Social psych exam 2
What would someone with the hostile attribution bias think if someone stepped on his foot?
"That person was trying to hurt me!"
Which of the following is not a belief prized by a person high in right-wing authoritarianism?
"they" are trying to beat "us"
At what age are humans the most aggressive?
1-3
According to the Stereotype Content Model, there are ______ different types of stereotypes, each differing on the dimensions of warmth and competence
4
According to one marketing research company, the average child has seen approximately ______ advertisements by the time he or she reaches 16 years of age.
6 million
At what age do infants typically begin to display emotional expressions?
6 weeks old
According to the ______ Theory, cultural factors shape how people ideally want to feel (their "ideal affect") whereas temperamental factors shape their actual affect
Affect Valuation
Why do many people assume that levels of violence in the world have increased over time?
Because of frequent exposure to violent images in mass media.
The average grade on the psychology test was an 85. Carlos thinks he got about an 85, but he actually earned a 50. His overestimation of his grade is due to the ______ Effect
Dunning-Kruger
Which researcher, along with Friesen, developed the Facial Action Coding System (FACS) to identify facial expressions related to specific emotional states
Ekman
How can emotions help with thinking?
Emotions facilitate memory of past events that match one's current emotional state.
Which of the following is a correct distinction between emotions and moods?
Emotions tend to occur in seconds while moods may last for days.
What is the relationship between alcohol and aggression?
Experimental evidence indicates that alcohol causes an increase in aggression.
An executive board makes a risky decision based on the CEO's recommendation. _______ occurred because members did not speak out about their concerns.
Groupthink
Before it collapsed Swissair was once one of the richest airlines in the world. Leaders felt so successful that they quit questioning poor decisions; a practice known as
Groupthink
Which affective state would be associated with descriptions such as fearful, hostile, and nervous?
High Arousal/Unpleasant
Which of the following is not true of the central route to persuasion, according to Petty and Cacioppo
It requires low effort from the target and often exploits heuristic-based thinking.
Individuals work harder when they are competing against a few people rather than several people. This finding is known as the
N-effect
Daniel gets really mad at Ed and thinks to himself, "I hate him so much and wish I could punch him in the face." Is this an example of aggression?
No, it is not aggression because aggression must involve a harmful action.
______ refers to responding to an order or a command from a person in a position of authority.
Obedience
What effect does violent media have on aggression?
Research shows that all forms of violent media can increase aggression.
fMRI brain scans of people who were excluded from groups showed
Responses similar to physical pain
_______ theory develops social identity theory's point that people place themselves, along with others, into groups. They then tend to favor their own group.
Self-categorization
Which choice is the best definition of culture?
Shared, socially transmitted ideas that are reflected in and reinforced by institutions and rituals.
An eight-year-old likes to hit her younger sister. How should her punishment be administered to make it the most effective?
She should be punished consistently and be told how to act when she gets angry at her sister.
When golfing, Jill plays better when her teammates are watching than when she is by herself. This is an example of:
Social Facilitation
Which cultural perception of Asian Americans may be partially to blame for the fact that they often appear to be overlooked for top leadership positions?
The stereotype that they are "perceptual foreigners."
______ events such as social rejections, hot temperatures, loud noises, and crowding can all cause aggression.
Unpleasant
What is one of the key ways that emotions influence future behavior?
We're motivated to behave in ways that avoid negative emotion
One child calls another child "mean and smelly". Is this an example of aggression?
Yes, it is aggression because it involves intentional harm.
Julie starts a rumor that Wendy only showers once a week. This makes the other kids at their school avoid being friends with Wendy. Is this an example of aggression
Yes, it is relational aggression
Someone just parked in a parking space you were waiting for. What should you think about in order to feel less irritated
You should imagine that the person has to get to a bathroom quickly.
