Social Psychology 11-13

Each year Canada and the United States record _____ divorce/s for every _____ marriage/s.

1;2

A motivation to bond with others in relationships that provide ongoing, positive interactions is the definition of

A need to belong

When both sides of a conflict believe "we are peace-loving - they are hostile," each may treat the other in ways that _____ expectations.

confirm

Batson believes that true altruism does exist in feelings of sympathy and compassion for others. Which is NOT an example of genuine altruism?

Helping others by giving to a charity that supports an issue we think is really important

Which statement is NOT true?

Humans in only some cultures use ostracism to regulate behavior.

_____ were most closely associated with other forms of civic involvement, like voting, jury service, community projects, and giving to charity.

Members in religious groups

_____ rank attractiveness as important in a mate, while _____ assign importance to honesty, humor, and dependability.

Men; women

What do self-serving biases, group polarization, and negative stereotypes have in common?

They are potential seed of misperception

Myers suggests that there are a number of reasons why individuals who live in big cities tend to be less helpful. Which of the following is NOT one of those reasons?

They become cold and uncaring after living in a city

_______ are twice as likely as _______ to seek medical and psychiatric help.

Women ; men

Latané and Darley (1968) had university students complete questionnaires in a small room, and then had smoke pour into the room from a wall vent. Students who were working _______ tended to notice the smoke in _______.

alone; less than five seconds.

The motive to increase another's welfare without conscious regard for one's self-interests defines

altruism

You were walking down the street with your friend Sabrina when she stopped to ask a child why he was crying. The boy said that he was lost, so Sabrina took time out of her busy day to help the child find his way home. Sabrina's behavior can be characterized by

altruism

Altruism is to _______ as egoism is to _______.

another's welfare; one's own welfare

Those involved in relationships marked by long-term equity

are unconcerned with short-term equity.

According to Staub and Bar-Tal (2003) all of the following are characteristics of a group in intractable conflict EXCEPT the group that

attributes similar characteristics to the other group.

If victims seem to have created their own problems by laziness or lack of foresight, people are less willing to offer help. Helping responses are thus closely tied to

attributions.

According to Elliot Aronson, "as a relationship ripens toward greater intimacy, what becomes increasingly important is ___________."

authenticity

Mary, a talkative, extraverted young woman, is strongly attracted to Shane, a quiet, introverted, middle-aged man. Mary's attraction to Shane would be predicted by the

complementarity hypothesis

"Negative information carries more weight because being less usual, it grabs more attention." This statement is an example of the

bad is stronger than good principle

_______ occurs when conflicted parties seek an agreement through direct negotiation.

bargaining

The U.S. Supreme Court's 2003 decision that racial diversity may be a criterion in admissions to colleges and universities was

based on research findings that revealed that racial diversity in the classroom has positive consequences.

A person who is intensely self-focused in profound grief would

be less likely to help others

In order for contact between opposing racial groups to reduce conflict, the contact must

be structured to confer equal status on both races.

According to Phinney (1990), someone who identifies with both his or her ethnic culture and the larger culture is said to have a _______ identity.

bicultural

Attempting to explain one's own behavior situationally is a characteristic of

both dilemmas

Which one of the following is an example of a non-zero-sum game?

both the Prisoner's and Commons Dilemmas

Which of the following is cited in the text as a method for resolving social dilemmas?

communication

According to Slavin (2003), a "practical, proven method for implementing contact theory in the desegregated classroom," is

cooperative learning

Studies from eleven countries show adolescents have more positive peer relationships and may achieve more when working _____, rather than _____.

cooperatively; competitively

According to the text, the first step in scientifically studying romantic love is to

define and measure it.

Mr. Lemming's neighbors mowed his lawn, but he was too sick and weak to reciprocate. We can predict that Mr. Lemming may feel

demeaned because he cannot reciprocate.

