65) Population health data collected by the National Center for Health Statistics are: A) unavailable to the public B) available to the public, including you and me C) sold to the public by subscription D) biased and useless; the private sector collects much better health data in our country E) no longer made available to the public because the US government does not want the public to understand the true extent of the country's health problems

B) available to the public, including you and me

57) Life expectancy is derived from _________. A) data from seisometers B) calculations made in life tables C) calculations based on bridging functions D) data collected and made available by the Eric Christensen Foundation E) data from health surveys

B) calculations made in life tables

6) Socioeconomic Status (SES) refers to differences between individuals and groups in the possession of highly valued societal resources, most importantly including: A) average annual income and/or wages B) education, occupational status, income, and wealth C) an individual's relationship to the means of production D) investments, property, and/or savings

B) education, occupational status, income, and wealth

36) Ironically, while income inequality has risen sharply in the United States since 1980, wealth inequality has decreased because of excellent stock market returns that have benefited nearly all adult Americans. A) true B) false C) this was true from 1980 to 2009, but has been false since 2010

B) false

66) Cross-national data clearly shows that the US has the lowest infant mortality rate in the world. A) true B) false

B) false

*15) Life expectancy differences across US counties: A) are very small (<2 years) because counties have no control over population health. B) have grown over the last 40 years; life expectancy differences are now as wide as 20 years when comparing the healthiest and unhealthiest counties. C) have been shown to be related to whether or not counties have a professional sports team in their county. D) clearly reflect religiosity: religious counties have higher life expectancy while less religious counties have lower life expectancy. E) are unknown because of the very poor quality of data in the United States.

B) have grown over the last 40 years; life expectancy differences are now as wide as 20 years when comparing the healthiest and unhealthiest counties.

35) According to the "Inequality Parade" video by David Grusky and Lindsay Owens, the US is a(n) ______ poverty economy. A) low B) high C) no D) average

B) high

25) Erin Hamilton's research, presented in class on March 9th, showed that DACA passage was associated with: A) rapid increased in US cancer mortality rates because of its environmental damages. B) improvements in the rates of low birth weight and very low birth weight, birth weight in grams, and gestational age among Mexican immigrant mothers. C) substantial increases in undocumented immigration to the United States, particularly for unaccompanied children at the US-Mexico Border. D) a large spike in the prevalence of infectious diseases among older Americans given that the law forced major US airlines to increase capacity on planes to keep up with the demand for air travel by the public.

B) improvements in the rates of low birth weight and very low birth weight, birth weight in grams, and gestational age among Mexican immigrant mothers.

44) The grieving parents of the Sandy Hook school shooting recently settled with the Remington gun maker for $73 million dollars in a case that was especially important for policy because: A) those parents will never need to work again B) it was the first time that a major settlement was reached in which a gun maker was held accountable for the weapons it produces, markets, and sells C) it showed that Congress is clearly working on curbing gun violence in our country D) it proved that U.S. individuals are not protected by the 2nd Amendment after all

B) it was the first time that a major settlement was reached in which a gun maker was held accountable for the weapons it produces, markets, and sells

*33) The gap in US life expectancy between people with a graduate degree or higher compared to those who do not have a high school degree is: A) the smallest that has ever been documented: just 2.8 years as of 2021 B) perhaps larger than ever before, at 12 years for women and 16 years for men C) unknown because US data on this topic is so poor D) a great example of how passage of Medicaid Expansion in US Southern states between 2013 and 2023 has led to the narrowing of health disparities

B) perhaps larger than ever before, at 12 years for women and 16 years for men

35) According to Omran's description of the epidemiologic transition, during which historical period was life expectancy at birth roughly 20 to 40 years and most deaths were caused by infectious diseases? A) the Age of Chlorination B) the Age of Pestilence and Famine C) the Age of Degenerative and 'Man Made' Diseases D) the Age of Receding Pandemics

B) the Age of Pestilence and Famine

Life expectancy for the transgender population in the United States is estimated to be: A) 78 years B) unknown C) 83 years D) 62 years

B) unknown

18) DACA is a US policy that: A) was a program enacted in 2019 by the Trump Administration geared toward improving the lives of poor children; it is short for Don's Act for Christmas Allowance B) was created by the Obama Administration and stands for Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals; it grants eligible undocumented youth relief from deportation, access to work authorization, and other related benefits for two-year periods with the possibility of renewal C) is the famous Detroit Authorization for Cars Act, which was passed by US Congress in 1924 and signed into law by Calvin Coolidge; it provided $785 million dollars to Ford, Chrysler, and General Motors so that the city would become the auto capital of the world. D) was passed by US Congress in 2006 and signed into law by President Bush; it is short for the Diabetes, Arthritis, and Cancer Act and has made major impacts in increased research funding to fight those diseases and reduce their risk in the US population. E) focuses on nutrition and is short for: Donuts And Cookies Always! 😊

B) was created by the Obama Administration and stands for Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals; it grants eligible undocumented youth relief from deportation, access to work authorization, and other related benefits for two-year periods with the possibility of renewal

17) Social stratification is a system of inequality that helps us understand "who gets ____ and ____" A) sick, when B) what, why C) tired, thirsty D) old, worn out E) dementia, Alzheimers disease

B) what, why

Alarmingly, the US infant mortality rate has been increasing on a steady basis every year since 1983 and US life expectancy has been declining every year since 1999. A)True B)False C)We don't know because we don't have good data on these measures.