Research on the "weapons effect" showed that participants decided to administer more intense shocks when they saw ______ on the table
a gun
From an evolutionary perspective, which of the following may contribute to a person's tendency to conform to the behaviors and attitudes of others?
a natural tendency to mimic other's actions that increases connections between people
Jim tells a rude joke at the dinner table. Sue gives him an angry look. Jim behaves for the rest of dinner. This is an example of emotions solving:
a social problem
When a younger generation adds new things to the culture it has inherited from past generations this is know as:
accumulated knowledge
Krista is at a business luncheon where she is interviewing for a job. The interviewer tells her, "Sitting over there is the CEO of our company. She is amazing!" Krista immediately rates this person as being high in both competence and warmth, causing what kind of stereotype?
admirarion
______ refers to feelings that can be described in terms of two dimensions, valence and arousal.
affect
Individual differences in ______ are positively correlated with violent behaviors
agressiveness
If you are Hong Kong Chinese, what is likely the biggest contributor to your life satisfaction?
an equal combination of self-esteem and relationship harmony
Which of the following represents the correct features in the triad of trust?
authority, likability, honesty
_______ biases are those that are unintended, immediate, and irresistible.
automatic
Aaron does not believe himself to be a racist, and is honest when he tells people that he does not have anything against people of color. He does, however, tend to avoid people of color. This is an example of _____
averse racism
People who see someone who appears angry are likely to ______ the angry person.
avoid
_______ biases are conscious beliefs, feelings, and behavior that people are perfectly willing to admit, which mostly express hostility toward other groups while unduly favoring one's own group.
blatant
Actions that involve the intent to _______ would be considered both aggressive and violent.
cause extreme physical harm
Donna is talking to her lawyer about her pending divorce. Her lawyer says, "Why don't we just give your husband a logical argument for how we want the divorce to proceed?" This is the ______ route to persuasion in this legal negotiation.
central
According to Petty and Cacioppo (1986), the two major routes that can be used when trying to persuade a person of a given idea are the ______ routes
central and peripheral
Jane is on a very successful club basketball team, but she rarely plays and makes many mistakes. ______ explains how she focuses on the team's success and status to build her self-worth.
collective self esteem
When groups spend most of their time discussing knowledge they all share, this is known as the
common knowledge effect
One advantage of using cross-cultural studies to understand cultures is that the researchers can easily
compare between different cultures.
Expressions of _____ during conversations between spouses is associated with an increased likelihood of divorce
contempt
Emotions prepare us for behavior by ______ various systems like attention, memory, and motivation
coordinating
An explanation for social loafing comes from the term
coordination loss.
After her softball team won 2nd place in the tournament, Ebony was upset that they didn't win. She focused on ways she could have played better. What type of thoughts are these?
counterfactual thinking
According to the Affect Valuation Theory, one's ideal affect is best predicted by ______ factors
cultural
When anthropologists study a culture by living with and interacting with its people, this would be an example of a _____ study?
cultural
Norah believes that there are specific roles that women should occupy and these beliefs are valued and reinforced by rituals and products she encounters. Norah's belief is an example of
culture
_____ is a collective understanding of the way the world works, shared by members of a group.
culture
"If a disabled person was trying to cross a street at a busy intersection, most people would stop and help them." This statement about what most people would do in a given situation is called a(n) ______
descriptive norm
Behavior that provides a specific advantage or disadvantage to a person based solely on that individual's membership in a particular group is called _______
discrimination
Bertram is a taxi driver in New York. He feels that businessmen are the biggest tippers. As a result, he does not stop to pick up casually dressed people. Bertram's behaviors demonstrate _______
discrimination
According to the Stereotype Content Model, what kind of emotional prejudice would result if a person were to develop a contemptuous stereotype about another individual?
disgust
______ refer to the culturally-determined rules about what emotions are appropriate to show in given situation.
display rules
Poor performers lack the necessary competence to accurately assess their own performance on a test, thus overestimating their scores. This finding is known as what
double-curse explanation
When visiting a coworker's house for the first time, Justin thinks to himself, "Well, at least my house isn't THIS dirty!" What type of comparison is Justin using
downward comparison
To increase his self-esteem Sam chooses to play in a tennis league with players who are less skilled them himself. This is an example of:
downward social comparison
What is a term that we might use to refer to persuasion that is well-meaning in its intent?
education
Researchers watched married couples in conversation. What aspect of emotion was used to compare with marital satisfaction?
emotional expressions
Changes in a person's experience, physiology and behavior in response to a meaningful event are called ______
emotions
A(n) ________ stereotype, as advanced by the Stereotype Content Model, would occur when a person rates a target as being high in competence but low in warmth
envious
Ian believes that his culture is the best one, and that the norms of other cultures are "weird." Ian is displaying what trait?
ethnocentrism
What method do researchers use when they want to understand culture in the terms of the members of that culture?
ethnographic studies
The _______ perspective theorizes that humans are more social due to centuries of natural selection.
