Social Inequality Review 2

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a system in which a person earns her or his social position and social rewards on the basis of performance and qualifications is

a meritocracy

an economy that primarily produces services and information is called ___ society

a post-industrial

the middle class is both an economic position and

a state of mind

in the past 30 years, one of the effects of immigrants entering the US workforce is that they have taken ___ jobs that would otherwise be difficult to fill

professional and managerial

Which of the following phenomena is associated with the political economy of capitalism explanation of poverty?

deindustrialization

the US shift from a manufacturing-based economy to a service-based economy is an example of

economic restructuring

americans believe in the ideal of equal opportunity. which of the following is thought to provide the basis for equality of opportunity?

education

which of the following do americans believe is the foundation of equal opportunity

education

which of the following conceptions of poverty reflects the notion that what is considered to be poverty depends on the context of a society's standards and expectations?

relative poverty

the notion that certain types and categories of people are biologically predisposed toward poverty is associated with which of the following perspectives on poverty?

social darwinism

which of the following has not been one of the four main types of public assistance programs in the united states?

social security

the belief in individual achievement tends to minimize the effect that ___ has/have on the determination of a persons success in life

structural factors

when someone experiences upward mobility as a result of changes in the opportunity structure, this is an example of

structural mobility

explanations of poverty that stress factors outside the realm of individual behavior are termed ___ explanations

structure-focused

according to robert reich, the professional and managerial workers whose jobs are to "solve, identify, and broker problems" and who also are members of the upper-middle class are called

symbolic analysts

the two major factors that have stimulated economic reconstructing in the US economy in the past 30 years are

technological changes and globalization

the apartheid system in south Africa was officially abolished in

the 1990s

the most critical element of structural mobility is

the availability of opportunity

the factor that has the greatest influence on the likelihood of an individual experiencing upward mobility is

the class position of their parents

for the inequality of outcomes that results from individual achievement to be seen as justified and legitimate, americans have embraced a belief in

equality of opportunity

what type of stratification system typified European societies in the middle ages?

estate

US union membership has increased as the number of low-paying jobs in the service sector has increased

false

changes such as economic restructuring and the emergence of a global economy have had the same effect on all the middle classes

false

middle classes are found in both agrarian and industrial societies

false

the distinction between white-collar and blue-collar work is stronger today than it ever has been

false

the size of the middle classes has steadily increased in the last two decades

false

the upper-middle class is not as politically active as the working class

false

according to the Marxist perspective, the ideological hegemony of the dominant group(s) in society depends on

false consciousness

there has been an expansion of jobs in the service sector, but most of these jobs have been

for either low-skilled or high-skilled service workers, with few mid-level jobs created

comparing the problem of poverty in the united states with that of other industrialized nations is important because such a comparison

forces us to dismiss assumptions based on ideology more than reality

of the following factors, which have contributed to the decline in the union membership among american workers?

government anti-labor policies and actions

more than ___ the population ___ experience upward mobility

half; does not

according to the pew economic mobility project, which factor do americans feel is the most important for economic mobility?

hard work

which of the sociologists is associated with the poverty as "functional" explanation?

herbert gans

occupational bifurcation has been most evident

in the service sector

arguably the most basic component of the dominant american ideology is the belief in

individual achievement

the movement between positions that you will experience over the course of your life is termed ___ mobility

intragenerational

which of the following is true concerning the educational system in the united states?

it helps maintain the structure of inequality

the process by which serfs came to accept the appropriateness of extensive inequality in feudal society, as well as their role in it, is called

legitimation

the decline in the number of jobs in the middle of the occupational hierarchy has had the most negative impact on

men

the economic crisis of the late 2000s will cause the ___ class to consume more cautiously

middle

which of the following statements is true concerning recent changes in the occupational structure in the united states?

much of the job growth has been in low-wage service industries

the major distinguishing feature that separates the three classes in the middle of the US class structure are ___ differences

occupational

the definition of poverty, and who the poor are, that allows us to actually count the number of poor people in a society is

official poverty

people who believe it is primarily the lifestyle and values of the underclass that cause their personal poverty are associated with which of the following views of the underclass?

the cultural view

the "proletarianization" of white-collar workers refers to

the deskilling and routinization of some types of white-collar work

which of the following explains and rationalizes the discrepancies in power and wealth in a society?

