Social Psychology chapter 1 questions, Chapter 2 social psychology

Amanda has lost some money she needs for next semester's tuition. While betting on red, the roulette wheel has come up with five blacks in a row. To try to get her money back, Amanda is now doubling up her bet each time on red, believing that red will come up soon. She bases her belief on the (roughly) 50/50 odds of red and black occurring over a large number of spins of the wheel. Amanda's strategy appears to be based on ________.

the representativeness heuristic

One way to manage information overload is to make use of ________.

mental shortcuts, such as heuristics

Which process of social cognition refers to the information we notice?

Attention

Describe what is meant by mood-dependent memory, and give an example.

memory for an event can be recalled more readily when one is in the same emotional mood

Which of the following is a downside of schemas?

They can remain unchanged in the face of contradictory information.

Social psychologists focus their attention mainly on individuals because ________. a) our actions are performed by and thoughts occur in the minds of individuals b) the behavior of groups is too difficult to study in laboratory conditions c) cultural differences have a strong effect on the behavior of groups but only a weak effect on individuals d) some individuals are more strongly affected by society than are others

A. our actions are performed by and thoughts occur in the minds of individuals

Kim knows she needs to go take summer courses, but worries about leaving her new boyfriend for three months. She wonders, will "absence make the heart go stronger" be true, or is "out of sight, out of mind" more applicable? This is an example of ________. a) the unscientific nature of conventional wisdom b) confusion regarding an interpersonal problem c) the seductive nature of jealousy d) the need for female advice

A. the unscientific nature of conventional wisdom

One reason that social scientists put their faith in the scientific method is that the scientific method ________. a) produces incontrovertible proof of the accuracy of their theories b) assures acceptance of their conclusions by the general public c) allows scientists to rely on their own intuition d) produces more conclusive evidence than other methods

D) produces more conclusive evidence than other methods

Which of the following is an example of controlled processing?

Learning to ride a bike

Which core value for social psychologists requires a commitment to gathering and evaluating information about the world in as careful, precise, and error-free a manner as possible? a) Accuracy b) Objectivity c) Skepticism d) Open-mindedness

a) Accuracy

Jim is 28, single, and a freelance writer who works from his apartment. Throughout high school, college, and graduate school, Jim felt happy and engaged with life, but he has recently felt more and more unhappy and detached. According to social psychology research, what short-term solution should Jim take to improve his happiness? a) He should join one or more groups. b) He should work more hours. c) He should try to find someone to marry. d) He should get more sleep at night.

a) He should join one or more groups.

A researcher worked with members of a political action committee (PAC) to survey potential voters by telephone before an election. PAC members conducted the poll themselves while the researcher tabulated the results. The poll asked which candidate people plan to vote for in the upcoming election. Which of the following may present problems for the accuracy of the results? a) One question was "Do you plan to vote for Candidate A or Candidate B?" b) The survey was scheduled to coincide with a large rally for one candidate. c) All of these may present problems for the accuracy of the results. d) The sample of potential voters was taken from telephone directories only.

a) One question was "Do you plan to vote for Candidate A or Candidate B?"

Which of the following categories is NOT one of the five categories mentioned in the text regarding factors affecting social interaction? a) Perceptual processes b) Cognitive processes c) Environmental variables d) Biological factors

a) Perceptual processes

LaShawna meets another girl at a party who is not from LaShawna's ethnic group, and whom LaShawna judges, based on her stereotype of that group, is probably shallow and a gossip. The best description of LaShawna's judgment is that she is engaged in ________. a) a social cognitive process b) cultural norming c) prejudice d) developmental processes

a) a social cognitive process

A multicultural perspective is recognized as increasingly important to research in social psychology because ________. a) a variety of cultural factors such as race or ethnicity, sexual orientation, or disability help determine self-identity b) some cultural factors may be important, but these factors have not yet been identified c) cultural factors are only important in some areas of research, such as research dealing with facial recognition d) cultural factors have a weak influence on social behavior

a) a variety of cultural factors such as race or ethnicity, sexual orientation, or disability help determine self-identity

