Social Psych- Chapter 11

On her first day of work in a new job, Amy would be most likely to feel resentful were a coworker to say to her,

"I thought you learned that in training. Let me help you out."

If you are in an emergency situation and need help, which of the following statements to a bystander is most likely to get you the help you need?

"You in the red sweater-call 911!"

A woman's car is stuck in the snow and she needs a push to get free. _____ is more likely to stop to help her out because _____.

A man; the situation calls for an act of chivalry

_____ refers to the ability to experience events or emotions from another person's perspective.

Empathy

If you were an employer who wanted to increase volunteerism among your employees, what strategy would you employ in order to increase the chances that the employees would continue to volunteer in the future?

Encourage volunteerism while preserving employees' free choice to volunteer or not.

Underlying the urban-overload hypothesis is the idea that people become overwhelmed in areas which

are densely populated.

The overjustification effect suggests that providing for volunteering or community service can lead to

barely sufficient rewards: self-attributions as "kind" and "helpful."

According to research by Oishi (2006), people who lived in the same area for a longer period of time are more likely to feel all of the following except

embarrassment and dislike for "rough" areas of town.

Jim dives into the water to help his drowning sister; Ivan dives into the water to help a total stranger because he wanted to impress his new girlfriend and is a trained lifeguard. Jim's motive to help is best explained by ________, while Ivan's motive to help is best explained by __________.

evolutionary theory; social exchange theory

The authors of your text explain that there are three main motives for helping others. They are

evolutionary, empathy-altruism, and social exchange.

According to the authors of your text, people who are in a good mood help others because they are looking on the bright side of life, because it prolongs the good mood, and because

good moods increase self-attention.

During a study by Oishi (2006), participants played a trivia game against four other students. Participants were allowed to help the other players, even though it could cause them to lose the game. Under what conditions were participants more likely to help other players? When they

had been in the group longer.

According to Daniel Batson (1991), when people experience empathy with another in need, _____ motivates helping.

helping others independent of self-interest

The authors provide the text of a UPI story describing the discovery of the bones of a disabled dwarf in a cave in northern Italy. The evidence recovered was interpreted by anthropologists to suggest that

humans help others even when there is no reward for doing so.

People in non-Western interdependent cultures are more likely than Westerners to help in-group members, but less likely to help out-group members. These findings suggest that in non-Western cultures, the line between

in groups and out groups is firmly drawn.

Pluralistic ignorance is an example of the power of_____ to inhibit helping.

informational social influence

The idea that natural selection favors behaviors that help a genetic relative is known as

kin selection.

According to evolutionary psychologists, we help others because of three factors that have become ingrained in our genes: the reciprocity norm, _____, and _____

kin selection; the ability to learn to follow norms and customs

A person in a communal relationship with another is more likely to be concerned with the _____ of helping, whereas someone in an exchange relationship with another is more likely to be concerned with the _____ of helping that individual.

long-term effects; short-term effects

A number of studies have revealed that doing well on a test, receiving a gift, and listening to pleasant music can increase helping. These consistent findings across investigations suggest that there is a _____ relation between ______ and helping.

positive; positive mood

Helga stops and helps Bjorn change a flat tire along the road because she figures that one day she'll need help and someone will return the favor. This best illustrates the idea of

reciprocity.

According to Margaret Clark and Judson Mills (1993), helping in exchange relationships is based on ______, whereas helping in communal relationships is based on ______.

reciprocity; need

Alicia has an altruistic personality. Based on research presented by the authors of your text, if Alicia helps her friend move across town, how likely would she be to buy and donate a toy to a children's charity?

slightly likely

Evolutionary psychology is the study of

social behaviors as a result of genetic factors and natural selection.

One consequence of living by the Golden Rule, "Do unto others as you would have them do unto you," is that if you help those in need, they might return the favor someday. This idea is best represented by

the norm of reciprocity.

In support for the empathy-altruism hypothesis, Miho Toi and Daniel Batson (1982) found that participants were most likely to help a student named Carol who was injured in an automobile accident when they were told

to try to imagine how Carol felt about what happened to her and how it changed her life.

