Social Inequality Review 2
a system in which a person earns her or his social position and social rewards on the basis of performance and qualifications is
a meritocracy
an economy that primarily produces services and information is called ___ society
a post-industrial
the middle class is both an economic position and
a state of mind
in the past 30 years, one of the effects of immigrants entering the US workforce is that they have taken ___ jobs that would otherwise be difficult to fill
professional and managerial
Which of the following phenomena is associated with the political economy of capitalism explanation of poverty?
deindustrialization
the US shift from a manufacturing-based economy to a service-based economy is an example of
economic restructuring
americans believe in the ideal of equal opportunity. which of the following is thought to provide the basis for equality of opportunity?
education
which of the following do americans believe is the foundation of equal opportunity
education
which of the following conceptions of poverty reflects the notion that what is considered to be poverty depends on the context of a society's standards and expectations?
relative poverty
the notion that certain types and categories of people are biologically predisposed toward poverty is associated with which of the following perspectives on poverty?
social darwinism
which of the following has not been one of the four main types of public assistance programs in the united states?
social security
the belief in individual achievement tends to minimize the effect that ___ has/have on the determination of a persons success in life
structural factors
when someone experiences upward mobility as a result of changes in the opportunity structure, this is an example of
structural mobility
explanations of poverty that stress factors outside the realm of individual behavior are termed ___ explanations
structure-focused
according to robert reich, the professional and managerial workers whose jobs are to "solve, identify, and broker problems" and who also are members of the upper-middle class are called
symbolic analysts
the two major factors that have stimulated economic reconstructing in the US economy in the past 30 years are
technological changes and globalization
the apartheid system in south Africa was officially abolished in
the 1990s
the most critical element of structural mobility is
the availability of opportunity
the factor that has the greatest influence on the likelihood of an individual experiencing upward mobility is
the class position of their parents
for the inequality of outcomes that results from individual achievement to be seen as justified and legitimate, americans have embraced a belief in
equality of opportunity
what type of stratification system typified European societies in the middle ages?
estate
US union membership has increased as the number of low-paying jobs in the service sector has increased
false
changes such as economic restructuring and the emergence of a global economy have had the same effect on all the middle classes
false
middle classes are found in both agrarian and industrial societies
false
the distinction between white-collar and blue-collar work is stronger today than it ever has been
false
the size of the middle classes has steadily increased in the last two decades
false
the upper-middle class is not as politically active as the working class
false
according to the Marxist perspective, the ideological hegemony of the dominant group(s) in society depends on
false consciousness
there has been an expansion of jobs in the service sector, but most of these jobs have been
for either low-skilled or high-skilled service workers, with few mid-level jobs created
comparing the problem of poverty in the united states with that of other industrialized nations is important because such a comparison
forces us to dismiss assumptions based on ideology more than reality
of the following factors, which have contributed to the decline in the union membership among american workers?
government anti-labor policies and actions
more than ___ the population ___ experience upward mobility
half; does not
according to the pew economic mobility project, which factor do americans feel is the most important for economic mobility?
hard work
which of the sociologists is associated with the poverty as "functional" explanation?
herbert gans
occupational bifurcation has been most evident
in the service sector
arguably the most basic component of the dominant american ideology is the belief in
individual achievement
the movement between positions that you will experience over the course of your life is termed ___ mobility
intragenerational
which of the following is true concerning the educational system in the united states?
it helps maintain the structure of inequality
the process by which serfs came to accept the appropriateness of extensive inequality in feudal society, as well as their role in it, is called
legitimation
the decline in the number of jobs in the middle of the occupational hierarchy has had the most negative impact on
men
the economic crisis of the late 2000s will cause the ___ class to consume more cautiously
middle
which of the following statements is true concerning recent changes in the occupational structure in the united states?
much of the job growth has been in low-wage service industries
the major distinguishing feature that separates the three classes in the middle of the US class structure are ___ differences
occupational
the definition of poverty, and who the poor are, that allows us to actually count the number of poor people in a society is
official poverty
people who believe it is primarily the lifestyle and values of the underclass that cause their personal poverty are associated with which of the following views of the underclass?
the cultural view
the "proletarianization" of white-collar workers refers to
the deskilling and routinization of some types of white-collar work
which of the following explains and rationalizes the discrepancies in power and wealth in a society?