B)False

The "gender paradox" refers to the idea that: A)On average, men tend to like meat and potatoes, and women tend to like fruit and vegetables B)On average, women live longer lives than men but tend to do so in poorer health C)On average, women live shorter lives than men but tend to do so with more favorable health D)Immigrant women live longer and more healthy lives than U.S.-born women E)Men used to live longer lives than women in the United States (e.g., 1900), but that pattern changed around 1960

B)On average, women live longer lives than men but tend to do so in poorer health

27) The table (see exam 1) most likely shows age-specific mortality rates per ____ population in each age group: A) 1,000 B) the undocument immigrant C) 100,000 D) the world's complete E) the highly educated

C) 100,000

1) Which of the following was partially responsible for the slow development of our understanding of, and potential treatments for, HIV/AIDS during the 1980s? A) The US Congress devoted lots of money to fight it, but researchers refused to study it. B) The first vaccines used to prevent it made many people sick. C) A lack of political will by US governmental leaders to discuss or even acknowledge the HIV epidemic, which influenced the lack of federal funding for scientific studies D) All of the country's research money was being devoted to the social determinants of health

C) A lack of political will by US governmental leaders to discuss or even acknowledge the HIV epidemic, which influenced the lack of federal funding for scientific studies

7) Add Health researchers take medical equipment (e.g., blood pressure monitors, needles and blood collection tubes) into the homes of Add Health participants because the: A) Add Health study treats their participants for illnesses. B) Add Health study intends to create cures for chronic diseases like diabetes. C) Add Health study collects biomarker data in addition to its survey data. D) Add Health study is testing whether or not individuals are willing to give blood.

C) Add Health study collects biomarker data in addition to its survey data.

41) The United States fares particularly well (e.g., diagnosis, treatment, low mortality) with regard to this disease when compared to other high-income countries: A) Heart Disease B) HIV/AIDS C) Cancer D) Diabetes E) Covid-19

C) Cancer

55) ____________ famously claimed that health inequity "is the most shocking and the most inhumane" of all forms of inequality. A) Dr. Daniel Cox B) Dr. Charles King C) Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. D) Dr. Robert Fuller E) Dr. Steven Fuques

C) Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.

7) Will Courtenay refers to the idealized form of masculinity at a given time and place as... A) Toxic Masculinity B) Fragile Masculinity C) Hyper-Masculinity D) Hypo-Masculinity E) Idyllic Masculinity

C) Hyper-Masculinity

42) Which of the following phenomena does the figure (see exam 1) above clearly demonstrate? A) The latter part of the 20th Century saw several spikes in mortality caused by wars. B) The United States lags behind other high-income nations on most population health measures. C) Life expectancy at birth in the US increased by over 25 years between 1900 & 2014. D) There are large racial disparities in life expectancy at birth.

C) Life expectancy at birth in the US increased by over 25 years between 1900 & 2014.

10) Possible explanations for the gender paradox include all but which of the following: A) The male XY chromosomal pair disadvantages men for certain conditions and advantages females with the XX pair (e.g., heart disease) B) Hyper-masculinity harms men's population health, especially mortality risk C) Men suffer from more stress throughout their lifetimes than women, largely because of the pressure that society puts on them to succeed in the labor market D) Sexism: socioeconomic and social (e.g., power) disadvantages for women harms their population health across a wide variety of chronic conditions E) Women more likely to use health care (and get diagnosed & treated)

C) Men suffer from more stress throughout their lifetimes than women, largely because of the pressure that society puts on them to succeed in the labor market

20) Which of the following is a key difference between period-based surveys and cohort-based surveys? A) Period-based surveys are about health topics; cohort-based surveys are not B) Period-based surveys have large samples; cohort-based surveys have small samples C) Period-based surveys provide a snapshot of population health at one point in time; cohort-based surveys follow individuals as they age across time D) Period-based surveys are nationally representative; cohort-based surveys are not

C) Period-based surveys provide a snapshot of population health at one point in time; cohort-based surveys follow individuals as they age across time

43) The video we watched featuring Kim Anderson and her premature infant best illustrated which of these points: A) US society has a generally low rate of prematurity, but it is higher among women who live in rural areas compared to those who live in urban areas. B) US society generally has a generally low rate of prematurity, but it is uniquely high for people like Kim Anderson who live in the Southeast. C) Racism takes its toll in the form of stress on the bodies of Black Americans, even the very highly educated, resulting in high levels of prematurity for them. D) Our country does not have nearly enough Neonatal Intensive Care Units (NICUs) to help save premature infants from dying. E) All of the above points were illustrated in the film.

C) Racism takes its toll in the form of stress on the bodies of Black Americans, even the very highly educated, resulting in high levels of prematurity for them.

*4) Researchers in the 1970s and 1980s first began to identify mortality rate differences between religious denominational groups in the United States. Such findings demonstrated that: A) Some groups are God's chosen people, while others are not. B) Seventh Day Adventists and members of the Church of Latter-Day Saints exhibited substantially lower mortality rates than is generally found in the United States, strongly suggesting that people should join those groups if at all possible. C) Social contexts can exert social control and enhance social integration, thus influencing population health. D) Groups whose members pray a lot tend to live shorter lives than groups whose members do not pray very much. E) Atheists and Agnostics live much longer lives than Protestants, Catholics, Jews, and Muslims in the United States.

C) Social contexts can exert social control and enhance social integration, thus influencing population health.

*61) The Add Health study is now primarily funded by: A) UNC tuition funds paid by students and parents B) The March of Dimes C) The National Institute on Aging D) The Eric Peterson Foundation

C) The National Institute on Aging

53) Case & Deaton's important study on increasing midlife mortality among non-Hispanic Whites between 1999 and 2013 in the United States also showed that: A) The US was not alone; every country they examined showed the exact same trend. B) Covid-19 actually began as early as 2012, even though the government denied it. C) The mortality rate increases among the middle-aged White population were especially true for causes of death that included drug poisonings, suicide, and chronic liver disease. D) People in Michigan, Wyoming, and Puerto Rico were experiencing especially large increases in midlife mortality, while those in Kansas and Ohio were experiencing especially large decreases in midlife mortality. E) People who had polio earlier in life were especially likely to die in the early 21st century.

C) The mortality rate increases among the middle-aged White population were especially true for causes of death that included drug poisonings, suicide, and chronic liver disease.