Thom's mental state is very affected by the weather. During the summer, he readily admits that he feels happier and more carefree. During the winter, when it is cold and gets darker earlier, Thom feels irritable and occasionally depressed. Thom's thoughts and behavior are impacted by ________. a) environmental variables b) social variables c) epigenetic variables d) cognitive processes.

a) environmental variables

Which of the following is a safeguard that most social psychologists agree must be in place in order to use temporary deception? a) informed consent b) briefing c) Institutional Review Board d) naturalistic observation

a) informed consent

The moon is full, and Cristinel has been behaving wildly. Although sober, he's been alternately barking like a dog at strangers on the street and/or asking them, "aren't ya' just happy now?" According to your text, Cristinel's behavior could be due to ________. a) the moon as an environmental influence b) an undiagnosed mental illness c) a cultural norm imported from his Transylvanian homeland d) a good grade on his midterm paper

a) the moon as an environmental influence

Rafael is concerned with the idea of inherent morality and wants to research ethical indicators present in toddlers and babies. He knows that many other social psychologists have also been concerned with this topic, so Rafael focuses on analyzing previously published research on this topic in order to find repeating patterns among results and also to see if there are any gaps in the body of research. Rafael is focused on ________. a) the survey method b) theory c) mediating variables d) a meta-analysis

a) the survey method

Frameworks for explaining various events or processes are known as ________. a) theories b) hypotheses c) experiments d) variables

a) theories

Suppose a company asked its workers "Now that you have received a raise, how satisfied are you with your job?" and found out that 87% indicated they were "very satisfied" or "satisfied." A major concern of this study would likely be the ________. a) way the question was asked b) way the participants were selected c) way the jobs were described d) amount of the raise

a) way the question was asked

Eric knows that plane crashes are extremely rare and statistically unlikely. However, he avoids flying and instead drives everywhere, even though he knows the likelihood of being injured in a car accident is far more likely than in a plane accident. Eric is being affected by the ________ heuristic.

availability

A researcher wants to know whether writing an essay on a controversial topic will have an effect on the attitudes held by people. First, she administers an attitude survey that covers a number of topics, including electronic voting machines. She then randomly assigns subjects to write an essay either supporting or opposing electronic voting machines. One week later, she administers the same attitude survey and compares those responses to the responses from the first time the survey was administered. In this experiment, the independent variable (IV) is the ________. a) attitude survey b) essay c) controversial topic d) students' attitudes

b) essay

Sasha is a Ph.D. candidate in social psychology. She is researching the role that a good sense of humor plays in securing a mate and is planning on honing this research into a dissertation that focuses on humor's influence on reproductive success. Sasha is engaged in the study of ________. a) replicability. b) evolutionary psychology c) environmental variables d) gender differences

b) evolutionary psychology

A researcher is interested in the relationship between courtship behaviors and physical characteristics of people. If the researcher should establish that there is a correlation of +.37 between physical attractiveness and dating frequency, we can conclude that ________. a) less attractive people date more often than more attractive people b) more attractive people date more often than less attractive people c) there is no relationship between dating frequency and attractiveness d) more attractive people tend to date less attractive people

b) more attractive people date more often than less attractive people

Research of adult populations has documented a negative correlation between 1) obesity and 2) participation in physically demanding leisure activities. One possible interpretation of these results is that ________. a) a lack of exercise is a primary cause of obesity b) obese people tend to exercise less than non-obese people c) obese people prefer mental challenges to physical ones d) some people are obese regardless of how much exercise they get

b) obese people tend to exercise less than non-obese people

Research has shown a positive correlation between 1) socio-economic status of the family of origin and 2) college graduation rates. Based on this information, we can conclude that ________. a) financial aid such as scholarships and student loans does not take the place of having strong financial backing from one's family during the college years b) students born into wealthier families are more likely to complete college than students born into poorer families c) students from wealthier families are more likely to have attended college preparatory schools d) students from poorer families have a more difficult time adjusting to college life

b) students born into wealthier families are more likely to complete college than students born into poorer families