the dominant ideology
the middle-class squeeze, or shrinking of the middle class, is illustrated by
the emergence of a two-tiered wage structure
an important consequence for american workers of the emergence of the global economy and transnational corporations has been
the expansion of labor mobility
the maintenance and stability of the Indian caste system is primarily based on
the idea of reincarnation
the phrase "feminization of poverty" refers to
the increasing proportion of the poor who are women
in the united states, the dominant ideology tends to blame ___ when an individual fails to experience upward mobility
the individual
citizens of which of the following countries have the strongest belief in hard work being the route to success?
the united states
a key reason why the working class is not as politically active in the united states as it is in most other industrial societies is that
there is no socialist or labor political party in the united states
According to the poverty as "functional" view of poverty, poor people serve a positive social purpose because of all of the following but which one?
they give the news media lots of stories about crime
proponents of the culture of poverty perspective believe that the way for poor people to get out of poverty is
to adopt the norms of the dominant culture
when the new middle class emerged in the mid-twentieth century, it was composed primarily of
white-collar workers
of the middle classes, the one that has the greatest tendency to separate work from other spheres of their life is the
working class
which of the following categories would not be considered one of the middle classes?
working poor
the opec oil embargo, which effectively introduced americans to the global economy, occurred approximately when?
1970s
the welfare reforms of 1996 require that able-bodied welfare recipients begin to work within ___ year(s) of starting to receive benefits or face the loss of those benefits
2
after slavery was abolished in the united states, it was replaced by ___ system of stratification in the southern states
a caste
from the functionalist perspective, acceptance of the dominant ideology occurs due to
a consensus of values
If the policy goal of welfare reform is to enable former welfare recipients to live above the official poverty level, then we must provide the poor with assistance in the form of all but which of the following?
a government-sponsored credit card
one of the differences between the working poor and the underclass is
the period of time for which they are officially classified as poor
requiring welfare recipients to work may instill hope and motivation in these recipients, but the key to whether such an approach works to alleviate poverty is whether
the recipients have the skills to get jobs that pay wages sufficient to boost them out of poverty
Which of these industrialized nations has the highest rate of poverty?
the united states
In the united states, most mobility occurs within and between the middle categories of the class system
true
robert reich argues that the globalization of the economy has made traditional job classifications such as white collar and blue collar obsolete
true
the globalization of the economy has led to an increase in labor mobility
true
the middle classes developed earlier in the united states than in other countries
true
The ___ class has more autonomy at work than the other classes.
upper-middle
the legal enslavement of blacks in the united states
was a system of paternalistic domination
The class systems of modern societies are characterized by
mobility between positions
the dominant ideology
none of these
which of the following components of the dominant american ideology best accounts for the strong anti-welfare bias in US society
self-reliance
today most americans are employed in the ___ sector of the economy
service
most mobility in the united states is primarily the result of
structural factors
the us government began to designate an official poverty line in
1964
the belief that liberty is the most critical right of individuals in a society is associated with
classical liberalism
stratification systems in which people are assigned, or ascribed, a status at birth are
closed systems
in 2010 the official poverty line for a family of four was
$22,113
what percentage of the us population was officially classified as poor in 2010
15%
when someone is unable to meet their human needs fundamental to survival, they are experiencing
absolute poverty
according to gerhard lenski, what type of society has had the most extensive range of inequality?
agrarian
acceptance of the dominant ideology
all of these
an individual's probability of experiencing upward mobility is influenced by
all of these
individual mobility in the united states is
all of these
modern slavery takes which of the following forms?
all of these
most americans believe that
all of these
regarding the wealthy, americans tend to believe
all of these
the social class of parents influence
all of these
which of the following is characteristic of caste systems of stratification?
all of these
What distinguishes public assistance welfare programs from social insurance welfare programs is that the former
are means-tested
The classes between the rich and poor
are what most americans identify themselves as members of
the most open types of stratification systems are
class systems
which of the following is a component of the dominant ideology in the united states?
belief in liberal capitalism
critics of the culture of poverty explanation of the existence of poverty claim that it
blames the poor themselves for being poor
which of these countries has not had a caste system?
brazil
apartheid is an example of which type of stratification system?
caste