35) Emigration refers to: A) The temporary movement of people from one place to another who are not counted in Census statistics because they have not legally moved B) The entrance of undocumented individuals into a particular country C) The movement of individuals who leave a particular country and cross-national boundaries to permanently live elsewhere D) The US system under which employers who hire immigrants must check legal documents

C) The movement of individuals who leave a particular country and cross-national boundaries to permanently live elsewhere

*50) U.S. cigarette advertisements from the mid-to-late 20th century illustrate that: A) Celebrities and sports stars are under-utilized "go to" people in terms of population health knowledge and advice. B) Tobacco companies like Philip Morris and RJ Reynolds simply had no idea that their products were making people sick and killing them. C) The opioid drug industry was not the first, and will not be the last, to use advertising that has the potential to harm and kill members of the American public in search of profits. D) Our society used to really do some stupid things with regard to population health; it's so great that we're now the healthiest country in the world!

C) The opioid drug industry was not the first, and will not be the last, to use advertising that has the potential to harm and kill members of the American public in search of profits.

19) Which of the following is NOT true of US county-level population health since 1980? A) Infant mortality rates improved in all counties. B) Life expectancy for women decreased in over ½ of US counties. C) There were major improvements for many counties in Oklahoma, the mid-South, and Appalachia. D) County level inequality in population health increased substantially.

C) There were major improvements for many counties in Oklahoma, the mid-South, and Appalachia.

21) The 2017 Tax Cuts and Jobs Act in the United States: A) among other provisions, provided major tax breaks to low-income individuals who work full time jobs. B) among other provisions, provided trillions of dollars for new jobs in road/bridge repairs, education, and clean energy. C) among other provisions, substantially cut inheritance and business taxes. D) among other provisions, provided major new funding for jobs in the auto, coal, and steel industries.

C) among other provisions, substantially cut inheritance and business taxes.

24) Marx's classic definition of social class refers to: A) the amount of income that individuals earn, grouped into high, middle, and low. B) stylistic behaviors performed by individuals, such as whether or not they use a napkin or their shirt sleeve to wipe barbeque sauce off their mouth at dinner. C) an individual's relationship to the means of production: worker or owner. D) the wealth holdings of individuals, grouped into quartiles. E) groupings of income, occupational status, and educational attainment.

C) an individual's relationship to the means of production: worker or owner.

40) Boone County, West Virginia and Fairfax County, Virginia were used in the textbook as examples of: A) uniformly excellent population health in the United States B) uniformly poor population health in the United States C) county-level inequalities in population health in the United States D) counties that both have built sports stadiums to increase social integration and improve population health E) counties that have built casinos in the effort to improve population health

C) county-level inequalities in population health in the United States

37) A lot of social scientists in recent years have demonstrated the causal impact of educational attainment on population health and longevity, particularly the importance of high school degree attainment. Given such findings, perhaps the most important policy implication stemming from such research is: A) making sure that every college graduate receives student loan forgiveness B) loosening home schooling laws so that students everywhere, even those in poor communities, have a chance to succeed by studying at home C) create programs so that every high school student completes their degree, even if it costs states and the federal government some additional money and it takes some students additional time to graduate D) to force all adolescents who drop out of high school to spend at least ten years in the military in order to make sure that individuals either finish school or serve their country E) making sure that high schools and colleges eliminate anything about critical race theory and sexual orientation from their curricula

C) create programs so that every high school student completes their degree, even if it costs states and the federal government some additional money and it takes some students additional time to graduate

23) Generally, income inequality in the US ___ from 1928 to 1980, and has ___ since 1980. (see Exam 2 figure) A) increased, further increased B) increased, decreased C) decreased, increased D) decreased, further decreased

C) decreased, increased

*54) Based on their scientific work, Case & Deaton developed possible explanations for increases in midlife mortality among non-Hispanic Whites in the United States that included both ____ and ____ factors. A) water-based and soil-based B) genetic-based and technological-based C) demand-side and supply-side D) sanitary-focused and filth-focused E) religious-based and pagan-based

C) demand-side and supply-side

7) The transfer or delegation of power to a lower level—especially by the federal government to local areas or states—is called: A) dereliction B) deregulation C) devolution D) pre-emption E) bifurcation

C) devolution

64) According to the National Center for Health Statistics, health disparities are: A) conditions in the environments in which people are born, live, learn, work, play, worship, and age that impact health and quality of life. B) the opportunity for all people to reach their full health potential C) differences in health outcomes that are closely linked with sociodemographic, economic, or environmental disadvantage D) no longer evident in US health data, that is, a relic of the past E) a fact of life that we simply need to live with

C) differences in health outcomes that are closely linked with sociodemographic, economic, or environmental disadvantage

2) The concept that best captures a system of social relationships and meanings in society is: A) gender identity B) sexual orientation C) gender D) gender socialization

C) gender

23) Which of the following is not nationally representative data in the United States? A) National Survey of Family Growth B) Add Health C) the largest health survey (close to 1 million) of volunteers in our country, called All of Us D) National Health Interview Survey

C) the largest health survey (close to 1 million) of volunteers in our country, called All of Us

31) Americans own more guns per person than any other country on the planet, by far. This fact is strongly suggestive of the idea that: A) guns keep our population safe since our rates of homicide, suicide, and crime are so much lower than all other countries on the planet. B) most American adults (about 80%) like to hunt and guns are the weapon of choice for hunting. C) high gun ownership is likely not associated with low crime and safety and that, in fact, the opposite is likely the case based on the best research on the topic to date. D) the Second Amendment to the US Constitution is indeed a gift from God that protects us from criminals, rabid animals, and illegal aliens.

C) high gun ownership is likely not associated with low crime and safety and that, in fact, the opposite is likely the case based on the best research on the topic to date.