Paul Amato (1983) staged an incident in which a man fell in pain and raised his pant leg to reveal an injury. The staged scene was repeated in rural and urban areas. Of the total number of people who passed the scene, about how many of those in rural areas stopped to help?

50 percent

Which of the following emotions is not associated with promoting helping behavior, according to research on feeling bad and doing good?

anger

______ refers to the desire to help another person, even if such help involves cost to the helper.

Altruism

Recall that participants in an experiment by Miho Toi and Daniel Batson (1982) listened to an (alleged) radio interview in which a student in their Introductory Psychology class described an accident that caused her to fall behind in the course. Some participants were told that Carol would soon be returning to their class. Why would Toi and Batson refer to this as a "high cost" condition?

Every time participants saw her, they would feel guilty if they didn't help her.

When other bystanders are present, people are less likely to interpret an event as an emergency. _____ best explains why this is so.

Informational social influence

While waiting for a bus, witnesses hear a man growing increasingly frantic as he cries, "My nitro tablets. Where are my nitro pills? I can't find my nitro tablets, and I'm having a heart attack!" He collapses to the ground, clutching his chest. Everyone knows that it is a medical emergency. In this situation, who is most likely to help?

James, who has recently completed a CPR course

A woman has just been in a car accident and needs someone to get her out of her car. A man has AIDS and needs someone to take him to the hospital for ongoing treatments. According to the research on gender differences in prosocial behavior, which of the following is most likely to be true?

John is more likely to help the woman; Karen is more likely to help the man.

Sarah is excellent at the backstroke, and she is preparing for an important swimming competition. She has just been asked to help somebody improve on the backstroke. Based on the tenets of self-esteem maintenance theory (Tesser, 1991), she will be most likely to help

Katherine, a new team member.

According to information presented by the authors of your text, people who have lived in the same place longer tend to be more likely to help: why?

They feel more interdependent with their neighbors and attached to the community.

Based on evidence from studies by Burnstein and his colleagues on evolutionary explanations of helping behavior, whom would you be the most likely to help if she had just spilled the contents of her purse?

You would be equally likely to help anyone.

You know that Susan is a very helpful person. She spends many hours each week volunteering at a local homeless shelter, she donates a lot of money to charities, and she is always the first person to volunteer to organize something when your group of friends wants to get together. According to the research on the altruistic personality, you _____ that Susan would help carry a neighbor's groceries if the situation arose because ______.

cannot be sure; personality is not necessarily the most reliable predictor of prosocial behavior

Sheryl often helps Jessica without any expectation that Jessica will return the favor soon. Sheryl and Jessica probably have a(n) ______ relationship.

communal

Which of the following does not promote helping?

diffusion of responsibility

According to reports (Rosenthal, 1964), many of Kitty Genovese's unresponsive neighbors did hear her crying out, "Oh my God, he stabbed me! Please help me! Please help me!" This suggests that the reason that her neighbors failed to intervene followed from

diffusion of responsibility.

The phenomenon in which each bystander's sense of responsibility to help decreases as the number of witnesses increases best defines

diffusion of responsibility.

Recent work by Batson and his colleagues finds that when people develop an empathic perspective, in addition to being more likely to help, people are also more likely to express positive attitudes towards

other members of the group they have empathized with.

Recall that John Darley and Daniel Batson (1973) conducted a study in which participants were provided the opportunity to help when they were on their way to deliver a brief speech on the Good Samaritan or on another topic. These researchers found that _____ because _________.

participants in a hurry were less likely to help; they didn't notice the man slumped in the doorway

In research by Beaman and his colleagues (1978) described in the text, participants were exposed to a lecture on social-psychological factors which inhibit helping. Later, these participants were put into a potential helping situation. The results suggest that

participants who learned about factors which inhibit helping were more likely to help.

Recall that Paul Amato (1983) staged an incident in which a man fell down with a cry of pain and raised his pant leg to reveal a bloody injury. The staged scene was repeated in both rural and urban areas. When Amato counted the number of passersby who stopped to help the man, he found that

people in small towns helped more than people in urban areas.

The concept of _____ refers to the idea that when no bystanders to a possible emergency appear to be concerned, other bystanders assume that nothing is wrong.

pluralistic ignorance