In order to determine whether people have a strong or weak preference for the color of their cookware, a company wants to collect information from many of its past customers. If the number of past customers is very large, the company may want to consider using ________ methods. a) mystery shopper b) survey c) naturalistic observation d) field experimental

b) survey

Professor Garcia is studying how cancer patients are coping with their illness by giving them one of the following sets of instructions: they are to keep a daily diary and write about anything, keep a daily diary and write about how they are trying to cope with their illness, or not told to keep any diary whatsoever. After following this protocol for a month, Professor Garcia then measures the cancer patients' self-reported level of depression. The independent variable in this hypothetical study is ________ and the dependent variable is ________. a) the type of diary kept, if any; the progression of the cancer b) the type of diary kept, if any; the self-reported level of depression c) the self-reported level of depression; the type of diary kept, if any d) the cancer patients; the self-reported level of depression

b) the type of diary kept, if any; the self-reported level of depression

Researchers were recently surprised to learn that the correlation between the type of clothing people wear when they are not at work and the type of jobs they hold is approximately zero. Based on this, we can conclude that ________. a) people with lower status jobs tend to wear the same clothing both on and off the job b) there is no relationship between the types of clothing worn in non-work settings and the type of work that people do c) people with higher status jobs tend to dress worse when they are not at work d) people with higher status jobs tend to dress better on and off the job

b) there is no relationship between the types of clothing worn in non-work settings and the type of work that people do

The tendency for one event to be associated with changes in another event is known as ________. a) prediction b) causation c) correlation d) variation

c) correlation

Arnold is a social psychologist interested in learning about people's reactions to emergencies. He creates an experiment where his research assistant, Todd, pretends to have a heart attack in the middle of a busy coffee shop. From behind a one-way glass, Arnold observes and records the reactions of the customers in the coffee shop before emerging and explaining the nature of the experiment. Arnold has used ________. a) misleading information b) informed consent c) deception d) passive consent

c) deception

In one study, participants were presented with words that were either consistent or inconsistent with their strongly held values. Participants showed quite strong reactions to the value inconsistent words. This suggests that we process information we ________. a) agree with quite slowly b) disagree with slowly but thoroughly c) disagree with quickly d) agree with quickly

c) disagree with quickly

Carla has just run a series of experiments involving college students as participants. The experiments were all conducted in a controlled environment on campus. Carla is now interested in whether her findings would apply to both younger and older people in neighborhoods and towns outside of the college. Carla is concerned with ________. a) random assignment b) dependent variables c) external validity d) experimental methods

c) external validity

Eric is a social psychologist who is respected in his field. However, his colleagues are often apprehensive of challenging Eric's strongly held ideas, even when they know that Eric's ideas are laden with errors, because Eric has been known to get upset when he has to question his assumptions. Eric struggles with maintaining the core value of a) skepticism. b) objectivity. c) open-mindedness. d) accuracy.

c) open-mindedness.

Generally, deception used in an experiment is usually mild and is known as ________ deception. a) active b) soft c) passive d) marginal

c) passive

Two drivers on a highway are cut off by a third driver. The first driver is startled but shrugs, thinking, "that other driver was careless, but I don't think he noticed me." The second driver is furious, thinking, "that other driver deliberately tried to run me off the road." This scenario MOST clearly illustrates how________.

cognition influences affect

Which of the following study questions could absolutely NOT be explored using experimentation due to ethical reasons? a) Does the time of day influence our appetite for chocolate? b) How does failing at a certain task affect our self-image? c) How effective are political ads in terms of influencing voters? d) How do individuals cope when their spouse dies?

d) How do individuals cope when their spouse dies?