11) Demography is the scientific study of: A) evolution and the afterlife B) migration, including past, present, and future C) human populations, including their fertility, migration, & mortality patterns D) the relationships between biology and geography, including which populations settle where and why E) diseases

C) human populations, including their fertility, migration, & mortality patterns

*14) The Affordable Care Act (ACA) ______. A) established a government-run health care system that is free to all citizens. B) generated a national system that relies on private insurance companies to pay for health care for all citizens. C) includes a provided for Medicaid Expansion that must be approved by individual states; North Carolina is one of 11 states that has not expanded Medicaid under the ACA. D) created a pooled insurance marketplace that undocumented immigrants can use to purchase health insurance in the United States. E) passed in 2018 and was one of Trump's major victories during his time in office.

C) includes a provided for Medicaid Expansion that must be approved by individual states; North Carolina is one of 11 states that has not expanded Medicaid under the ACA.

44) According to Hummer & Hamilton, what is one of the key reasons why mortality from cardiovascular diseases is not likely to continue declining in the coming decades in the United States? A) immigrant children in the U.S. are less healthy than their native-born counterparts B) the increased popularity of vaping among children, adolescents, and young adults C) increased prevalence of obesity among U.S. children, adolescents, and young adults D) increased stress among children, adolescents, and young adults due to cyberbullying

C) increased prevalence of obesity among U.S. children, adolescents, and young adults

49) The US state and federal prison/jail population: A) has held steady at roughly 200,000 people since the 1920s B) increased rapidly in the early 20th century, but has been declining since the Civil Rights Movement in the 1960s C) increased rapidly starting in the mid-1970s, largely due to the "War On Drugs" D) decreased rapidly starting in 1993, largely due to President Clinton's policies on decriminalization of marijuana

C) increased rapidly starting in the mid-1970s, largely due to the "War On Drugs"

9) The State of North Carolina has: A) more women than men serving in the state legislature. B) about equal numbers of women and men serving in the state legislature. C) more men than women serving in the state legislature. D) the lowest percentage of women serving in the state legislature than any other state. E) the highest percentage of women serving in the state legislature than any other state.

C) more men than women serving in the state legislature.

3) Most often, life expectancy at birth is calculated using ____. A) cohort-based data B) biased data C) period-based data D) future projection-based data E) data provided by the Douglas Warnken Foundation

C) period-based data

25) Your instructor's study on religious involvement and mortality in the United States: A) proved that people who go to church live shorter, sicker, and less meaningful lives than people who do not go to church. B) provided data that Christians are in fact the chosen people; thus, to improve population health, other nations should hire evangelicals to help convert their people. C) provided interesting findings on how social control and social integration may be related to population health in the United States. D) were immediately denounced by other scientists as fraudulent and biased.

C) provided interesting findings on how social control and social integration may be related to population health in the United States.

3) Patricia Homan's recent work on sexism & infant mortality rates showed that: A) the infants of female legislators are less like to die than the infants of male legislators because female legislators have preferred access to prenatal care. B) states with higher percentages of women in their legislative bodies have higher infant mortality rates than states with lower percentages of women in their legislative bodies. C) states with higher percentages of women in their legislative bodies have lower infant mortality rates than states with lower percentages of women in their legislative bodies. D) states with female governors have lower infant mortality rates than states with male governors.

C) states with higher percentages of women in their legislative bodies have lower infant mortality rates than states with lower percentages of women in their legislative bodies.

The final chapter of your textbook focused on the policy implications of population health science. A key conclusion from that chapter is: A) the US needs to rapidly increase its attention to technological innovations, as depicted in the video by Dr. Daniel Kraft B) US population health technology is at least three decades behind other world leaders; as much, major investments are needed C) the US needs to broaden how we think about health policy, to further include social and economic policy D) population health policy in the United States has focused way too much money and effort on governmental programs; a turn toward the rights of individuals is sorely needed E) US corporations need to be relieved of their very heavy tax burden so that population health policies can work better

C) the US needs to broaden how we think about health policy, to further include social and economic policy

45) W.E.B. DuBois was: A) the longest-lived person in human history, dying at age 122 B) a faculty member at UNC who taught population health and coined the term "epidemiologic transition" C) the founding father of American sociology who carefully documented racial disparities in population health around 1900; he was also the first African American person to earn a Ph.D. at Harvard D) the inventor of the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU), first developed at Johns Hopkins University, which has saved many premature babies over the last half-century

C) the founding father of American sociology who carefully documented racial disparities in population health around 1900; he was also the first African American person to earn a Ph.D. at Harvard

26) The terms "spatial and social context" refer to: A) the norms and values that influence beliefs in places like states and counties. B) ways that individuals connect with one another in the intersection of time and space. C) the places, institutions, and groups that structure the norms, behaviors, and health of people who are exposed to such influences. D) the layers of social interaction that occur in everyday life that make it possible for individuals to influence one another even without ever meeting one another. E) the internet spaces within which individuals interact of Twitter and other social media sites.

C) the places, institutions, and groups that structure the norms, behaviors, and health of people who are exposed to such influences.

Research demonstrates that more favorable population health and lower mortality among individuals in the United States is associated with which of the following religious characteristics: A)More frequent prayer B)Less frequent prayer C)More frequent religious attendance D)Less frequent religious attendance E)Religious factors are unrelated to population health in the United States

C)More frequent religious attendance

In the study of population health, researchers often show that social networks tend to look like: A)Baseball diamonds B)Melting marshmallows C)Spider webs D)Piles of old shoes E)Kitchen pantries in large cafeterias

C)Spider webs

Biomarkers: A)are a type of subjective health measure. B)are always more useful than self-reported data. C)can be used to identify pre-disease risk. D)are no longer used in population-based research. E)are only used in studies with small samples (N < 100) because they are so difficult and expensive to collect.

C)can be used to identify pre-disease risk.