evolutionary
Emotions are ______ that have allowed humans to survive and reproduce
evolutionary adaptations
Marcus lives in the United States, and is asked how he defines well-being. Which of the following are most likely to be a part of his answer?
feeling excited and other high arousal positive states
most general term
feelings
Carol believes that individuals are born either smart, average, or dumb, and no amount of studying or learning will change that. What's her mindset?
fixed
A(n) _______ is a sequence of behavior that occurs in exactly the same fashion, in exactly the same order, every time it is elicited.
fixed action pattern
Whenever she is writing, Laverne has a tendency to stick her tongue out. Her friends often laugh at how silly she looks, but Laverne is unaware that she does this. This is an example of a(n):
fixed action pattern
What is the correct order of the stages of group development between the formatting and adjourning stages?
forming, storming, norming, performing, adjourning
Most of those attending an anti-war rally left with an even stronger view on gun control due to the concept
group polarization
The belief that intelligence can be developed and increased through effort and practice is known as a(n) ______ mindset.
growth
One problem with adopting cultural relativism is that it leaves no room for criticism of
harmful cultural practices
What term refers to mental shortcuts that help people make decisions and solve problems in an efficient manner?
heuristics
What are two positive outcomes of using upward comparison?
hope and inspiration
The people of Mateo's village all work together and share their food. All of the village members have equal status in their community. What type of culture is this?
horizontal collectivist
Social comparison does not affect all people in the same way. This distinction is due to varying personalities and ______.
individual differences
In what type of culture is the person more important than the group?
individualistic
Research has found that in ______ cultures, people's life satisfaction tends to be based more on their actual emotions than on norms (i.e., how satisfied should an ideal person be).
individualistic
When we don't know what to do, we often follow the crowd because we assume that they have some knowledge that we don't. This is called ______ influence
informational
The ability to understand why members of other cultures act in the way that they do is known as cultural ____
intelligence
______ can interfere with critical thinking.
intense emotions
Alison thinks of herself as a good friend, a big sister, and a loving wife. Which self-construal is she an example of?
interdependent self
The ______ function of emotion refers to the effect of one person's emotions on other people or on the relationship between people.
interpersonal
The _______ function of emotion refers to an individual's internal physiological and psychological emotional responses.
intrapersonal
Aggression refers to any behavior that _______another person who does not want to be harmed
is intended to harm
Group Cohesion
is the integrity, solidarity, social integration, or unity of a group.
In a classic study, infants who saw their mothers' ______ were the most likely to crawl across the visual cliff
joy
In his classic research study examining normative influence and conformity, what did Solomon Asch ask his participants to do?
judge length of lines
A new school administrator intimidates those who bring up issues with her new plans. Janis (1982) would say her _______ is causing groupthink.
leadership bias
Courtney compares her SAT score to the scores of other people in her school, rather than the national averages. Her comparison is due to the
local dominance effect
Diego works hard in art class because he wants to learn how to become a better painter, rather than just earning a good grade. What type of goal is Diego using?
mastery
Emotions allow us to act with _____ thinking.
minimal
Marika is grouchy and her friends have decided to just leave her alone. Nobody is quite sure what caused her to feel this way. Marika is experiencing a negative _____
mood
People who play hockey to "get out their aggression" will likely be ______ aggressive compared to those who do not.
more
Individual differences in psychopathy, Machiavellianism, and ______ are related to aggression.
narcissism
"I do what other kids in my class do, even when I don't want to do it, because I want other people to like me!" This statement summarizes the concept of ______ influence
normative
_______ refers to conformity that results from a concern for what other people think of us.
normative influence
Culture is learned through direct teaching as well as
observational learning
When Kevin had to change middle schools, none of the students at his new school accepted him into their groups, a concept knows as ______
ostracism
A restaurant shows an advertisement with scantily clad waitresses, loud music, and lots of action. The commercial says almost nothing about the food or service. This commercial is using the ______ route to persuasion
peripheral
______ is the process by which a message induces change in beliefs, attitudes, or behaviors.
persuasion
Lars grew up in Copenhagen and has heard negative messages about immigrants. He has never had a negative interaction with an immigrant but has decided that he doesn't like them. This is an example of a(n)
prejudice
_______ is a term for an emotional bias that involves an evaluation of people based merely on their membership in a given group.