Based on his estimate of how long it would take him to complete his midterm essay, Armando told his instructor he would turn in the paper on Tuesday, but he was late turning it in, causing his instructor to deduct a letter grade from the paper. Next time Armando makes such a promise based on a plan, he will likely ________. a) more carefully examine how to go about doing the paper on time b) base his estimate on an outline of the paper c) make arrangements to work away from his noisy roommates d) make the same planning error and be late again

d) make the same planning error and be late again

Results of systematic research indicate that our impression of a person whom we just met is influenced by ________. a) our genes b) the setting c) the weather d) our mood

d) our mood

In thinking about a major assignment that is due in one week, Jacey focuses on the tasks to be accomplished and how she thinks she will approach each task. She does not spend much time thinking about how long similar tasks have taken her in the past. As a result, Jacey is likely to underestimate the amount of time needed for the assignment. This is probably because Jacey has ________.

entered a planning or narrative mode of thought

Heuristics exert a strong influence on our thinking in large measure because they

reduce the mental effort needed to make judgments and decisions

Jonathan continues to buy Orange computers even though his colleagues and friends have informed him that there are newer, better, and cheaper types of computers on the market. Which heuristic is affecting Jonathan?

status quo

During finals week, Jonah tells his friend that he'll be able to write four term papers over the next few days. Jonah is shocked and upset when he is barely able to complete two of these four papers. Jonah's behavior is consistent with ________.

the planning fallacy

The fact that we can make judgments and evaluations about different aspects of the world in either a controlled, reflective way or an automatic way suggests ________.

we have two systems for evaluating the social world which may be located in different areas of the brain

Zoë is in a fairly good mood. Consequently, we should expect her to show a(n) ________ in her use of ________.

increase; heuristics

Bob and Joe are given the task of dividing $10 between them. Bob initially makes an offer to divide the money such that he takes $7 for himself and gives Joe $3. If you were looking at an MRI scan of Joe's brain, what would you see?

Activity in both the limbic system and the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex because both emotion and rationality are involved.

Which of the following individuals is exhibiting behaviors or thoughts consistent with priming?

After finishing a romantic novel, Natalie passionately embraces her boyfriend and tells him how much she loves him.

If you would like for your student government to pass a bill putting more lights along major walkways, how could you use ease of retrieval to persuade them?

Ask them to think of 2 instances in which the lack of lighting made them or someone they know feel fearful while walking on campus after dark.

Which of the following contrasts controlled processing and automatic processing?

Controlled processing is systematic and effortful, whereas automatic processing is fast and relatively effortless.

Jack recently had a job interview that seemed to go exceedingly well by all objective standards. However, Jack noted that his interviewer seemed to be in a bad mood that day. To what extent should Jack be concerned about the latter piece of information?

He should be aware that he will likely be viewed less favorably by the interviewer than if the interviewer was in a good mood.

Molly and Emily are members of a girls' basketball team who are responsible for helping to organize fundraising efforts for their team. Molly is extremely motivated to complete this task; in contrast, Emily only shows a mild interest in completing the required task. Which of the following statements BEST summarizes the likelihood that Molly and Emily will complete their tasks?

Molly's motivation will likely cause her to predict that she will finish her task quickly; however, this will have no effect on whether she actually completes her task quicker than Emily.

Greg has just stopped his car to allow a funeral procession to pass by. The cars in the procession all have stickers from his alma mater and are similar to the car he is driving. At this point, he realizes that he too will certainly die at some point. Based on the concept of terror management, which of the following is Greg likely to do next?

Reconfirm his belief in supernatural powers.

Describe the impact of schemas on memory. Explain how this may influence social thought.

Schemas organize social information based on experience and information, draws attention to information, processes information, helps recall, primes thinking Can cause stereotypes, self fulfilling prophecies

Five students are preparing to take a mid-term exam in Political Science. Going in to the exam, who would be most likely to suffer from the overconfidence barrier?

This is Ronald's first political science course and first semester of college.

Tracy encounters a member of a certain political group whose views and attributes are inconsistent with her schemas about that group. Due to a strong perseverance effect, what is the MOST likely conclusion that Tracy will make?

Tracy will continue to believe that most members of that group fit her schemas.

Sabiha is left-handed and prefers left-handed men. She is going to be introduced to Wilbur. Left-handers comprise about 10 percent of the population. She has been truthfully informed that Wilbur is either a left-handed Chinese psycholinguist or a left-handed used car salesman from the Midwestern region of the United States. If Sabiha makes good use of base rates, which of the following outcomes should she expect?