48) Which factor(s) caused US income and wealth inequality to grow so quickly since 1980? A) Substantial decreases in taxes, especially among very high earners B) Declining membership in labor unions C) Increasing percentage of poor people who are unwilling or too lazy to work D) A & B only E) A, B, and C

D) A & B only

21) How can population health researchers take advantage of death certificate data? A) Track mortality trends by cause, race, age, sex, and educational attainment B) Track mortality trends across geographic areas such as states C) Calculate death rates for different groups in U.S. society D) All of the Above E) None of the Above

D) All of the Above

4) Many sociologists believe educational attainment is the most important dimension of socioeconomic status for health because it is so critical for: A) building knowledge and developing skills such as reading & writing B) finding and keeping a challenging and rewarding job C) establishing a sense of personal control over one's life D) All of the above

D) All of the above

34) Which of the following is true about the Health and Society Minor at UNC? A) It complements all kinds of majors. B) Sociology majors can minor in Health and Society. C) It is fabulous for pre-meds, pre-law, and those considering an MPH, MPP, or PhD. D) All of these are true (this is the answer).

D) All of these are true (this is the answer).

22) Which of the following is TRUE, and assists in creating a poor population health profile in the United States? A) Americans have higher levels of obesity than individuals in other high-income countries. B) Americans are less likely to have access to preventive health care than individuals in other high-income countries. C) Americans own more firearms than individuals in other high-income countries. D) All of these are true.

D) All of these are true.

6) Population health researchers use which types of data to conduct their studies? A) Survey data B) Census data C) Vital Statistics data D) All of these types of data E) None of these types of data

D) All of these types of data

3) Based on the high-profile news coverage of scientific work focused on the relationship between religious attendance and mortality in the United States, it is clear that: A) News coverage of scientific findings is usually biased because the news media are generally incompetent and give us fake news. B) Students and the public should never believe what is reported to them by the news and should, instead, always read complete scientific papers. C) Time Magazine and Newsweek Magazine provided very thoughtful and unbiased coverage of the issue, while Fox News coverage was completely biased. D) Consumers reading scientific findings that are reported in the media should read such reports with appropriate caution. E) The media has no idea what they're doing with regard to science.

D) Consumers reading scientific findings that are reported in the media should read such reports with appropriate caution.

*52) Hummer & Hamilton's textbook uses a "social demographic perspective" to understand population health. Such a perspective primarily draws upon which two scientific disciplines: A) Biology and Geography B) Epidemiology and Medicine C) History and Culture D) Demography and Sociology E) Economics and Health Behavior

D) Demography and Sociology

*40) With which of the following statements would a population health scholar most likely agree? A) Improvements in life expectancy between 1900 and 1960 were primarily due to biomedical technology. B) The most important looming population health problem in the rest of the 21st century United States will be teaching everyone that exercise is a good thing and eating fast food is a bad thing. C) Health and longevity are equally distributed among sub-groups of the U.S. population. D) Despite dramatic declines in mortality rates due to infectious diseases since 1900 or so, they still pose a major threat to population health.

D) Despite dramatic declines in mortality rates due to infectious diseases since 1900 or so, they still pose a major threat to population health.

32) The instructor of this class is: A) Dr. Robert Fuller B) Dr. Danny Cox C) Dr. Who Cares D) Dr. Robert Hummer E) Dr. Mike Fisher

D) Dr. Robert Hummer

14) Which group is not supposed to be counted by the US Census? A) Elderly persons living in nursing homes B) Undocumented immigrants C) The homeless D) Foreign tourists visiting the Disney World area for a month E) College students living in dorms

D) Foreign tourists visiting the Disney World area for a month

43) All but which of the following are likely key reasons why population health in many US counties is stagnating or even getting worse: A) Weak policy investments (e.g., schools, economy, health care, built environment) B) Economic collapse (typically of one key industry) C) Corporate influences: e.g., cars, fast food, opioids, firearms D) Governments in urban areas of the country have been shown to hoard resources, thus leaving little in the way of investment for many countries in rural areas.

D) Governments in urban areas of the country have been shown to hoard resources, thus leaving little in the way of investment for many countries in rural areas.

22) Which of the following is true about US Census data? A) It allows us to calculate birth rates by providing us with the annual count of births B) It is voluntary, but participation is highly encouraged C) Only people who are citizens are included in the count D) It provides us with the denominator for calculating death rates

D) It provides us with the denominator for calculating death rates

4) This RJ Reynolds character was so popular that consumption of their company's cigarettes skyrocketed among youth during the 1990s. A) Mike Fisher B) John Scotsman C) Brian Crow D) Joe Camel E) Chef Kevin

D) Joe Camel

1) The population health pattern of women's lower mortality rates but generally worse health across the life course is referred to as: A) the gender syndrome B) the epidemiologic paradox C) gender stratification D) the gender paradox E) the gender binary

D) the gender paradox

47) Dr. Hummer used a picture of a guy playing "Whack-a-Mole" to illustrate which important point about U.S. population health: A) U.S. children spend far too much time in arcades and not nearly enough time studying. B) U.S. children and their parents eat way too much unhealthy food in places with arcade games like Dave & Busters; parents need to be way more strict and teach their kids to eat green beans and brussell sprouts. C) Our country far too often uses violence (e.g., hitting moles on the head) to solve its problems, thus resulting in our high rates of homicide. D) Our country too often treats the symptoms of our population health problems rather than looking under the hood for systematic problems and potential structural solutions. E) Dr. Hummer didn't illustrate any key point with this picture; he simply wanted to relive his parenting days spending far too much money at arcades so that his kids took home stuffed animals and rubber snakes.

D) Our country too often treats the symptoms of our population health problems rather than looking under the hood for systematic problems and potential structural solutions.

32) _________ has/have caused more deaths than any other pandemic/epidemic in American history. A) Obesity B) Car accidents C) Opioids D) Smoking E) Covid-19

D) Smoking

21) The four essential features of Fundamental Cause Theory are all but which of the following: A) The association between SES and health is reproduced over time via replacement of mechanisms. B) Flexible resources of money, knowledge, power, prestige, and beneficial social connections are used to avoid risks or minimize consequences of disease once they occur. C) Flexible resources influence multiple disease outcomes. D) Socioeconomic resources have become less and less important for the health of Americans in the 21st Century, largely due to the passage of the Affordable Care Act. E) Flexible resources affect disease outcomes through multiple risk factors ("massive multiplicity of mechanisms").