prejudice
When a person is closer to a given comparison standard value, she is more likely to be competitive than if she were further away. The relative closeness is known as
proximity
When people are told they cannot do something, they may respond by trying to engage in that activity. This may occur even if it is something they initially had no interest in. This demonstrates the principle of:
psychological reactance
Females are much more likely than males to engage in ______ aggression
relational
When a person uses cultural _____ they value the practices of a culture from its members' own point of view.
relativism
Individuals engage in social comparison when the performance dimension is personally _______.
relevant
A person who ranks high in ______ would emphasize the importance of obedience to authority in the service of group conformity
right-wing authoritarianism
A cultural ______ is a learned guide for how to behave appropriately in a given society.
script
The finding that people can boost their own self-evaluations by using downward comparison is known as what effect?
self-enhancement effect
What is the term for the feeling of confidence in one's own abilities or worth?
self-esteem
According to Leon Festinger's Social Comparison Theory, humans have a basic need for ______, which is why they use social comparison
self-evaluation
According to the ______ model, several psychological forces, including closeness to the comparison target, affect our self-esteem
self-evaluation maintenance
Which meaning of the "culture" emphasizes that it is a process that can be acquired?
shared learning
A person's performance should improve in the presence of others in tasks that are
simple responses
Bella acts differently when she is at work versus with her friends. This difference is an example of what?
situational identity
"Humans adapt to their environments and, as a result, their emotions may be unique to their cultural backgrounds" reflects the ______ perspective in the study of culture and emotions
social constructivist
Louis lives in a predominantly white neighborhood and learns that a Latino family is going to be renting a home on his block. "I don't think they belong here," Louis tells his wife. Louis is demonstrating a(n) _______
social dominance orientation
The belief that group hierarchies are inevitable in all societies and that they may be a good idea that helps to establish and sustain order is called the _______
social dominance orientation
Cultural worldviews of emotions help to promote more ______ by showing us how to manage and modify our emotions to better fit with the people around us.
social harmony
In Barcelona, many people believe they have the greatest football team in the world, and certainly better than the one in Madrid. This need to favor one's in-group is consistent with ______ theory.
social identity
The manager at the movie theater notices that a crew of 4 cleans a theater as quickly as a crew of 6. This is due to
social loafing
The principle of _______ has been employed when children ask their parents to buy the latest toy just because their friends have that toy.
social proof
Being accepted into groups affects one's personal value and self-esteem according to the _____.
sociometer model
"All Jewish people are good with money." This statement is an example of a(n)
stereotype
When people are ______ , gender differences in aggression shrink.
strongly provoked
Gerald has a belief that Asian individuals are bad drivers. Although he never says this out loud and would even deny that he feels this way, he is not willing to get in a cab driven by an Asian person. Gerald is demonstrating a(n)_______ bias.
subtle
_______ biases, which are those that are automatic, ambivalent, and ambiguous, can have very real consequences for their targets.
subtle
What do people generally feel when they see someone who has a look of distress?
sympathy
According to the Affect Valuation Theory, one's actual affect is best predicted by ______ factors
temperamental
In a television infomercial, the woman pitching the product says, "And if you order now, we'll send you two for the price of one!" The price is then revealed. Which persuasion technique is being employed?
that's not all
Beth felt she was a great programmer. But, after switching to a large tech company, she wasn't as confident in her abilities. This phenomenon is known as what?
the frog pond effect
Actions that involve ______ would be considered aggressive but not violent.
the intent to cause extreme psychological harm
What are the social and cultural functions of emotion?
the maintenance of social order within a society
Cultures develop "worldviews" of emotions. What do these worldviews teach members of that culture?
the most desirable emotions and behaviors for that society
A ______ is a specific, often minute, aspect of a situation that activates a fixed action pattern.
trigger
A shirt costs $25. If it was "on sale," listed as "two for $50," you might take an immediate interest based on this incredible (yet nonexistent) discount. The sale sign that activates your notice of the product is called a(n) _____
trigger feature
Smiling is an example of a(n) ______; people in all cultures naturally do it.
universal behavior
Paul would describe himself as a ______ in his study of culture and emotions. He feels that despite cultural differences, all human beings basically share the same feelings.
universalist
Hana is a 10-year-old soccer goalkeeper. When she considers how her skills compare to the older and more advanced goalies, she is using
upward comparison
What is social referencing?
using others as a source of information about how to act
Social psychologists try to conduct ______ research, meaning that they attempt to avoid making judgments about other cultures
values-free