Wilbur is a used car salesman from the Midwestern region of the United States who also happens to be left-handed.

Shortly before being interviewed for a job she really wants, Meredith finds that the human resources director was involved in a minor traffic accident during lunch. Should Meredith be concerned that the traffic accident may have a negative influence on the outcomes of the job interview?

Yes, research indicates that even experienced interviewers are influenced by their current moods.

A researcher thinks that a person's mood has an effect on how helpful that person is likely to be. To test this, the researcher has some research participants come to the laboratory where they are first given a difficult test and then either heavily praised or strongly criticized for their test performance. Afterward, participants are asked to help the researcher's assistant move some heavy boxes into another room. The researcher makes careful note of how many and which participants help with moving the boxes. In this example, the hypothesis is ________. a) a person's mood has an effect on how helpful that person is likely to be b) praise will improve the mood of research subjects and criticism will worsen their mood c) helping the researcher's assistant will change a participant's mood d) some participants will be in a better mood than others

a) a person's mood has an effect on how helpful that person is likely to be

Yelena is researching the effect of volume on people's social interactions. She invites participants to play a card game that requires the cooperation of members of a group. There is music playing in the background. With each game, she adjusts the volume of the music. She keeps the lighting, the number of participants, and the length of the games the same. The volume of the music is the ________. a) independent variable b) experimental constant c) dependent variable d) random assignment

a) independent variable

When people deal with uncertainty in a situation by using something they know as a starting point and then modifying their thinking from there, they are using the ________ heuristic.

anchoring and adjustment

One way that schemas influence social thought is by

acting as a filter to direct our attention towards some information and away from other information

Which of the following best explains the difference between a theory and a hypothesis? a) A theory consists of published findings, whereas a hypothesis makes predictions about observable events. b) A theory tests predictions about observable events, whereas a hypothesis consists of published findings. c) A theory makes predictions about observable events, whereas a hypothesis tests predictions made. d) A theory is made without knowledge of prior research, whereas a hypothesis takes prior research into account.

b) A theory tests predictions about observable events, whereas a hypothesis consists of published findings.

Which of the following describes the modern view of social psychology? a) Behavior and thought are distinct entities. b) Behavior and thought are intimately and continuously linked. c) Behavior and thought have slight overlap. d) Behavior and thought are the same thing.

b) Behavior and thought are intimately and continuously linked.

Paul is researching the prevalence of sexist or demeaning language aimed at women and its use across different neighborhoods. To do this, he spends an hour in different neighborhoods and covertly follows his research assistant as she walks down the sidewalk 10 feet ahead of him. When sexist or demeaning language is used, Paul fastidiously records it in his notebook. What technique is Paul using to come to his conclusions? a) Cognitive observation b) Naturalistic observation c) Controlled observation d) Loose observation

b) Naturalistic observation

Elaine is researching how insults influence activity in certain parts of the brain. To do this, she uses fMRI to view the brain activity of patients who are presented with a variety of subtle and obvious insults spoken by both men and women. Which of the following best describes Elaine's field? a) Cognitive psychology b) Social neuroscience c) Evolutionary neuroscience d) Biological psychology

b) Social neuroscience

In addition to social cognition and behavioral approaches, research on ______ has helped social psychologists develop a greater understanding of how people form impressions, choose to help others, and even comply with requests. a) animals b) emotions c) evolution d) thinking

b) emotions

Which type of variable intervenes between an independent variable and changes in social behavior? a) dependent b) mediating c) conditional d) experimental

b) mediating

When research results are not consistent with a theory, the researcher's next step usually involves ________. a) replacing the theory with a different one b) modifying the theory and collecting additional data c) modifying the results to be consistent with the theory d) shifting to a different paradigm