D) Socioeconomic resources have become less and less important for the health of Americans in the 21st Century, largely due to the passage of the Affordable Care Act.

20) Martin and Hummer's work on fraternities and the context of rape on campus found all but which of the following were important in the "meaning" attached to (largely) White fraternities: A) Bonds of brotherhood B) Power, money, and prestige C) Competition with other men over sports and women D) Subordination of men who are business majors E) Subordination of men who are not hyper-masculine

D) Subordination of men who are business majors

13) Which of the following is true of the American health care system? A) All Americans receive government-run health care paid for by taxes. B) The majority of the working-age population receives healthcare through a government-run health care system (e.g., Medicare, Medicaid, Veterans' Care). C) The vast majority (86%) of the U.S. population receives coverage from a national health insurance program that pays for coverage from government providers. D) The United States is the only high-income democracy in the world without universal health coverage.

D) The United States is the only high-income democracy in the world without universal health coverage.

48) During the second year of Covid-19 mortality (2021), U.S. data compiled and reported by the National Center for Health Statistics clearly show that: A) Fortunately, Covid-19 wasn't even in the top 10 causes of death in 2021, providing proof that all of the worries and concerns were overblown and a left-wing myth. B) Consistent with statements made by Green Bay Packers QB Aaron Rodgers, vaccination is unimportant and individuals simply need to do their own research on the internet to figure out how to stay healthy. C) While about 400,000 people died from Covid-19 in the U.S. in 2021, deaths from other causes of death decreased - thus showing that Covid-19 just replaced other diseases and didn't have any real effect on US population health. D) The age-adjusted rates of U.S. mortality increased by about 5% in 2021 compared with 2020, resulting in a decrease in life expectancy by 0.6 years in 2021 compared with 2020. E) Our country actually has no valid and reliable mortality data for 2021 because government bureaucrats can no longer be trusted.

D) The age-adjusted rates of U.S. mortality increased by about 5% in 2021 compared with 2020, resulting in a decrease in life expectancy by 0.6 years in 2021 compared with 2020.

*30) Why are data sets such as the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (Add Health) and the Health and Retirement Study so important? A) They accurately determine the health of individuals at one point in time, then never again B) These studies track how having a hobby in elementary school, such as playing basketball or painting pictures, can decrease rates of depression in later life C) These studies were the first to compare mortality rates in the United States with that of other high-income countries, such as Sweden and Australia D) These studies follow individuals across the life course, rather than just at one point in time E) These studies provide interventions to one-half of the sample and not the other to best determine what happens when population health experiments are conducted

D) These studies follow individuals across the life course, rather than just at one point in time

5) This group of African American adults exhibits especially high mortality rates in the United States: A) Those who frequently attend religious services. B) Those who frequently attend religious services but who report never praying. C) Those who sometimes attend religious services. D) Those who never attend religious services.

D) Those who never attend religious services.

47) The Bracero Program: A) Relocated millions of American Indians to reservation lands in Oklahoma B) Was the US program of low-cost health insurance available in the United States from 1992-2009, prior to the passage of the Affordable Care Act C) Was the name of the Trump Administration's ban on international travelers from selected countries in the Middle East and North Africa, named after his chief of staff D) Was a US program that brought millions of Mexican farm laborers to the United States between 1942 and 1964, creating a circular migration flow between the two countries

D) Was a US program that brought millions of Mexican farm laborers to the United States between 1942 and 1964, creating a circular migration flow between the two countries

38) Social networks: A) include Hulu, Netflix, etc. B) are new forms of friendship developed during the last 15 years on social media platforms. C) are a type of social support that is impossible to conduct research on. D) resemble webs, with linkages between individuals. E) have been shown to have no influences on U.S. population health.

D) resemble webs, with linkages between individuals.

23) Which of the following best describes WHY women live longer lives than men, but with worse health overall? A) Women are far less likely to suffer from depression and anxiety, which allows women to live much longer lives B) Women are more likely to be victims of non-fatal accidents which lead to a life of disability, whereas men are more likely to be victims of fatal accidents. C) Women are less likely to utilize preventative health care measures, such as seeing a doctor once a year, which leads to women having worse health overall D) Women suffer disproportionally from chronic but nonfatal diseases, whereas men suffer to a greater extent from life-threatening conditions

D) Women suffer disproportionally from chronic but nonfatal diseases, whereas men suffer to a greater extent from life-threatening conditions

19) In what 3 dimensions do demographers think about time? A) year, age, decade B) year, cohort, period C) year, decade, century D) age, period, cohort E) years, decades, centuries

D) age, period, cohort

2) President Reagan fired this large group of union workers who went on strike in 1981, thus illustrating that even unionized workers were at risk if they went on strike to bargain for higher wages and better benefits: A) meat packers B) CEOs C) baseball players D) air traffic controllers E) coal miners

D) air traffic controllers

18) Which of the following is a key measure of population health? A) life expectancy B) infant mortality rate C) age-adjusted mortality rate D) all are key measures of population health

D) all are key measures of population health

Which of the following is true about contemporary racial/ethnic disparities in health and mortality? A) they typically show that African Americans and American Indians are the most disadvantaged B) they typically show that Asians and Whites are the most advantaged C) they show both some advantages and disadvantages for Hispanics D) all of these are true statements about contemporary racial/ethnic disparities in health and mortality

D) all of these are true statements about contemporary racial/ethnic disparities in health and mortality

*46) A recent report from the NY Times shows that US mortality rates due to Covid-19: A) are among the lowest in the world B) were very high early on in the pandemic, but since vaccinations began, are now the lowest in the world C) are unknown because data from the CDC are so unreliable D) are the highest of any high-income country with good data