Which is NOT one of the three ways people cope with a failing relationship, according to Rusbult and her colleagues?

denial, denying the problem exists

The tendency for one person's intimacy of self-disclosure to match that of a conversational partner is referred to as

disclosure reciprocity.

Schafer and Keith (1980) conducted surveys of several hundred married couples and found that spouses who perceived inequity in their marriage felt more

distressed and depressed.

A major weakness of the social-exchange theory is that it

easily degenerates into explaining-by-naming

Melanie believes that her boyfriend enjoys far more benefits from their relationship than she does, even though she invests more time, effort, and resources. Clearly, Melanie believes that her relationship with her boyfriend lacks

equity

In an experiment by Zajonc and his colleagues, participants were exposed to brief novel passages of music while they focused their attention on other tasks. Results indicated that mere exposure led to liking

even when people were unaware of what they had been exposed to.

One aspect of mirror-image perception is that one side tends to

exaggerate its differences from its adversaries

Darley and Berscheid (1967) gave university women ambiguous information about two other women. Asked how much they liked these people, the participants reported feeling more attracted to the person whom they

expected they would eventually meet

You are a regular contributor to an Internet chat room. One day the other participants seem to ignore every comment you make. Research suggests you will likely

experience stress and a depressed mood.

In Rubin's research, "strong-love" couples differed from "weak-love" couples in that they

gazed more into each other's eyes

Evolutionary psychology contends that the essence of life is

gene survival

Darley and Batson (1973) gave Princeton seminary students time to think about a talk that they were about to have recorded, and then sent them to the recording studio. Participants who had been _______ were most likely to stop and offer aid to a "victim" they encountered en route to the recording studio.

given extra time to reach the studio

After learning about a former co-worker who recently passed away due to cancer, you call a loved one. This is an example of how reminders of death

heighten our need to belong.

Hatfield and her colleagues (1966) matched University of Minnesota freshmen for a Welcome Week dance. When the students were asked to evaluate their dates, what determined whether they liked each other?

physical attractiveness

When considering reactions to a common external threat, approval of President Bush's performance after September 11, 2001

increased.

According to the social-exchange theory, the rewards that motivate helping are

internal or external.

University students were more willing to make a charity pledge when

it was for someone who had bought them candy

The idea that altruism towards one's close relatives enhances the survival of mutually shared genes is referred to as

kin selection

Research indicates that friendships and romantic relationships that form on the Internet are more likely than in-person relationships to

last at least two years

In a small group, as opposed to large ones, individuals are

less likely to take more than their equal share

Which of the following statements is NOT true? As the number of bystanders at an emergency increases, any given bystander is

less likely to walk away

Kenrick and his colleagues (1989) found that to men who have recently been viewing a television show featuring three beautiful women, average women seem _______ attractive, confirming the _______.

less; contrast effect

Mio (1993) and her colleagues found that after reading about the commons dilemma, theater patrons

littered less

Social ostracism evokes a brain response similar to that triggered by

physical pain

_______ occurs when a neutral third party attempts to facilitate communication and offer suggestions for how to resolve a conflict.

mediation

When faced with potentially dangerous situations where strangers need help,

men help most

When faced with potentially dangerous situations where strangers need help,

men help most.

According to the social-exchange theory, we use a _______ strategy in deciding when and whether to help others.

minimax

Which of the following is an effective way to increase helping behavior?

model prosocial behavior

In the Prisoner's Dilemma, if both prisoners confess, each will get a _______; if neither confesses, each will _______.

moderate sentence; get a light sentence

Sato (1987) gave Japanese students opportunities to harvest trees in a simulated forest for money. When the students equally shared the costs of planting the forest, the result was that

most of the trees were harvested before they had grown to the most profitable size.

One national survey found that 86 percent of those who were unhappily married but who stayed with the marriage, were, when re-interviewed five years later,

mostly "very" or "quite" happy.