b) modifying the theory and collecting additional data

Researchers believe that experiencing strong negative emotions such as fear or anxiety will increase people's need to affiliate. To test this idea, the researchers randomly assigned participants to one of two small groups. Members of Group 1 were left for 10 minutes in a room with no windows. While waiting, the lights went out for a brief period of time and the participants could hear screams from another room. Members of Group 2 were likewise left for 10 minutes in a room with no windows, but the lights were left on and no screams were heard. Researchers observed how frequently members of each group started conversations with other members of their group on non-experiment related topics. Researchers assigned participants to one of the two groups randomly because ________. a) random assignment makes sure that unknown characteristics of research participants may cause differences in the dependent variable across the three groups b) random assignment is the easiest, most cost effective way of assigning group membership to participants c) random assignment ensures that any changes in the dependent variable are caused only by changes in the independent variable d) random assignment ensures that no group member knows any other group members before the experiment begins

b) random assignment is the easiest, most cost effective way of assigning group membership to participants

Researchers believe that experiencing strong negative emotions such as fear or anxiety will increase people's need to affiliate. To test this idea, the researchers randomly assigned participants to one of two small groups. Members of Group 1 were left for 10 minutes in a room with no windows. While waiting, the lights went out for a brief period of time and the participants could hear screams from another room. Members of Group 2 were likewise left for 10 minutes in a room with no windows, but the lights were left on and no screams were heard. Researchers observed how frequently members of each group started conversations with other members of their group on non-experiment related topics. In this experiment, the hypothesis is that ________. a) brief periods of darkness will cause negative emotions b) strong negative emotions will increase people's need to affiliate with others c) people's need to affiliate will cause people to start more conversations members of small groups will affiliate with each other quickly

b) strong negative emotions will increase people's need to affiliate with others

Once it is activated, the status quo heuristic may have automatic effects on behavior. This can cause individuals to ________.

behave consistently with the schema without being aware of the reason for the behavior

Renata created an experiment to observe how temperature affects social interactions. However, she did not state this purpose to participants. In fact, participants, all graduate students, were under the assumption that they were attending a campus-sponsored food and drink social gathering. Over the course of two hours, Renata drastically changed the room's temperature every 10 minutes and recorded information on how participants behaved. At the end of the two hours, Renata emerged and discussed the full nature of the experiment with the participants, including the deception she employed and why she needed to do so. At the end of the experiment, Renata employed the tactic of ________. a) informed consent b) systematic observation c) debriefing d) passive deception

c) debriefing

In an experiment, researchers wanted to know whether changing the level of lighting in a factory would have an effect on the productivity of employees. In order to address this question, employees were randomly assigned to three separate identical work areas, but the lighting was set at a different level in each of the work areas. Then, employees in all three work groups began to operate machinery that produced small electrical components. The number of components produced by each group was carefully tallied at the end of each 8-hour shift. In this example, the hypothesis is the ________. a) presence or absence of the researchers will affect productivity b) number of components produced will not change because of lighting c) level of lighting will affect employee productivity d) employees chosen to participate in the research will affect productivity

c) level of lighting will affect employee productivity

Suppose smoking and drinking alcohol are found to be correlated at +.65. We can conclude that ________. a) smoking causes drinking b) drinking causes smoking c) smoking is probably related to drinking d) people who smoke tend to drink less than non-smokers

c) smoking is probably related to drinking

The evolutionary perspective on social behavior suggests that ________. a) we are driven by our genes to act in specific ways b) much of our behavior is biologically determined and cannot be consciously known c) we inherit specific patterns of social behavior d) we inherit tendencies or predispositions to behave in certain ways

c) we inherit specific patterns of social behavior

Andrew saw a TV commercial for a new video game that he had been wanting. The game was on sale for 50% off, but the store was set to close in two hours. Andrew was 15 minutes late getting to the store and missed the sale. To ease his distress about missing the sale, Andrew reasoned that he never really had a chance to get to the store before it closed because traffic was too heavy, even though he could have taken a different, quicker route. This is an example of ________.