D) are the highest of any high-income country with good data

12) Life expectancy at birth in the United States: A) increased in 2021 compared with 2020 by 1.3 years, continuing a long-term increase B) did not change at all when comparing 2021 to 2020 C) increased in 2021 compared with 2020 because Covid-19 mostly impacts old people D) decreased in 2021 compared with 2020, by 0.6 years E) is impossible to determine, because our nation's mortality data is so poor

D) decreased in 2021 compared with 2020, by 0.6 years

8) The process of removing or reducing regulations in the private transportation, food, or pharmaceutical industries is referred to as: A) stratification B) capitalism C) socialism D) deregulation E) pre-emption

D) deregulation

*11) The gap in life expectancy between New York State and Mississippi: A) has been very wide in favor of New York State, by about 7.5 years, since 1980. B) favored Mississippi in 1980 by 1.6 years and now favors New York State by 7.5 years. C) favored New York State in 1980 by 12.2 years and still favors New York State now, but only by 1.6 years D) favored New York State in 1980 by 1.6 years and now favors New York State by about 7 years.

D) favored New York State in 1980 by 1.6 years and now favors New York State by about 7 years.

*29) According to Fundamental Cause Theory, flexible resources include all but which of the following: A) money B) power C) knowledge D) food and clothing E) social connections

D) food and clothing

36) Dr. Hummer's work on fraternities and the video example focusing on a particular fraternity context at Florida State University best illustrates that: A) students who join fraternities are especially likely to commit crimes B) universities should make any man who joins a Greek organization watch a video on how to treat women with respect C) fraternities have always been, and continue to be, places where high status men and women meet in a non-threatening, equitable social environment D) fraternity contexts may be especially conducive to creating an environment of hyper-masculinity that is harmful to the health of both women and men E) Florida State University is a particularly bad place to go to school; getting a degree from there is a waste of time and of no value for the rest of your life

D) fraternity contexts may be especially conducive to creating an environment of hyper-masculinity that is harmful to the health of both women and men

67) New cases of a disease or a health problem is called ______, while all cases of a disease or health problem is called ________. A) demography, sociology B) a probability, odds C) epidemiology, biostatistics D) incidence, prevalence E) a rate, a ratio

D) incidence, prevalence

9) The US health care system ___________. A) does not explain why a US health disadvantage has emerged since the 1980s. B) is disjointed, extremely expensive, and inefficient. C) tends to be more focused on treatment and new technologies than prevention and primary care. D) is all of the above.

D) is all of the above.

37) The tax paid on each pack of cigarettes purchased in the United States: A) does not vary across states. B) is generally higher in historically tobacco-producing states like NC than other states because of greater realization of the harmful effect of cigarettes in states like NC. C) has been shown to have very little impact on actual levels of cigarette smoking, especially among men. D) is an easy example of how states can enact policy to influence population health.

D) is an easy example of how states can enact policy to influence population health.

31) High-quality population health studies have determined that the most important reason why the United States experienced major declines in infant and child mortality between 1900 and 1940 was: A) the population stopped drinking so much cow's milk and started drinking oat milk B) all infants and children began to get vaccinated from polio in 1900 C) the invention of US medical schools, which immediately improved the training of doctors and resulted in tremendous decreases in infant and child mortality D) major areas of the country developed piped water and sewage systems

D) major areas of the country developed piped water and sewage systems

5) In the study of population health, "population reprepresentativeness" refers to: A) making sure that new drug treatments work equally well for everyone in the population. B) the idea that what studies find in the U.S. population apply equally well to other countries. C) the idea that scientific findings that are important to population health should be publicized just as much on Fox News as on CNN. D) the idea that descriptions and relationships from research studies are true in the overall U.S. population and among its subgroups. E) the idea that voluntary research samples, if large enough and composed of people who are recruited from random places like Walmart parking lots, clearly represent the population of the United States.

D) the idea that descriptions and relationships from research studies are true in the overall U.S. population and among its subgroups.

38) Men's higher rates of drinking, smoking, drug use, dangerous driving, and other risky behaviors compared with women is largely explained by: A) government programs that provide greater supports for women's health behavior in comparison to men's health behavior. B) male peer pressure in high school, when such health behaviors are learned. C) the recent research finding that men's and women's brains are wired differently to such an extent that it influences their health behavior. D) the powerful idea of hyper-masculinity - whereby men enact the social script of manhood as the more powerful sex. E) a history of laws and policies that have done a good job protecting women's health in the United States.

D) the powerful idea of hyper-masculinity - whereby men enact the social script of manhood as the more powerful sex.

2) Population-based biomarker data _______ A) typically come from medical records of patients. B) typically come from cadavers and are therefore very useful for the study of mortality. C) typically come from surveys of individuals conducted in parking lots and street corners. D) typically come from blood samples or other biological samples such as the microbiome. E) are samples used in studies of animals but not in studies of humans.

D) typically come from blood samples or other biological samples such as the microbiome.

Which of the following best describes population health as a field of study? A)A discipline that is a mix of medicine, public health, and nutrition, but with substantial attention given to sociology and to genetics. B)A discipline that is primarily concerned with individual health behaviors and how they can improve. C)A discipline that focuses exclusively on macro-level social and economic factors for analysis. D)A discipline that is concerned with documenting patterns and trends in the health of populations within specific geographic places, explaining those patterns and trends, and working to implement policy change. E)A discipline whose main objective is to improve the healthcare system.

D)A discipline that is concerned with documenting patterns and trends in the health of populations within specific geographic places, explaining those patterns and trends, and working to implement policy change.