The misperceptions of those who are in conflict with each other, such as two nations who regard each other with suspicion and hostility, are usually

mutual

If you are new in the office and want to make new friends, your best bet is to get a desk

near where people hang out

Hatfield gave university women evaluations, affirming the self-esteem of some and wounding others with negative evaluations. Each participant was then asked to evaluate a man who had earlier asked her for a date. Women whose evaluations had been _______ expressed _______ the man.

negative; more liking of

The fact that a person is less likely to help in an emergency when other people are present is called

the bystander effect

Ralph White reviewed ten wars from the last century and reported that each was marked by at least one misperception. Which of the following was NOT on this list?

overestimating the leaders' power

Conflict is defined as

perceived incompatibility of actions of goals.

According to the text, an attribution of an uncontrollable predicament (such as a family crisis or natural disaster) is likely to encourage _______ to help.

political conservatives

According to the text, the relationship between the extent to which we are in love with someone and how physically attractive we find that person to be is

positive

The relationship between our degree of self-awareness and our willingness to help is

positive.

Kalick (1977) had Harvard students indicate their impressions of eight women, judging from photos taken before or after cosmetic surgery, and found that

post-surgery women were judged to be kinder and more likable.

In terms of adult attachment styles, _______ individuals seem to be possessive and jealous, while _______ individuals are less invested in relationships and more likely to leave them.

preoccupied; dismissive

Social-exchange is a _______ theory, while social norms is a _______ theory.

psychological; sociological

According to the evolutionary theory, genetic selfishness predisposes us to helping based on

reciprocity

In the commons dilemma, people often consume more than they realize when

resources are not partitioned

Seven in ten infants exhibit _______ attachment.

secure

The notion of egoism maintains that

self-interest motivates all behavior.

In a survey of college-age individuals, Buston and Emlen (2003) reported that the desire for _______ mates far outweighed the desire for _______ mates.

similar; beautiful

Latané and Darley attempted to explain people's failure to intervene in cases like that of Kitty Genovese, a woman who was violently attacked, in terms of

situational influences

According to the text, the _______ of altruism propose(s) two types of prosocial behavior: a tit-for-tat reciprocal exchange and a more unconditional, intrinsic helpfulness.

social norms, social-exchange, and evolutionary theories

You are asked to participate in a blood drive. In thinking about doing so, you weigh the costs (e.g., being pricked by a needle) and benefits (e.g., feeling good about yourself) of doing so. This strategy can be predicted by the

social-exchange theory

Helping _______ a bad mood and _______ a good mood.

softens;sustains

Williams and his colleagues (2001) found that when ostracized during an online Frisbee-like game, players were _______ to conform to others' wrong judgments on a subsequent perceptual task.

somewhat likely

Gurin and her colleagues (2002) found that informal interactions enabled by ethnic diversity in college classrooms

tend to foster greater acceptance of difference among ethnic groups

Peace us defined as

the outcome of creatively managed conflict

Research on the relationship between personality traits and helping behavior revealed that

the person and the situation interact to predict helping.

In observing people's responses to staged emergencies, Darley and Latané (1970) found that _______ greatly decreased intervention.

the presence of other bystanders

People are more likely to help another person if

they expect to see them again.

Which group is most likely to report their lives as being "very happy"?

those who are married

In an enactment of the Good Samaritan situation, Darley and Batson (1973) studied the helpfulness of Princeton seminarians in order to assess whether helping behavior was influenced by

time pressures

In times of tension, such as during an international crisis,

views of the opposing side become more simplistic.

We tend to help more often when

we have just observed someone else helping.

All of the following are examples of implicit egotism EXCEPT

we want to name our children using family names.

Research suggests that randomly assigned college roommates

will most likely become friends

The contrast effect of feeling less attractive after viewing a super attractive person applies to our self-perceptions, especially for

women

Which of your friends is most likely to report a preference for a mate who is homely and warm over one who is attractive and cold?

your best friend Carol