the dominant ideology

the middle-class squeeze, or shrinking of the middle class, is illustrated by

the emergence of a two-tiered wage structure

an important consequence for american workers of the emergence of the global economy and transnational corporations has been

the expansion of labor mobility

the maintenance and stability of the Indian caste system is primarily based on

the idea of reincarnation

the phrase "feminization of poverty" refers to

the increasing proportion of the poor who are women

in the united states, the dominant ideology tends to blame ___ when an individual fails to experience upward mobility

the individual

citizens of which of the following countries have the strongest belief in hard work being the route to success?

the united states

a key reason why the working class is not as politically active in the united states as it is in most other industrial societies is that

there is no socialist or labor political party in the united states

According to the poverty as "functional" view of poverty, poor people serve a positive social purpose because of all of the following but which one?

they give the news media lots of stories about crime

proponents of the culture of poverty perspective believe that the way for poor people to get out of poverty is

to adopt the norms of the dominant culture

when the new middle class emerged in the mid-twentieth century, it was composed primarily of

white-collar workers

of the middle classes, the one that has the greatest tendency to separate work from other spheres of their life is the

working class

which of the following categories would not be considered one of the middle classes?

working poor

the opec oil embargo, which effectively introduced americans to the global economy, occurred approximately when?

1970s

the welfare reforms of 1996 require that able-bodied welfare recipients begin to work within ___ year(s) of starting to receive benefits or face the loss of those benefits

2

after slavery was abolished in the united states, it was replaced by ___ system of stratification in the southern states

a caste

from the functionalist perspective, acceptance of the dominant ideology occurs due to

a consensus of values

If the policy goal of welfare reform is to enable former welfare recipients to live above the official poverty level, then we must provide the poor with assistance in the form of all but which of the following?

a government-sponsored credit card

one of the differences between the working poor and the underclass is

the period of time for which they are officially classified as poor

requiring welfare recipients to work may instill hope and motivation in these recipients, but the key to whether such an approach works to alleviate poverty is whether

the recipients have the skills to get jobs that pay wages sufficient to boost them out of poverty

Which of these industrialized nations has the highest rate of poverty?

the united states

In the united states, most mobility occurs within and between the middle categories of the class system

true

robert reich argues that the globalization of the economy has made traditional job classifications such as white collar and blue collar obsolete

true

the globalization of the economy has led to an increase in labor mobility

true

the middle classes developed earlier in the united states than in other countries

true

The ___ class has more autonomy at work than the other classes.

upper-middle

the legal enslavement of blacks in the united states

was a system of paternalistic domination

The class systems of modern societies are characterized by

mobility between positions

the dominant ideology

none of these

which of the following components of the dominant american ideology best accounts for the strong anti-welfare bias in US society

self-reliance

today most americans are employed in the ___ sector of the economy

service

most mobility in the united states is primarily the result of

structural factors

the us government began to designate an official poverty line in

1964

the belief that liberty is the most critical right of individuals in a society is associated with

classical liberalism

stratification systems in which people are assigned, or ascribed, a status at birth are

closed systems

in 2010 the official poverty line for a family of four was

$22,113

what percentage of the us population was officially classified as poor in 2010

15%

when someone is unable to meet their human needs fundamental to survival, they are experiencing

absolute poverty

according to gerhard lenski, what type of society has had the most extensive range of inequality?

agrarian

acceptance of the dominant ideology

all of these

an individual's probability of experiencing upward mobility is influenced by

all of these

individual mobility in the united states is

all of these

modern slavery takes which of the following forms?

all of these

most americans believe that

all of these

regarding the wealthy, americans tend to believe

all of these

the social class of parents influence

all of these

which of the following is characteristic of caste systems of stratification?

all of these

What distinguishes public assistance welfare programs from social insurance welfare programs is that the former

are means-tested

The classes between the rich and poor

are what most americans identify themselves as members of

the most open types of stratification systems are

class systems

which of the following is a component of the dominant ideology in the united states?

belief in liberal capitalism

critics of the culture of poverty explanation of the existence of poverty claim that it

blames the poor themselves for being poor

which of these countries has not had a caste system?

brazil

apartheid is an example of which type of stratification system?

caste


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