counterfactual thinking

Sue is conducting an experiment in which she is trying to determine the influence of staring at a speaker on how much different speakers stutter. Sue sends people to a speech class with instructions to stare for varied amounts of time at the speaker. The dependent variable is the ________. a) people doing the staring b) amount of time that the people stare c) the speech class d) amount of stuttering that occurs

d) amount of stuttering that occurs

In an experiment, researchers wanted to know whether changing the level of lighting in a factory would have an effect on the productivity of employees. In order to address this question, employees were randomly assigned to three separate identical work areas, but the lighting was set at a different level in each of the work areas. Then, employees in all three work groups began to operate machinery that produced small electrical components. The number of components produced by each group was carefully tallied at the end of each 8-hour shift. In this example, the dependent variable is the ________. a) employees chosen to participate in the experiment b) presence or absence of the researchers c) level of lighting d) number of components produced

d) number of components produced

A researcher wants to know whether writing an essay on a controversial topic will have an effect on the attitudes held by people. First, she administers an attitude survey that covers a number of topics, including electronic voting machines. She then randomly assigns subjects to write an essay either supporting or opposing the use of electronic voting machines. One week later, she administers the same attitude survey and compares those responses to the responses from the first time the survey was administered. In this experiment, the dependent variable (DV) is ________. a) electronic voting machines b) the essay c) the controversial topic d) the attitude survey

d) the attitude survey

Gabriel and Jim were involved in a car accident and they both suffered a broken bone. Gabriel told Jim, "Hey, at least we only broke a few bones—we could've died!" Jim's response to Gabriel was, "Yes, but I'm now thinking about how I can be a better driver so that I never get in an accident again." Gabriel's statement reflects a(n) ________ counterfactual thought and Jim's response reflects a(n) ________ counterfactual thought.

downward; upward

Juanita finds that she has been given too much information about different new cars and their relative merits and drawbacks. She is having a difficult time making a decision about which car to buy because she cannot process all the information she has gathered. This is an example of ________.

information overload

Maria is driving her children to school. She is watching the road carefully and following a series of detour signs. One of her children in the back seat of the car is telling her a story, and on the radio a weather report is playing. Maria is trying to listen to her child's story, but she finds that she is unable to concentrate on what the child is saying. Maria is experiencing

information overload.

Jason is undergoing treatment for depression. His therapist has encouraged Jason to remember as many details as possible about times when Jason was not feeling depressed. Jason is having difficulties remembering a time when he was not depressed. This is probably because of the effects of ________.

mood-dependent memories

Carl watches a documentary about a man who survived after being stranded on an island. Not long after, his wife asks him if he wants to go hiking or go to the library. Carl chooses hiking. This is an example of ________.

priming

Suppose you are telling your friend about a woman you just met. You tell your friend that this person seemed very compassionate and was interested in helping others; however, you couldn't recall whether she said she was a nurse or a businesswoman. On the basis of the ________ heuristic, your friend would probably think that she is a ________.

representativeness; nurse

Bill's wife informs him that they will be attending the opera. Bill has never been to the opera, but he immediately has a mental image of he and his wife sitting in an ornate theater and wearing formal eveningwear. Bill is drawing up a(n) ________.

schema

Sarah supervises a work group of six colleagues in an advertising agency. Recently, the creativity of her work group has not been as high as it should be. To help boost the group's creativity, and keeping in mind the effects of mood on cognition, Sarah might ________.

take steps to put her group's members in a happier mood during work hours

Blair watches the newscast each evening, with its usual diet of fires and other accidents. She often eats at Herby's Fried Snacks, a restaurant located in a brick building, despite the fact that her eating there has resulted in bad indigestion several times. She avoids the well-respected Korean restaurant because the Korean restaurant is in a wooden building. Blair's eating habits are probably being guided by ________.

the availability heuristic

Norman chronically buys and sells things on eBay. He is used to establishing an anchor in negotiating his way toward some endpoint, a sales price, an agreement about delivery time, shipping costs, etc. The anchor for him is almost always a way of dealing with ____

uncertainty

One evening, after seeing a ________ at the Cineplex, you are on your way home. You drive into a store parking lot, where another driver grabs a parking place you had spotted and were waiting for. You perceive the behavior as very

violent movie; aggressive

People often forecast that they will feel ________ when reading about a large-scale tragedy compared to a smaller tragedy. However, findings indicate that people who actually read about such tragedies ________.

worse; feel the same regardless of the size of the tragedy