Race and ethnicity are: A)Different depending upon historical time and place B)Learned through interactions with others C)Social constructs created by societies D)All of these statements are true

D)All of these statements are true

The health insurance program that covers nearly all Americans aged 65 and above is called: A)Medicaid B)Blue Cross / Blue Shield C)Aflac D)Medicare E)Obamacare

D)Medicare

Which of the following is not part of the study of population health, as defined by Hummer and Hamilton? A)Documentation of patterns and trends in health and longevity in a specific geographic location B)Using a set of multi-level determinants to explain patterns and trends in health C)Translating research findings into actions that can improve population health D)Studying the health of individuals in places that have a lot of different types of people (e.g., Walmart parking lot) E)All of the above are part of the study of population health

D)Studying the health of individuals in places that have a lot of different types of people (e.g., Walmart parking lot)

29) The US government agency primarily responsible for collecting data about the health of the US population is the: A) Food and Drug Administration B) Social Security Administration C) Department of Homeland Security D) Department of State E) National Center for Health Statistics

E) National Center for Health Statistics

*10) Which age group in the US tends to be as healthy or even healthier than their peers in other high-income countries? A) 1-4 B) 20-24 C) 30-34 D) 60-64 E) 75+

E) 75+

25) According to the 2015 Case and Deaton article, what common characteristic was shared by most of the middle-aged whites in the U.S. with increasing death rates? A) a family history of diabetes B) cigarette smoking C) they tended to go to church every Sunday D) they lived in urban communities in the West E) A high school degree or less

E) A high school degree or less

*39) Nicholas Christakis conducted research work on social networks and showed that: A) people who do not even know one another can influence each other's health B) networks change over time C) clusters of people with similar characteristics tend to end up in networks D) none of the above E) A, B, and C

E) A, B, and C

*58) An e20 value of 57.8 in the last column of a life table means that: A) People in Eritrea live, on average, 57.8 years B) Citizens of Egypt typically acquire their first chronic disease at age 57.8 C) 57.8% of Americans have ear-related health problems (e.g., hard of hearing) D) People who are aged 20 and live in the eastern portion of the country have a 57.8% chance of living to age 100 E) Based on current age-specific death rates, people who are 20 years old can expect to live an additional 57.8 years

E) Based on current age-specific death rates, people who are 20 years old can expect to live an additional 57.8 years

39) Fundamental Cause Theory was developed by: A) Crow and Fuller B) Fisher and Cox C) Ro and Riley D) Zhang and Waite E) Link and Phelan

E) Link and Phelan

56) The National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) collects and makes data available from these three very well utilized population health surveys: A) Add Health, the Health and Retirement Study, and the Survey on Old Age and Broken Bodies B) National Hospital Survey, Blue Cross Blue Shield Web Survey, and Americans' Medical Survey C) National Unemployment Survey, Current Health Study, and the Survey on Wealth and Health D) US Census, Survey on Attitudes and Fears about Disease, National Survey on Applied Economics and Genetics E) National Health Interview Survey, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, National Survey of Family Growth

E) National Health Interview Survey, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, National Survey of Family Growth

60) The Add Health study here at UNC is an example of: A) big-time government waste (please don't choose this one!) B) a highly successful period-based study of population health around the world C) a study that has been mocked by the press as evidenced by it winning the Golden Goose Award D) a study of old age health in the United States that led to the development of Medicare E) a highly successful cohort-based study of population health in the United States

E) a highly successful cohort-based study of population health in the United States

63) The Add Health study collects and makes available which kinds of data: A) surveys B) biomarkers (e.g., blood-based assays) C) contextual data (e.g., on schools, neighborhoods, states, etc.) D) cognitive data (e.g., animal naming) E) all of the above

E) all of the above

59) Dr. Hummer demonstrated in class how to calculate "age-adjusted mortality rates" to account for the ______ in Kid Town and Silver City. A) differing rates of alcohol use B) differing use of public libraries C) differing life expectancy levels D) differing levels of wealth E) differing age compositions

E) differing age compositions

49) US levels of income and wealth inequality: A) have declined since 2017 due to passage of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act B) while increasing, are very similar to those observed in most other high-income countries around the world C) reward the extraordinary hard work that some people in our society do, in comparison to the lack of work and effort put forth by most people in our society D) are impossible to influence with policy; they simply reflect how capitalism works E) have increased markedly since the early 1980s, largely due to decisions made by national and state policymakers

E) have increased markedly since the early 1980s, largely due to decisions made by national and state policymakers

*28) The United States has a higher child poverty rate than most other high-income countries around the world. Our child poverty rate: A) clearly reflects the idea that our economy has not produced enough wealth to ensure that children do not grow up poor. B) is based on an outdated definition of poverty; once adjusted for inflation and cost of living, <3% of US children actually live in poverty. C) while higher than that of other countries, is probably not associated with poor US population health because US most children have access to healthy food through their school breakfast and lunch programs. D) is skewed data produced by socialist-driven researchers to rid the country of capitalism. E) none of the above

E) none of the above

50) One of the main take away points of Hummer and Hamilton's chapter about gender and health is: A) gender differences in health arise in every society around the globe because of the excess risks that men take to protect women and children. B) sex differences in health and mortality are inevitable in any society because of the innate differences between men and women. C) gender is becoming less important as a distinguishing feature of US society. D) men simply need to use more health care and their higher levels of mortality will be reduced in a substantial way. E) the meaning of gender needs to change in important ways for U.S. population health to improve for both women and men.

E) the meaning of gender needs to change in important ways for U.S. population health to improve for both women and men.

In recent years, researchers have dug into why population health in the United States is among the worst of all high-income countries in the world. The most important findings to date show that: A)Genetic factors are responsible for between 60% and 80% of the U.S. deficit relative to other high-income countries B)The disjointed and expensive U.S. health care system is responsible for at least 80% of the U.S. deficit relative to other high-income countries C)Fewer farmer's markets and sidewalks in the United States is responsible for at least one-half of the U.S. deficit relative to other countries D)U.S. residents score far less well on tests comparing knowledge about health behavior relative to individuals in other high-income countries E)None of the above

E)None of the above